Persian Garden Research Articles

The Sensible and Insensible Value of the Shazdeh Garden of Mahan

Persian gardens are well known for the integration of indoors and outdoors. Shazdeh Garden reflect the profound metaphysical importance of natural beauty in Persian culture. There exists the special relation between sensible heritage and insensible of the humane spirit of the garden of Shazdeh. The Garden was not only a sensible invention but also an important carrier of the Iranian traditional culture. The Garden of Shazdeh showing the people to pursue the profound spiritual comfort of the living environment also were interrelated to the local custom. The Insensible heritage of humane spirit is a good example that the people and nature are in perfect harmony. Also it is impacting on the sensible and spiritual requirements of today

The Concept of Re-Creation of Persian Garden Privacy in Mosque Design

One of the primary goals in mosques design is to connect the users to Allah. By accepting privacy as an origin to approach to that, the question notices properties and dimensions of privacy in Persian gardens as great examples of private places in Islamic Iranian architecture. Next question follows orders create privacy affordance to them. The results shows orders are: Light, color, sound, material, and air condition orders. Finding orders have been linked to mosques design through recommendations which focus on preparing privacy and community together, based on Islam worship order. The methodology is descriptive, analytical and observational.

The design philosophy of Edenic gardens: tracing ‘Paradise Myth’ in landscape architecture

ABSTRACTThis paper explores the Eden mythology in both western and eastern cultures, and its reflection on people’s perception and use of nature. It aims to examine how cultural ideologies and systems of beliefs in relation to Eden have affected landscape making and how landscape icons influenced other cultures subsequently. This study describes how narratives of Eden evolved and influenced landscape design by explaining the narratives of Paradise and Arcadia in eastern and western cultures as two distinct landscape narratives, with a brief history of their emergence and evolution. It discusses the ways in which landscape architecture reflects the prevailing attitudes towards nature in a society by studying the ancient world’s philosophies and ideologies as a starting-point for this investigation. The paper then focuses on the Persian paradise garden and explains the notion of iconography, as a visual explanation of an idea in landscape design. It projects the transformation of Persian paradise gardens’ icons and patterns in landscape architecture through historical and spatial explorations.

Persian Garden, Cultural Sustainability and Environmental Design Case Study Shazdeh Garden

This study will help researchers in coming up with designs that will develop the situation of life of people living in harsh environs also will help designers in coming up with designs that preserve the environment while getting better the life of people at the same time, and people will be capable to realize how culture can promote the environment and revamp barren land to sustain life. These types of gardens try to balance out the structure by complementing it with greenery. The study investigates the ancient Persian garden and the harmony with nature as means to achieve living quality. It is to make this desire a reality that such gardens came into existence, combining the serene beauty with the living space.

Persian Gardens: Meanings, Symbolism, and Design

Culture and identity in a society can be represented in the architecture and the meanings intertwined with it. In this sense, the architecture and design are the interface for transferring meaning and identity to the nation and future generations. Persian gardens have been evolved through the history of Persian Empire in regard to the culture and beliefs of the society. This paper aims to investigate the patterns of design and architecture in Persian gardens and the meanings intertwined with their patterns and significant elements such as water and trees. Persian gardens are not only about geometries and shapes; but also manifest different design elements, each representing a specific symbol and its significance among the society. This paper seeks to explore Persian gardens in terms of their geometric structure, irrigation system, network construction and pavilions alongside design qualities such as hierarchy, symmetry, centrality, rhythm and harmony. In thesecond stage, the paper investigates the fundamental symbols and their philosophy in the creation of Persian gardens and in relation to the architecture and design.

The Impression of Enclosure in Persian Garden Design

The presence of enclosure has been a significant characteristic of Persian gardens in Pre-Islamic and Islamic eras. This concept is also reflected in Persian ate miniature painting where buildings are enclosed by a light fence or a wall. In some cases, especially house gardens, the wall looks much stronger, probably to protect the security of the enclosed area. The organic arrangement of natural elements in the garden associated with the pavilion, however, is in contradiction to the presence of the enclosure. It can be said that in numerous paintings, water is not enclosed anymore, but it is the building (and the paved area close to it) that is covered by a transparent barrier or a well. Traditional Iranian towns highly appreciate the sense of privacy in their old building. For centuries, Iranian houses were divided into two parts “Inside” and “outside”, in which family members solely used the first part while guests used the latter as well. Despite the importance of privacy in traditional Iranian culture, Iranian people were not isolated, and social contacts had an importance. In Persian garden can see two barriers: the decorated wall which separates the urban fabric from the garden and the fence which separates the paved area intended for sitting from the planted area. In this subject, it is appealing to see that these two enclosures divide the main frame into three layers of story in which three different groups of figures are located.

The Impact of Paradise in Persian Garden Design

From the time that Islam came to Iran, Iranian through Islamic centuries until now a garden is a kind of paradise in people opinion. Surely the reason that caused such belief is dryness of Iran plateau. In the ancient pieces found in Iran, one can see the validity of the gardens, in form of initial stage of time from the mountains and long periods big Iranian plateau, they cultivate their forms, sketch different aspect of their life and their opinion on the earthenware. On some of these pieces, trees surround the river, and some others show the river in four parts. This kind of crossing designation that has an axis longer than another one, this form of design called Chahar Bagh. This type of design is common in Sassanid period (642-224). Respect to water and even worshiping flowing water and river basin, is common in this period. In Sassanid period rulers’ selected particular place to sketch their religious view and descriptions about their victory in huge stones, in each place a river basin that was overflowed by spring is created at the foot of stone. A little more than a millennium, one of Qajar king in 19th century 13th Hijra selected such place in south of Tehran called ray and ordered to create a portray of him carved in stone while he sat on his throne. Because the water is a fundamental factor for the creation a garden, so its source has a vital importance.

Dafna Langgut, Yuval Gadot, Naomi Porat, Oded Lipschits. Fossil pollen reveals the secrets of the Royal Persian Garden at Ramat Rahel, Jerusalem

Le site de Ramat Rahel se situe dans la banlieue sud de Jerusalem. Les fouilles sur ce site ont commence dans les annees 1960 et ont repris de maniere plus systematique au cours des annees 2000 (voir AI-Vol.32-33-Rub.3-2-2-n.97). Les resultats ont permis de mettre au jour un etablissement palatial fonde a la fin VIIIe s. av. J.-C. et abandonne au cours de la periode hellenistique. Ce palais etait environne d’un jardin parcouru de canaux souterrains et parseme de plusieurs bassins. Le present ...

Special aspects of water use in Persian gardens

Abstract The Persian garden is one of the most characteristic and notable element in the Iranian landscape. Considering Iran’s hot and dry climate along with water deficit for plantation, it becomes noticeable how important the art of making gardens is to Iranians. Water is one of the most crucial elements in the Persian garden, and we can state that gardens would be meaningless without it. Garden applications use water with its various abilities such as life, brightness, cleanliness, light, inertia, and motion, which bring forward numerous feelings in the human soul and enhance mental comfort. Also, its various running structures, such as basins, streams, water creeks, and fountains, provide mental comfort and technical functions.

Sustainable Cities and the Contribution of Historical Urban Green Spaces: A Case Study of Historical Persian Gardens

Growing populations and rapid worldwide urbanization are recognized as constituting one of the most complex processes in the world and have raised concerns about the sustainability of cities. Sustainable development, a widely accepted strategic framework in city planning, singles out urban green spaces as a primary solution for addressing these issues. Growing empirical evidences indicate that the presence of natural areas contributes to a better quality of life in many ways. Urban green spaces serve as places of identity, memory, and belonging; enrich human life with meaning and emotions by providing important social and psychological benefits; and enhance the quality of life of citizens, which is a key component of sustainability. Despite our understanding of the benefits of urban green spaces, little is known about the benefits of historical urban green spaces. To highlight their importance with regard to environmental sustainability and citizens’ well-being, this study analyzes a number of historical Persian gardens that are still actively used by urban residents. The findings suggest that historical Persian gardens could accommodate many social functions and address many of the psychological issues relating to urban dwelling. It has been generally acknowledged that sense of community and place attachment is pivotal to creating sustainable urban environments. Historical gardens as physical components can cohesively weave together many parts of cities of any cities while providing places for public congregation as well as attracting a variety of local economic activities. All these attributes can make historical Persian gardens as a valuable municipal resource and a key ingredient for city’s living sustainability.

Successful public places: A case study of historical Persian gardens

Public open spaces today are considered important urban environmental elements that offer a positive contribution to quality of life. They are vital ingredients of successful cities that can help to build a sense of community, civic identity and culture, and facilitate social capital, economic development and community revitalization. Accordingly, the perceived values and qualities of successful public places are acknowledged as crucial. Efforts have been made to evaluate public space conditions (i.e., physical, spatial, visual, social, functional, and etc.) for users and a series of indicators – physical–environmental qualities (i.e., scenic beauty, seating, lighting, paths, amenities, etc.) and subjective qualities (i.e., being comfortable, passive and active engagement, and etc.) – have been demonstrated. Using the case of historical Persian gardens, this paper examines how and why these gardens as the first examples of Iranian green spaces are still being actively used by contemporary urban dwellers. Accordingly, the research investigated the popularity, diversity, distinctiveness, attractiveness and comfort of the gardens as success indicators through applying mixed method approaches. Obtained results suggested that historical Persian gardens could be categorized as successful public places due to their historical, natural, functional (social and recreational) and emotional related aspects. The results have direct implications for urban planners and policy makers, landscape architects and environmental designers and provide guidance for planning, improving and designing successful public places.

Research on the Relation Between Tajir Garden Characteristic and Sense of Place in Persian Garden

Research on the Relation Between Tajir Garden Characteristic and Sense of Place in Persian Garden

The Impact of the Physical Elements of Persian Garden on the Persian Painting: A Selection of Tabriz’s Second School Paintings as the Case Study

The Impact of the Physical Elements of Persian Garden on the Persian Painting: A Selection of Tabriz’s Second School Paintings as the Case Study

Analysis of Persian Gardens using Kaplan’s landscape preference theory (Case study: Fin garden, Shazdeh Mahan garden, Eram Garden & El Goli garden)

A review of findings shows that Persian gardens have attracted a wide area of interests between psychologists and environment designers. The main reasons behind the attraction of Persian gardens are natural content and particular landscape configuration. To study these features, overall organization examination is employed according to psychological pattern. One of the impressive psychological patterns to evaluate the natural landscape is preference matrix which has been developed by Stephen and Rachel Kaplan. In this study, characteristics of Persian gardens are reviewed and they are analyzed according to the Kaplan preference factors (coherence, legibility, mystery and complexity). Hence, four gardens namely, Fin, Shazdeh Mahan, Eram and El Goli, with different topographies are randomly selected and have been analyzed based on the four mentioned factors. Because of the inseparable relationship of human behavior and environment, the research methodology applies psychological approach based on a descriptive – analytical method and to implement this method library documents are used. As the discussion demonstrates, concepts created from the relationship between factors and Persian gardens' characteristics are associated with coherence, legibility, mystery and complexity. It shows that elements shaping the Persian gardens have close relationship with these factors because they are important in perception of the natural environment. Based on analysis, the elements in Persian Gardens are used to provide the best psychological and aesthetic responses for viewers. Also, it can be concluded that, the quality of the material and semantic makes them more attractive.

Prestigious fruit trees in ancient Israel: first palynological evidence for growing Juglans regia and Citrus medica

This article describes the earliest evidence for the growing of two prestigious fruit trees:Juglans regia(Persian walnut) andCitrus medica(citron) in ancient Israel. The study also tries to identify the origin of these trees as well as their influence on Jewish tradition and culture. The palynological information from the Southern Levant supports the hypothesis of the survival ofJ. regiaduring the Last Glacial period in some areas of Eurasia. Accumulating palynological information as well as archeobotanical evidence ofJ. regiaplant remains from northern Israel from ∼1800 years BCE suggests the beginning of horticulture of walnut in the Southern Levant. The growing of walnut within Israel probably started in the north, and nearly one millennium later, palynological evidence indicates thatJ. regiacultivation had spread also to the Judean Mountains. Walnut is mentioned only once in the Bible, in Song of Solomon (6:11). From the interpretation of this text as well other Jewish texts and the available palynological diagrams, it is clear that since the Persian period (fifth to fourth centuries BCE),J. regiawas well established in ancient Israel. Citron, although being one of the four species of the Jewish feast of Tabernacles (Sukkot), is not native to the flora of the Near East. The earliest archeobotanical evidence of the growing ofC. medicain Israel was recently discovered in a Royal Persian garden in Ramat Rahel near Jerusalem, dated to the fifth to fourth centuries BCE.C. medicaseems to have made its way to Ramat Rahel from India via Persia. From that point on, citron gradually penetrated the Jewish culture and tradition. The citron is not mentioned in the Bible, and the association between the citron and thePürî `ëc hädär(Leviticus 23:40), translated “fruit of the goodly tree,” was only made during the first century AD.

Form and Process in Morton Feldman's Spring of Chosroes

AbstractMorton Feldman's Spring of Chosroes is named after a legendary Persian garden carpet. Although it is assumed that the asymmetrical geometric designs of garden carpets inspired the design of the piece, this article is primarily concerned with musical form and process. The music segments into discrete units, which I call modules, that are affiliated by coincident structural features and developmental relationships. The interconnected modules, particularly those that share aspects of pitch, rhythm and register, articulate the work's form. The formal plan is ABA′: section A′ engages the modular structure of section A, and parallelisms in section B create palindromic relationships. Two sets of modules, each of which is connected by developmental processes, make up large‐scale frameworks that reflect the ternary sectional structure and the palindromic design of section B. The music is structurally weighted towards its two central modules, each of which bisects a set of palindromically related modules and, together, the piece as a whole. Organic and inorganic processes unite all levels of form, connecting local and large‐scale structures. Effects of disconnectedness are shown to be surface phenomena arising from the interaction of disparate, ordered structures.

Observations on the Orientation of Some Mughal Gardens

The Mughal gardens are a typical form of landscape architecture developed by the Mughal Dynasty. These gardens had a style heavily influenced by the Persian gardens of charbagh structure, with a use of rectilinear layouts within walled enclosures. Here we propose some observations on the typical layout of these gardens and on the orientations and alignments of a few of them

The Rhetorical Space of the Garden in Shirin Neshat's Women Without Men

The garden, in its varying representations across time and culture, has functioned as a polyvalent space of diverse symbolic meanings. To investigate the richness of garden spaces for feminist communication scholars, I offer a narrative analysis of Shirin Neshat's Women Without Men that focuses on the role of the garden as a cultural and historical setting with the potential to illuminate gender politics and explore feminist possibilities. In my reading of Neshat's film, I argue that that the Persian garden serves as a site of rebellion and functions as a feminist epistemic space: a productive, working site where new meanings are forged and emancipatory visions are produced. I also consider the degree to which the film depicts outside forces that can violate the boundaries of the garden, pointing to global configurations of power that may deepen gender oppressions negotiated by the Iranian women represented in the film—forces in which Western viewers may be implicated.

Persian gardens in Indian Subcontinent and Comparing of the Shalimar garden and Chehel Sotoun

Persian Garden is known as one of the most significant styles of gardening and landscape architecture in the world and long has been admired and praised by other nations. This modeling of the Persian garden's which has being used by various nations, dates back to the era of the cultural relations between Iran and other nations through history. Will Durant in his book: Story of Civilization believed this influence and imitation contribution of Iran in the formation of a global civilization. After the establishment of Mughol Governors in India, (Babur, Humayun, Akbar, Jahangir, Shah Jahan, etc. (1526–1707)) and changing of their lifestyle, they used Persian gardening style on their cities. By the study of climate condition in India and its differences with Iran, we can find out four types of Persian Garden in India. They are: Pavilion Gardens, Gardens, Gardens and Garden-Home. Because of climatic and cultural difference between Iran and India to two types of Persian Faced with a more welcome in India, They are: Water gardens and Tomb These two type of gardening used in many Persian in Gourkanid period in Iran. According to Ellison Banks Findly in her book (Nur Jahan, Empress of Mughol India), The of Mughol India took their pattern from centuries-old Persian antecedents. The standard form of the paradise garden used idealized treatments of irrigated water as the symbols for the spiritual and physical source of life and exceptional species of living things to mark out space along perfected lines. In its most basic form, the Persian garden had four water channels, each crossing into the center of the garden and creating four orderly quadrants (hence the name char- bagh). These channels were ordinarily placed above the level of the surrounding grounds so that their waters might feed the lines of trees planted along their banks as well as the fruits and flowers growing out with in the quadrants and beyond. (Findly 1993) Therefore the designs of Indian during the mentioned era were directly under the influence of Persian Garden. In this article, are paid research and evaluation the impact of comparison between Shalimar Bagh (in India) and ChehelSotoun (in Iran).

REVITALIZATION OF HISTORICAL LANDSCAPE OF BAMPOUR

Abstract. People are beginning looking to change their environment in order to make optimum use of it. Persian gardens glowing example of the human ability to promote environmental resilience and their habitations. Formation of these Gardens during on the structures made a combination of art and the engineering of Iranians that are now a valuable part of the historical heritage of this land is considered. In This research a khaleseh Persian garden that located in Castel twenty-five kilometers from the city of Iranshahr in Sistan and Baluchestan province belonging to the late Qajar period, has been studied. The leading research indicates that the unique Persian garden in this zone with economic and the residential nature was source for the cereal crops storage. This garden after the drought and destroyed other khaleseh gardens around it, lost its importance are now a ruin, that Due to the invasion of the sand and sabulous into the garden, every day destruction process of the natural structure becomes more. Although the garden buildings have been repaired, but according to the Florence charter that required the restoration of the Heritage and context knows coexisting and according continuity of the natural structures and historic buildings garden, restoration cannot be separated from the garden. The methodology of this study with regard to the authenticity and integrity that are the most important principles of the revitalization heritage, Documentation landscape garden and its changes with the study and compare of historical documents, historical photos, maps and aerial photos and travel journals in order to reconstruct the original garden plan has been that has to be provided context to revitalization of the valuable Heritage that is only Persian Garden remains in Baluchestan province.