Motives Of Perpetrators Research Articles

Situational crime prevention as a harm mitigation policy for active shooter incidents

AbstractResearch summarySituational crime prevention (SCP) is an environmental crime control perspective with enormous practical and policy relevance due to its practitioner‐friendly theoretical approach. This study examines whether SCP interventions reduce incident casualty outcomes in active shooter incidents. We used an inductive, open‐source data set of 555 active shooter and mass public shooting sites to study the applicability of SCP to active shooter and mass public violence. Our findings suggest a harm mitigation role for SCP: active shooter sites with stronger holistic SCP had fewer casualties. We assessed perpetrator motivation to test displacement, a core critique of SCP, and found that the harm mitigation potential of SCP persists even in the presence of a highly motivated offender.Policy summarySCP could be a practical and effective method to decrease casualties in the event of an active shooting, which is a highly motivated crime type that is difficult to predict and prevent. Public locations may select a range of appropriate SCP techniques based on individual resources and needs. The totality and interactions of these techniques may contribute to public safety in general, with diffuse benefits. This policy solution is highly oriented toward practice and real‐life application, and may be used to supplement existing preventative measures like threat assessment and gun legislation.

An exploration of the motivations of catfish perpetrators and the emotions and feelings expressed by catfish victims using automated linguistic analysis and thematic analysis

Catfishing is a form of online deception where an individual presents themselves as an identity that is not their own. The study reported in this article explored the motivations for catfish perpetrators and the impacts on those who had been catfished in terms of the emotions and feelings expressed by victims. Data was collected using the crowd-sourced question and answer website Quora [1] and analysis was conducted on a pre-existing corpus of data which contained participant’s answers to questions on catfishing. An automated linguistic analysis using Linguistic Inquiry and Word Count (LIWC-2022 [2]) and a thematic analysis (Braun and Clarke in Qual Res Psychol 3:77–101, 2006 [38]) were conducted on participant’s descriptions of their perceptions of the motivations of catfishes and their catfishing experiences. The thematic analysis indicated that the motivations of catfish perpetrators can be linked to entertainment, emulating an ideal self, desiring meaningful interaction, and financial gain. Six emotions and feelings emerged from the accounts of catfishing victims: suspicion, love, depression, anger, embarrassment, and stupidity. These findings contribute to an understanding of what motivates individuals to catfish and suggests further research to explore specific emotions and feelings that catfish victims experience. The LIWC analysis and language style matching analysis showed that the data collected was mostly personal to each individual and that there were similarities in how victims write about their experiences. Therefore, we suggest that LIWC has promise as a method of providing added context to qualitative data analysis methods.

Communication Strategy of Terrorism at Major Sporting Events

Sport has historically played a vital role in fostering positive values and fostering connections between cultures and nations globally. However, over the past 50 years, sporting events have increasingly become targets for terrorist attacks, posing significant security challenges. To explore this issue, we conducted an integrative review, viewing terrorism at sporting events as an ecosystem with various elements and interactions. Our goals were threefold: to evaluate terrorist attacks at major sporting events since the 1972 Olympics, analyzing terrorists' communication strategies, and to identify trends for detecting and preventing terrorism. Our findings contribute to unraveling the complexities surrounding the motivations of perpetrators, the vulnerabilities of the sporting environment, and the effectiveness of counterterrorism measures. In essence, it is a comprehensive examination that seeks to enhance knowledge, inform policy, and contribute to the development of strategies aimed at ensuring the safety and security of sporting events

Restorative justice and terrorist crimes: An experience in the Spanish context

In 2011, a pioneering experience of restorative justice was carried out in Spain through restorative encounters between individuals who had suffered the violence of the terrorist organization ETA and those who had exercised it. These encounters, unthinkable at first, were the seed of a practice that is currently becoming more frequent. This article offers a brief introduction outlining the differences between retributive and restorative justice and then describes the experience taking into consideration the motivation of both victims and perpetrators, the conditions needed to make them possible and the outcomes. This article also provides information regarding the number of encounters, where they took place and who the people in charge of their design and implementation were. The author acted as a mediator in the encounters and provides an account from her perspective as one of the key people involved in the process.

Motives for Sex and Sexual Perpetration in College Men: An Exploratory Study.

Prior research has rarely focused on sexual motives (e.g., motives for having sex) when studying sexual violence perpetration prevention. The current study examined the role of sexual motives alongside other risk factors like alcohol expectancies in predicting sexual violence. We analyzed data from 205 male college students; 36% reported sexual perpetration of some type. Participants completed a series of questionnaires in a randomized order, including: measures of prior sexual perpetration, sexual motives, rape myth acceptance, alcohol expectancies, and a measure of social desirability. Data were analyzed using a series of T-tests and logistic regressions. With one exception (coping motives), all sexual motives (intimacy, enhancement, self-affirmation, peer approval, and partner approval) were endorsed at higher levels by individuals who perpetrated sexual violence than those who did not (p < .05, Cohen's d = .25-.56). The partner approval motive significantly predicted sexual violence perpetration on its own. The enhancement motive, both independently and in interaction with alcohol expectancies for aggression, predicted sexual violence perpetration. Two other motives, intimacy and self-affirmation, were only significant in interaction with alcohol expectancies for aggression. All sexual motives were endorsed more frequently by those who perpetrated sexual violence than those who did not. Sexual motives had a complex interaction with alcohol expectancies in predicting sexual violence perpetration. The results suggest that intervention programs should emphasize healthy, consensual sexual relationships that do not involve alcohol.

Determining punishment in light of victim characteristics and actions, with an emphasis on gender: comparative view of the laws of England

The legislative principles to which a judge must pay attention in determining the Ta'ziri (discretionary) penalty are included in the four clauses that have been proposed in Article 18 of the Islamic Penal Code. These four clauses are: a) the perpetrator's motive and psychological state; b) the ways of committing the crime; c) the perpetrator's actions after committing the crime, and; d) the personal background. In such a view, the victim has no place and, therefore, no effect of his intervention is seen. The victim status, by emphasis on gender, is the objective that the present work intends to examine with a descriptive-analytical method. For this research purpose in a comparative look, the laws of Iran and England have been studied. It is concluded that, what can be extracted from the criminal laws of Iran and England is that, in the field of substantive laws, the legislators of these countries, while accepting the vulnerability of women in crimes in general, have tried to criminalize some behaviors and actions that cannot be considered as assaults, in the general conditions of protecting them.

Implementation of fraud triangle theory: A systematic literature review

Fraud triangle theory popularized by Cressey (1953) and adopted by Statement of Auditing Standards No. 99, states that fraud occurs when there are three elements, namely: pressure, opportunity, and rationalization. This theory is criticized because it is considered unable to describe all the motivations of fraud perpetrators. This study aimed at developing Homer (2020) research, expanding it with criticism and developing variables in the fraud triangle. This research did not only focus on types of fraud based on the fraud tree but also added academic fraud. Methodologically, this research was a systematic literature review using six steps in determining the samples. This study summarized 25 Scopus articles using at least one element of the fraud triangle. From the 25 included studies, 80 percent reviewed the three elements of the fraud triangle in their research. As much as 60 percent of research results supported that the three elements of the fraud triangle can increase fraud motivation. Although the fraud triangle theory has received much criticism, researchers are trying to develop the fraud triangle theory by adding other variables and with theoretical support. This review recommends filling the research gap in developing the fraud triangle theory by looking at previous researches.

The motivation of flaming perpetrators as cyberbullying behavior in social media

The most troubling behavior of cyberbullying is flaming on social media. Technological sophistication makes it easy for everyone to create fake accounts for negative comments to bullying activities on social media. The impact is very detrimental, especially for victims or targets. The most frequent consequences are deep trauma, fear, anxiety, lack of confidence, mental illness, and depression, and they can even motivate the victim to commit suicide. This impact is considered quite dangerous for the victim. Therefore, concrete handling and solutions are needed that can be implemented according to the motivation of the perpetrators to do hate speech and cyberbullying. This study aimed to identify the motives of flaming perpetrators through social media and formulate strategic and practical recommendations for preventing flaming behavior. By identifying through a qualitative approach, phenomenological research strategies, and in-depth interviews with 10 (ten) research informants, the research aims to obtain a comprehensive picture of the motivations of flaming actors in social media. The results of this study indicate some of the motivations of flaming actors in social media, namely excessive fanaticism, personal interests, spontaneous emotions and anxiety, low digital literacy, the anonymity of netizens on social media through second accounts, and lack of empathy. The motivations found in this study are the basis for formulating strategic and practical recommendations in preventing flaming behavior in social media through the KIFE Model (Collaboration, Innovation, News Framing, and Peer group Education). It is practical and effective for Media Literacy and Healthy Digital.

From Traditional to Modern Atrocities: Has Caste Changed in Independent India?

Committing atrocities is as inherent to caste as caste is to Hinduism. Maintaining these values by enacting atrocities on castes lower in the strata, combined with socio-economic-political developments, has massively changed the essence of caste in independent India. These developments have led to a ‘de-ritualization of caste’, persisting as a ‘kinship-based cultural community’—still stratified but functioning around politics and economics. This transition is in contrast to the tradition-rooted practices and ideology of pre-and colonial India. However, have caste atrocities changed since India’s independence? This article will showcase these post-independence social transitions in anti-Dalit atrocities despite and due to legal provisions formulated during and immediately after the colonial-era, and the economic reforms in post-colonial India. I argue that the caste system has deteriorated post-independence with an increase in the number of atrocities and their gruesomeness. This is explained through Anupama Rao’s assessment of legal provisions, Smiti Sharma’s analysis of the correlation between economic status and caste-based crimes and their effects, and lastly, Anand Teltumbde’s analysis of transformations in the motivations of crimes, perpetrators and performance of atrocities. Quantitative data is used to illustrate the failure of legal provisions in preventing the rising violence against Dalits and the growing economic disparity between different castes as one of its causes. A qualitative analysis of these developments assesses the changing social attitudes of dominant castes that use violence against ‘Dalit assertion’. Unpacking the 2009 Khairlanji massacre is pertinent to my analysis of atrocity to reveal all these sides of caste violence and the contributions of state, civil society, media and other institutions in its wake.

Agricultural windfalls and the seasonality of political violence in Africa

AbstractWhen the prices of cereal grains rise, social unrest and conflict become likely. In rural areas, the predation motives of perpetrators can explain the positive relationship between prices and conflict. Predation happens at places and in periods where and when spoils to be appropriated are available. In predominantly agrarian societies, such opportune times align with the harvest season. Does the seasonality of agricultural income lead to the seasonality of conflict? We address this question by analyzing over 55 thousand incidents involving violence against civilians staged by paramilitary groups across Africa during the 1997–2020 period. We investigate the crop year pattern of violence in response to agricultural income shocks via changes in international cereal prices. We find that a year‐on‐year one standard deviation annual growth of the price of the major cereal grain results in a harvest‐time spike in violence by militias in areas where this cereal grain is grown. This translates to a nearly 10% increase in violence during the early postharvest season. We observe no such change in violence by state forces or rebel groups—the other two notable actors. By further investigating the mechanisms, we show that the violence by militias is amplified after plausibly rich harvest seasons when the value of spoils to be appropriated is higher. By focusing on harvest‐related seasonality of conflict, as well as actors more likely to be involved in violence against civilians, we contribute to the growing literature on the economic causes of conflict in predominantly agrarian societies.

Acid Attacks: An Overview of Legal Measures and Motivation Trends in India, Pakistan, Bangladesh, Colombia, and Cambodia

Acid attacks (vitriolage) are a form of violence that occurs in most countries of the world. Cases of acid attacks are no longer peculiar to developing countries; they also occur in western counties. This article analyses the legislative measures adopted by India, Bangladesh, Pakistan, Colombia, and Cambodia to combat acid attacks. It highlights the comparative strengths and weaknesses of these measures. It also examines the most important trends about the motivations of perpetrators reported in the literature in these countries, highlighting the sex-based nature of the phenomenon.

Builders of the Third Reich: The Organisation Todt and Nazi Forced Labour

The built environment remains a comparatively overlooked aspect within the historiography of the Nazi period, despite its importance to the regime. During the war years, Organisation Todt oversaw a vast network of over a million forced and slave labourers working on infrastructure and engineering projects that stretched across Europe. However, unlike other agencies such as the SS, neither the extent to which Organisation Todt’s activities underpinned the mechanics of the regime’s operation, nor the terrible abuses it perpetrated, were recognized at Nuremberg. Charles Dick’s Builders of the Third Reich seeks to address this. Rather than attempting the daunting task of compiling the definitive organizational account, the text is carefully positioned as a history. Five thematic chapters guide the reader through a considered exploration of how the Organisation functioned within the structure of the regime. The first examines how Organisation Todt was instrumental in realizing Nazism’s imperial goals; the second considers the process of extracting raw materials from occupied countries; the third situates the Organisation within the Nazi system and explores the cooperation and competition with other agencies and state bodies. The fourth section focuses on the experiences of slave and forced labourers across its vast network, and the fifth looks at the motivation of perpetrators.

A Psychometric Investigation of the Hate-Motivated Behavior Checklist.

Hate-motivated behavior (HMB) comprises a continuum ranging from microaggressions to criminal acts. The measurement of HMB is limited primarily to one or two minoritized groups in any given instrument. Current HMB research also lacks a way to assess the full range of acts and motivations for bias-based behavior. The present study fills gaps in HMB measurement by conducting a psychometric study of the Hate-Motivated Behavior Checklist (HMBC). The HMBC is a self-report instrument of HMB perpetration; the instrument also has sections capturing victim target group (e.g. race, sexual orientation, disability) and perpetrator motivation for HMB commission (e.g., perceived threat, impulsivity). We conducted an online cross-sectional survey of community-dwelling adults and college students (N = 463). Measures assessed demographic information, HMB, and social-political characteristics. Confirmatory factor analysis, item response theory analyses, between-groups analyses (e.g., Analysis of Variance), and descriptive statistics were used to examine HMBC properties. Primary findings included (1) poor model fit of the HMBC behaviors score; (2) good model fit with high reliability for an HMBC behaviors score adapted to binary (no/yes) scoring; (3) men reported meaningfully higher HMB scores compared to women; (4) the most common target classification for HMB was based on political affiliation; and (5) perceived intrusion was the most cited reason for committing HMB. Our findings are an important step in refining the HMBC. The instrument represents a potentially useful tool for HMB research, surveillance, and intervention evaluation. Future directions in HMBC research include application to extremist and criminal samples, replication and extension of the binary scoring to include cut-score derivation, and validation against behavioral outcomes.

Where to draw the line? The influence of prior relationship, perpetrator-target sex and perpetrator motivation on the point at which behavior 'crosses the line' and becomes stalking.

The present study examines the influence of prior relationship (intimate, non-intimate), perpetrator-target sex (male-female, female-male) and perpetrator motivation (romance, upset) on (1) the point at which behavior crosses the line and becomes stalking, and (2) the likelihood of offering five forms of advice to the target (formal support, informal support, protective measures, avoidance measures, threatening action). The study used a 2×2×2 between-participants experimental design. Four-hundred and sixty-one UK students read one of eight versions of a hypothetical scenario that they were informed may or may not depict a stalking situation. Analyses revealed that 97.8% (n=451) of participants believed the perpetrator's behavior constituted stalking, and that behavior was perceived to cross the line earlier in the scenario when the perpetrator's motivation was to upset the target in the context of a non-intimate prior relationship only. Prior relationship, perpetrator-target sex and perpetrator motivation also influenced the likelihood of offering various forms of advice to the target. These findings further demonstrate the impact of situational characteristics on perceptions of stalking and highlight the importance of educational campaigns and programs to increase people's understanding of stalking.

Serial murder in medical clinics and care homes.

Background Serial murder in clinics and care homes have gained attention more than once in recent years. The strong yet quickly fading public outrage has not yet led to well-founded professional and health-political engagement with the topic. With few systematic studies conducted, knowledge about perpetrator-related and environment-related risk factors in the day-to-day context of healthcare is sparse. Methods Court cases of serial murder in clinics and care homes in Germany, Austria, and Switzerland that were concluded with a final verdict by February 2022 were investigated. Research materials consisted of court documents and observations made during the trials. The cases were evaluated with regard to the victims, crime scenes, methods of killing, perpetrators, and perpetrator motives. 12 serial murders involving 17 perpetrators were included in this study. Results Perpetrator-specific early warning signs included a pronounced insecurity in combination with a striving for prestige and power, which were accompanied by a loss of empathy. Reactions of the colleagues and supervisors of the perpetrators in the immediate professional environment included misjudgement, concern about one’s own disadvantages, feared damage to the reputation of the institution, and insufficient willingness to clarify the situation. As a result, many initial murders went unsuspected and unreported so that the frequency of the criminal activity and the number of victims increased over time. Conclusion More information about serial murder in clinics and care homes is necessary. Research efforts are needed to better assess the prevalence of such crimes and to develop appropriate preventive measures. Circumstances that enable such acts, risk factors, perpetrator profiles, and early-stage countermeasures must be comprehensively addressed in the context of education, training and further education.

Nasilje žena nad muškarcima

Although numerous studies in the past have shown that men are more often seen as perpetrators of domestic and sexual abuse, clinicians and researchers have recently begun to critically consider the problem of intimate and sexual violence committed by women towards men. Despite the controversial debate over whether women are violent towards their husbands and partners, many research papers have shown that there is a prevalence of such violence. In addition, many studies have highlighted gender differences in the commission of domestic violence in terms of the different reasons and contexts in which violence occurs. This paper aims to present the latest results of research on risk factors, typologies, and motives of women perpetrators of violence in relationships, as well as to improve our understanding of the etiology and complexity of such violence. The first part of the paper explains in detail the typology and prevalence of violence against men, as well as the psychological and other characteristics of women perpetrators. The second part deals mainly with the causes and motives of women's violent behaviour towards men. The last section is dedicated to the effects of treatment and possible improvements. The conclusion emphasizes the importance of this topic and gives some recommendations for resolving the above issues.

Circles of analysis: a systemic model of child criminal exploitation

PurposeChild criminal exploitation (CCE) emerges from the complex interplay between potential targets, motivated perpetrators and conducive environments. Drawing on contextual safeguarding and rational choice theory. The purpose of this paper is to explain the relational dynamics that lead to CCE in terms of complex systems.Design/methodology/approachThis paper reviews the existing criminological and public health perspectives on CCE and compare against current assessment protocols used to identify child victims of exploitation.FindingsFindings demonstrate a conceptual and empirical flaw in existing practice. This flaw can be understood in terms of a failure to include both environmental conditions and the perpetrator’s motivation when trying to prevent CCE.Research limitations/implicationsTo correct this, this paper develops an original systemic model called circles of analysis. This model builds on contextual safeguarding to overcome this identified flaw by also including perpetrator motivation to develop a Systemic Investigation, Protection and Prosecution Strategy.Practical implicationsIt is worth considering as to whether our model can be scaled up to look at trafficking of children and adults for modern slavery, servitude, forced and compulsory labour in different contexts and jurisdictions. Alongside this, is there capacity to build perpetrator behaviours into the contextual safeguarding model?Social implicationsThe potential for further development and alignment with the principles of contextual safeguarding is tantalising, and it is hoped that the contribution to this important special edition will open up new avenues for collaboration with both academics and practitioners who are concerned with protecting children and combatting CCE.Originality/valueThis strategy is uniquely designed to improve how police and social workers identify and investigate CCE and safeguard potential victims and survivors.

The Holocaust in South-Eastern Europe: Historiography, Archival Resources and Remembrance

<i>The Holocaust in South-Eastern Europe: Historiography, Archival Resources and Remembrance</i>

Fraud in New Zealand, 1840–1939

This study analyses fraudsters and their motives in New Zealand’s post-colonial times, using Papers Past, from 1840 to 1939. The aim is to understand the past societal context concerning fraud crimes. The historical analysis reveals that fraud was reported as early as 1840, and since then, reports of fraud have grown rapidly. False pretences and representation were the most common types of fraud, and there was a greater proportion of male than female perpetrators. Female criminality was the main subject of discussion during the period studied, and often biased perceptions regarding how typical women should behave were expressed. The motives of perpetrators of fraud were mainly to maintain cohesion for the family. Overall, the motivations for committing fraud indicated social struggles rather than greed. There is also some evidence for how fraudsters from privileged social classes received lighter sentencing regardless of the grave nature of the offence.

Toward a Better Understanding of the Psychosocial Issues and Different Profiles of Male Filicides

Violence against children is a major public health concern and involves significant consequences. However, compared to research on the impact of violence on children, far less is known about the perpetrators of violence against children. The present study aimed to evaluate the psychosocial characteristics and motives of perpetrators of filicide in order to identify their psychosocial profile. Our study analyzed 50 perpetrators of filicides committed in the province of Quebec between 1997 and 2012. Data was obtained from the Office of the Chief Coroner of Quebec, and additional information were retrieved from newspapers. Descriptive analyzes identified the sociodemographic, criminological, psychological-psychiatric characteristics and the motivations of these men. The results indicate that male perpetrators of filicide are, on average, 34.8 years old (SD = 11.9), 46% between the ages of 18 and 35, 48% between the ages of 36 and 55, and 4% are 56 years of age and over. Most filicides were committed following a marital separation (34%), the victims were between 0 and 5 years old (78%) and they were killed with bare hands (78%). Half of the perpetrators of filicide had a criminal record (42%) or history of domestic violence (50%). Some of these men had traits or borderline personality disorder (32%) and depressive symptoms (24%). The addition of clinical cases expands our understanding of the different profiles of perpetrators of filicide. Our study provides avenues for intervention and to promote a better prevention of this type of homicide.