Perspectives Of Perpetrators Research Articles

Exploring Blacks’ Perceptions of Whites’ Racial Prejudice as a Function of Intergroup Behavior and Motivational Mindsets

When Whites believe prejudice cannot change, they often adopt a behavioral style that is intended to reduce the possibility that they are seen as racist (i.e., performance-oriented behaviors). The present research tests the possibility that these performance-oriented behaviors may be interpreted, ironically, as racist. Across two studies, Black participants viewed performance-oriented behaviors as indicating racial prejudice. Additionally, when Black participants were led to believe that Whites’ racial prejudice could not change, they perceived Whites as more prejudiced. This research highlights a potential source of misunderstanding in interracial interactions and offers implications for improving interracial interactions from target and perpetrator perspectives.

Experiences and perspectives of victims and perpetrators of bullying

Bullying in schools is pervasive globally and has been considered as a public health problem. The present study aimed to find out the prevalence of bullying in schools of Punjab state and Chandigarh and perspectives of the victims as well as perpetrator about bullying. A qualitative research was conducted on 3234 students from 124 schools of Punjab state and UT Chandigarh using Open-ended Questionnaires, focus group discussion and semi-structured. Specifically, the victims were asked about the reasons which they perceive for their bullying, their reactions on/after being bullied, and its effect on them whereas the perpetrator (bullies) were asked their reasons for bullying others and what they get out of this. These findings provide a comprehensive view about what victims feel about their bullying and how bullies present their side. It indicates towards a need to instill systematic bullying prevention programme in schools which is at present is altogether missing in our schools.

Niemiecka polityka okupacyjna na Litwie w latach 1941–1944. Podsumowanie

The article regards German Occupation Policy in Lithuania 1941–1944. The author integrates the context of war and warfare – with their needs for mobilization, stability, food and labor – into the picture. He clearly shows how each of these fields of politics was coined by antisemitism, which was central for all Nazi policies. The author integrates multiple perspectives of perpetrators, bystanders and victims as well, emphasizing specific Lithuanian political programs, which enabled certain Lithuanian political groups to join partly national-socialist policy.

Toxic Cities: Neoliberalism and Environmental Racism in Flint and Detroit Michigan

The consequences of neoliberal colorblind policies concerning environmental justice in Michigan are explored using critical race theorist Alan Freeman’s victim and perpetrator perspectives on legal decision-making. The victim perspective allows evidence of disparate impact to be proof of unequal protection under the law. The dominant perpetrator perspective requires proof of the intent to discriminate for a racial discrimination claim to be valid. Michigan’s environmental legal history is examined through the lens of these two perspectives, tracing how Michigan as a state, with the aid of the federal government, has institutionalized a racialized caste system of ‘worthiness’ for environmental protection through strict adherence to the perpetrator perspective. Specific attention is paid to the water crisis in Flint and a Marathon Oil refinery in Detroit. The injustices occurring at these locations are less the result of racist individuals than the product of decades of neoliberal colorblind policymaking supported and upheld in our court rooms.

Gender Norms and Age-Disparate Sexual Relationships as Predictors of Intimate Partner Violence, Sexual Violence, and Risky Sex among Adolescent Gang Members.

Unequal gender norms and age-disparate sexual relationships can lead to power imbalances and are also associated with intimate partner violence (IPV), sexual coercion and violence, and sexual risk behaviors. The present study examined these variables from both victim and perpetrator perspectives among adolescent gang members. Age-disparate sexual relationships were defined as sex partners 5 or more years older among female participants and 5 or more years younger among male participants. Participants were recruited from a mid-sized Midwestern city and completed a 60-90-min audio computer-assisted self-interview in a community-based setting. Participants in this study included 107 female gang members (68 % African-American, 19 % Latina; mean age, 17.6) and 169 male gang members (62 % African-American, 28 % Latino; mean age, 17.7). As hypothesized, endorsing unequal gender norms toward women was significantly related to IPV victimization among female participants and perpetration among male participants, and engagement in group sex in the past month among both female and male participants (ps < 0.05). Additionally, unequal gender norms were significantly related to male participants' perpetrating rape (p < 0.05). As hypothesized, female gang members who had been in age-disparate sexual relationships were significantly more likely to have experienced more IPV and report being raped and males gang members who had age-disparate sexual relationships were significantly more likely to perpetrate IPV in the past year and perpetrate rape (ps < 0.05). Age-disparate sexual relationships were also significantly related to being gang raped among female gang members and participating in a gang rape among male gang members, and engaging in group sex among both female and male gang members (ps < 0.05). Female participants who had been in age-disparate sexual relationships were more likely to have been pregnant (ps < 0.05). It is essential for researchers and public health practitioners to create programs for female adolescents to reduce or avoid risky situations, such as inability to negotiate condom use with older sex partners. Additionally, programs must be developed for both female and male gang members to help them understand and identify unequal gender norms, and interpersonal and sexual coercion/violence. Early intervention will also be necessary as these adolescent gang members are already engaged in extremely high-risk, coercive, and violent behaviors.

Sisters in Arms: The Gendered Process of Identification with Columbine

Since the Columbine attack, school shootings along with their perpetrators have had significant impact on later occurrences. Research has shown that school shootings are primarily a male phenomenon aimed at an assertion of and reowning of masculinity. However, female school assailants provide an interesting target for research that has been poorly understood up to now. The purpose of the current study is to analyze the biographical backgrounds, motivation, and the behavioral orientation of female school shooters from the perspective of socialization theory. Two attempts of school rampages in Germany, which were committed by female perpetrators, will be analyzed by qualitative comparative analysis of individual cases. A methodological approach has been chosen that enables the reconstruction of subjective perspectives of female perpetrators as well as the latent meaning of their behavior. The empirical basis is the personal testimonies of the perpetrators as well as judicial and investigational materials. The analysis shows that each female perpetrator appropriated a cultural script of school shootings, but since one of the perpetrators identified with the Columbine attackers as did her male predecessors, the other young woman added a new element to the already existing script, that is, a concept of violent femininity. Since the present comparative case analysis aims at a deep understanding of cases, the generalizability of the study is limited. Complementary methodological approaches are finally discussed. Language: en

Sexual Aggression Victimization and Perpetration Among Female and Male University Students in Poland.

This study examined the prevalence of victimization and perpetration of sexual aggression since age 15 in a convenience sample of 565 Polish university students (356 females). The prevalence of sexual aggression was investigated for both males and females from the perspectives of both victims and perpetrators in relation to three coercive strategies, three different victim-perpetrator relationships, and four types of sexual acts. We also examined the extent to which alcohol was consumed in the context of sexually aggressive incidents. The overall self-reported victimization rate was 34.3% for females and 28.4% for males. The overall perpetration rate was 11.7% for males and 6.5% for females. The gender difference was significant only for perpetration. Prevalence rates of both victimization and perpetration were higher for people known to each other than for strangers. In the majority of victimization and perpetration incidents, alcohol was consumed by one or both parties involved. The findings are discussed in relation to the international evidence and the need for tailored risk prevention and reduction programs.

Former Combatants on Sexual Violence During Warfare: A Comparative Study of the Perspectives of Perpetrators, Victims, and Witnesses

This study explores the reasons behind sexual violence. In doing so, we focus on structured information given by 224 former combatants from different Congolese armed groups. Unlike other studies on sexual violence, we have controlled for the combatant’s experience with sexual violence: we have self-reports on whether they have witnessed, experienced, or perpetrated sexual assault themselves. Ultimately, by asking the former combatants themselves to react on particular statements on the reasons behind sexual violence, we can glimpse the logic behind this phenomenon. The results of the comparative analysis show that perpetrators differ from nonperpetrators by emphasizing that sexual violence occurs out of frustration or as revenge. Victims, however, emphasize the lack of punishment and the fact that perpetrators want to prove their strength. All in all, we found high levels of agreement surrounding the opportunity argument behind sexual violence during warfare, i.e. it occurs because war provides the perpetrator with an opportunity for this kind of behavior.

The mental illness microaggressions scale-perpetrator version (MIMS-P): Reliability and validity

The study objective was to develop a new measure for use in the empirical measurement of microaggression behaviors perpetrated towards persons with mental illness and examine its psychometric properties. Following development of an initial item pool, 505 participants (students at a large college in New York City and community members recruited through Amazon’s Mechanical Turk program) completed an online survey including a 20-item measure of microaggression behaviors. Exploratory factor analysis revealed three subscales: Assumption of Inferiority (α=0.81), Patronization (α=0.78), and Fear of Mental Illness (α=0.63). Additional analyses supported convergent validity of the measure with two widely used measures of mental illness stigma. The MIMS-P is the first instrument to measure microaggressions endorsed by perpetrators against a socially marginalized group and demonstrates strong psychometric properties. Inclusion of this scale in future research can help facilitate understanding of perpetrator perspectives and assist with intervention development.

A methodological review of research on the antecedents and consequences of workplace harassment

Workplace harassment is a well‐researched topic, especially in regard to the antecedents and consequences of the phenomenon. A number of criticisms of this body of research have been raised that influence our understanding of harassment, its causes, and effects. Accordingly, this methodological review was conducted to identify current methodological gaps and propose new strategies for advancing knowledge on harassment at work. A total of 234 samples, from 224 peer‐reviewed articles published over a 26‐year period (1987–2012 inclusive), which focused on the antecedents, consequences, or process of diverse forms of workplace harassment (e.g., bullying, abusive supervision, mobbing, and victimization), were systematically analysed for methodological content. Our analysis focused on identifying threats to construct, internal, external, and statistical conclusion validity, covering issues such as sample characteristics, research design, measurement, methods of data collection, and techniques to analyse data. Findings on the nature and extent of existing methodological limitations underpin suggestions to advance theory development in this area by improving study validity. These include adopting longitudinal and experimental designs, utilizing within‐person approaches, incorporating the perspectives of witnesses and perpetrators of harassment, developing combined group/organizational and individual levels of analysis, and focusing on the dynamic processes of workplace harassment.Practitioner points Limitations in existing research have constrained what we know about workplace harassment, and how to prevent harassment and its negative consequences. This paper provides a comprehensive resource for evaluating the quality of the ever‐growing body of research on workplace harassment, which covers issues such as bullying, abusive supervision, aggression, incivility, and other forms of victimization at work.

‘I’ for iconoclasm: graphic novels and the (re)presentation of terrorism

This article considers a ‘new-old’ media – that is, a relatively newly created medium with deep historical roots – that has gained increasing popularity in recent years: a subgenre of the comic book, most often referred to as the graphic novel. Presented here as an antidote to dominant interpretations of political violence ranging from the state terrorism of the Holocaust to the events of 9/11, the article briefly traces the history of graphic novels and details their growing popularity before describing and analysing representations of terrorism, both written and visual, in eight paradigmatic works that purvey variously victim, survivor and perpetrator perspectives.

Nazi-Looted Jewish Archives in Moscow: A Guide to Jewish Historical and Cultural Collections in the Russian State Military Archive, David E. Fishman, Mark Kupovetsky, and Vladimir Kuzelenkov, eds. (Scranton, PA: University of Scranton Press [dist. University of Chicago Press] in association with the United States Holocaust Memorial Museum and the Jewish Theological Seminary, 2011), xiv + 291 pp., cloth $30.00

The end of the Cold War brought about a major turning point in the historiography of the Holocaust. Drawing on documents from newly-opened archives in Eastern Europe and the former Soviet Union, scholars have expanded their research on many fronts. But while numerous studies over the last twenty years focus primarily on the German perpetrators and their collaborators, historians have realized the dangers of objectifying the victims (as the Nazis did) and increasingly have turned to Jewish history and culture in order to understand better the victims' responses. Therefore, “it is no longer acceptable for general histories of the Holocaust to overlook the fact that the victims were real people with emotions and varying responses to persecution,” as Dan Stone asserts in his recent historiography.1 The holdings of the Russian State Military Archive (RGVA) described by David Fishman, Mark Kupovetsky (professors of Jewish studies), and Vladimir Kuzelenkov (director of the RGVA) attest to the diversity and richness of European Jewish culture before it was nearly destroyed by the Germans in World War II, and may aid researchers restore the proper balance between the perspectives of perpetrators and their victims.

Atrocity and Ambiguity: Recent Developments in Christian Holocaust Responses

Christian Holocaust scholars insist that historical atrocity should catalyze religious change. Many established Holocaust theologians presume that the antidote to anti-Judaism involves identifying an authentic version of Christian faith lacking moral blemish. However, recent responses tend to view the Bible and the Christian tradition as irreducibly ambiguous. These new responses foreground perpetrator perspectives and correlate developments in theological reflection with evolving public Holocaust representations. They are distinctive in advocating careful examination of biographical connections to the Holocaust, including family, religious, and national identification. In significant ways, emphasis on ambiguity in recent Christian Holocaust thought provides critical leverage on the redemptive tendencies of popular Holocaust remembrance in the United States.

Review of research methods used to investigate violence in the emergency department

Violence in the emergency department (ED) is of constant concern to emergency practitioners. Much research has been conducted on this topic but it appears that there has been no attempt to systematically evaluate the methods that have been used to investigate this problem. Therefore, the purpose of this paper is to review the research methods in order to identify the most effective approach for future use and to reveal gaps in the understanding of this problem. Most studies that have been conducted to investigate violence in the ED are descriptive in nature with the most common type retrospective or prospective surveys. Few interview-based studies have been conducted but these have provided an in-depth understanding of the perspectives and feelings of staff involved in the patient violence. However, none of the methods used have provided insight into the perspectives of patients or perpetrators of violence in the ED. To date, it appears that no observational or predictive studies pertaining to this problem have been conducted. Combining questionnaire-based and interview-based prospective surveys with observations could be an ideal method to investigate violence in the ED, as it would permit the researcher to investigate this complex problem more thoroughly and holistically.

I. MORALITY, INTERPRETATION, AND PERSPECTIVE

Children's narrative accounts and moral evaluations of their own interpersonal conflicts with peers were examined. Girls and boys (N = 112) in preschool (M= 4.8 years), first grade (M = 6.9 years), fifth grade (M = 10.9 years), and tenth grade (M = 16.2 years) provided one narrative of a time when they had been hurt by a peer ("victim"), and one of a time when they had hurt a peer ("perpetrator"). Victim and perpetrator narratives were equally long and detailed and depicted similar types of harmful behaviors, but differed significantly in terms of various measures of content and coherence. Narratives given from the victim's perspective featured a self-referential focus and a fairly coherent structure. When the same children gave accounts of situations in which they had been the perpetrators, their construals were less coherent and included multiple shifts between references to their own experience and the experience of the other. Children's moral judgments also varied by perspective, with the majority of victims making negative judgments and nearly half the perpetrators making positive or mixed judgments. These differences in moral judgments were related to the distinct ways in which victims and perpetrators construed conflict situations. Age differences were also found in both narrative construals and moral evaluations, but regardless of their age children construed conflict situations differently from the victim's and the perpetrator's perspectives. By integrating, within the study of moral development, children's interpretations of the social interactions that are at the basis of moral thinking, this approach brings us a step closer to conceptualizing the study of children's moral behavior.