Heteroaggregation with microalgae masks charge-dependent accumulation but amplifies charge-dependent toxicity of nanoplastics in mussels.

Effectiveness of pre-processing interventions for microplastic reduction in freshwater and coastal bivalves: Insights for seafood safety and pollution mitigation.

Size-dependent toxicity cascades of microplastics in Perna viridis: Mechanistic insights into membrane damage, microbial dysbiosis, and persistent genotoxicity.

Bioaccumulation of trace metals in the invasive bivalve Mytella strigata (Hanley, 1843) from estuarine and backwater ecosystems of South India.

Hurdle strategies based on high-pressure processing, ultrasonication and pulsed electric field for shelf life extension of refrigerated Asian green mussel

Depuration efficiency of raft-cultivated Perna viridis: Interactive effects of salinity, exposure time, and body size on the removal of microbial pathogens and trace/toxic elements for seafood safety

Eyes on the Coast: How Citizen Science Helps Map the Invasion of Perna viridis (Bivalvia, Mytilidae) in Ubatuba, SE Brazil

This study is to determine the effectiveness of crushed mussel (Perna viridis) shells and chicken’s (Gallus gallus domesticus) eggshells as natural soil amendments in reducing acidity and enhancing the growth of pechay (Brassica rapa subsp. chinensis). The methodology used was a six-week greenhouse experiment employing a completely randomized design with treatments consisting of distilled water only, commercial lime, and varying shell powder concentrations (5%, 10%, and 15%). Research findings and interpretation revealed that soils treated with shell powders showed increased pH levels and improved plant growth compared to distilled water, with the 10% and 15% treatments performing similarly to commercial lime in terms of plant height, biomass, and leaf development. The conclusion drawn is that crushed mussel shells and chicken eggshells are viable, eco-friendly, and low-cost alternatives to commercial lime in reducing soil acidity and enhancing pechay growth, though further studies are recommended to assess long-term impacts and scalability in larger farming systems.

Occurrence and human health risks of microplastics in the Bay of Bengal using Perna viridis as sentinel species

Green mussel species Perna viridis is commonly occurring in coastal zone of Sindh. It is a fact that this species is growing fast. It is widely used in food. This edible species of mussel occurring in mudflats of Indus River creeks which relate to Arabian sea in Sindh Pakistan. Research study was done at mudflat of Ambra creek at Gharho shrimp farm situated at taluka Keti Bandar district Thatta, Sindh, Pakistan during period of 2023-2024. Water quality parameters of Ambar creek were examined with temperature of water 23.14286 ± 9.281318 °C; turbidity of water was found 40.28571 ± 8.4599918 cm; pH values observed 7.708571 ± 0.214975; hardness (CaCO3) 706.7143 ± 111.6538 mg/l; salinity of water 27.57143 ± 4.157609 ppt; TDS 86934.43 ± 13616.28 mg/l in both saline and freshwater environment. Dissolved oxygen 10.34857 ± 13616.28 mg/l and depth of water was observed 14.78571 ± 3.43823 fts. Water quality parameters of the experimental sites were found suitable for growth and dispersal of bivalve mussels. Ambra creek water is rich in micro biomass which consists of micro live food items. Various sized samples of the species were collected from mudflats in the creek during study period having size from 1.2 to 7.3 cm length and weight 0.179 to 50.23g. The reproductive system and maturation of gonads along with reproductive cycle of the animal were studied and found suitable as per environmental conditions of the habitat. It usually depends on the seasonal variation of temperature and turbidity of water. The effects of rainfall and floods have shown a significant change in maturation. It was observed that heavy flood in the river Indus brings lot of silt and clay which plays a positive role in the growth, production and reproduction of the Perna viridis.

New Zealand green-lipped mussel (Perna canaliculus) is a premium seafood product that may be substituted with morphologically similar mussels after shucking and cooking, particularly Asian green mussel (Perna viridis). This study developed a rapid, on-site duplex recombinase-aided amplification-lateral flow dipstick (dRAA-LFD) assay to authenticate P. canaliculus and differentiate it from P. viridis. Species-specific primers were designed from mitochondrial COI alignment and combined in a dRAA reaction. Reaction conditions were optimized at 37-42 °C and 15-60 min. Specificity was assessed against 11 non-target seafood species, and sensitivity was evaluated using 2-fold serial dilutions. The assay was further validated using DNA from boiled (85 °C, 5-15 min), steamed (105 °C, 10-30 min), and fried (185 °C, 30-90 s) mussels, and 15 restaurant products labeled as New Zealand mussel dishes. Optimal performance was achieved at 40 °C for 30 min, with no cross-reactivity. The LFD detection limits were 0.05 ng/reaction for P. viridis and 0.2-0.1 ng/reaction for P. canaliculus. All cooked samples remained identifiable, and commercial testing classified 13/15 products as P. canaliculus and 2/15 as P. viridis. Overall, the dRAA-LFD assay enables rapid, equipment-light authentication of cooked mussel products for routine screening.

Mussel adhesive protein (MAP) favours a strong and stable adhesion over underwater surfaces by the synergistic interactions among catechol possessing 3,4- dihydroxyphenylalanine (DOPA) with cationic lysine residues. This research focused on the elucidation of the synergistic effect between catechol and lysine at the molecular level from the DOPA-rich mussel adhesive protein extracted from the green mussel (Perna viridis). This catechol activity particularly emphasizes its pH-dependent adhesion mechanism. The extracted protein from green mussels was purified and quantified for the total protein and DOPA abundance using Lowry’s and Arnow’s assays. The existence of complete catechol functionalities and lysine-associated protein environments was evaluated by UV–visible spectroscopy, Raman spectroscopy, circular dichroism, and 1H-NMR. The availability of adhesion residues in the extracted protein was confirmed by amino acid profiling and HPLC analysis. Circular dichroism spectroscopy established a disordered secondary structure characterized by random coil and β-turn content, enabling interfacial adaptability. As protein adhesive property depends on pH, the lap shear test evaluation revealed an enhanced adhesive property of MAP at alkaline conditions, which meets the formation of a stronger bond between DOPA catechol and lysine residue at alkaline conditions. Overall, the present study provides the molecular basis of MAP adhesion chemistry and establishes a structure-function framework for bioinspired adhesion.

Background: Pickle-green mussels have been reported as a functional food with health promoting effects provided by lactic acid bacteria (LAB) and its metabolites. Therefore, the inappropriate chemical preservative use may reduce its shelf-life. Methods: Pickle-green mussel without chemical preservative was determined the condition of fermentation and was dried with hot air-and freeze-drying techniques. The dried products were evaluated for appearance and color, moisture content, water activity (aw), texture profile and rehydration property. The original and seasoning flavors of freeze-dried products were determined for nutritive values, microbial contamination and sensory evaluation. Result: The fermentation conditions of pickle mussels were proper acidity and amount of LAB, while the salinity was lower than previous study. The color of freeze-dried pickles mussels was brighter than hot air-dried pickle mussels. The seasoning within freeze-dried products slightly affects the appearance of these dried products. The moisture and aw of dried pickle mussels from both drying methods were able to preserve this products. The texture profiles of freeze-dried pickle mussels were crispier and easy to consume as snacks, while hot air-dried pickle mussels were harder and stickier, which were suitable for jerky food. The rehydration ratio (RR) of freeze-dried pickle mussels was preferable at 1:5 and 1:10. The nutritive values of different product flavors were not different and total plate counts were less than 103 CFU/g that was lower enough for prolonging shelf life as ready-to-eat food. As a sensory evaluation, the panels tasted like almost all parameters of the seasoning flavor, except their appearance.

Evaluating heavy metal levels in green mussels (Perna viridis, Linnaeus, 1758) across major farms in Samar, Philippines

Deciphering gametogenic strategies of Perna viridis in a tropical estuarine ecosystem: Mechanistic links between fatty acid allocation and environmental synchrony

Microplastic pollution has become a widespread environmental concern, particularly in aquatic ecosystems where filter-feeding organisms are highly vulnerable to contamination. This study examines the sublethal physiological effects of environmental microplastic exposure on the neurophysiological, immunological, and biochemical responses of the green mussel Perna viridis, a commercially important and widely consumed marine bivalve. Mussels were collected from two coastal sites in Tamil Nadu, India, N4 Beach, Chennai (Site 1), and Pulicat Lake, Thiruvallur (Site 2) previously reported to differ significantly in microplastic abundance. Acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activity in gill tissues, haemolymph clotting time, total haemocyte count (THC), and total protein levels in the gill and posterior adductor muscle were quantified using standard biochemical and immunological assays. Mussels from Site 1 exhibited significant inhibition of AChE activity, prolonged haemolymph clotting time, reduced THC, and markedly lower protein concentrations compared to those from Site 2 (p < 0.05). These alterations indicate neurotoxicity, immunosuppression, and metabolic stress associated with elevated microplastic exposure. The findings suggest that microplastics, either directly or as carriers of associated contaminants, interfere with critical physiological processes in P. viridis. This study highlights the suitability of green mussels as bioindicators of microplastic pollution and raises concerns regarding ecosystem health and potential human exposure through seafood consumption. Overall, the results provide valuable insights into the sublethal impacts of microplastics on marine bivalves and emphasize the need for sustained monitoring and risk assessment in coastal environments.

This study examines the diversity and characteristics of microplastic (MP) contamination in bivalve mollusks collected from the Tam Giang Lagoon, Vietnam-one of Southeast Asia's largest lagoon systems. A total of 52 specimens representing three species-mussels (Sinanodonta woodiana), green mussels (Perna viridis), and clams (Corbicula subsulcata)-were analyzed, yielding 457 MP particles. Clams contributed the highest proportion (50.55%), followed by green mussels (33.48%) and mussels (15.97%). The average MP density was 3.17 MP particles/g in green mussels, 3.04 MP particles/g in clams, and 0.42 MP particles/g in mussels. Conversely, when normalized per individual, mussels exhibited the highest accumulation (12.17 MP particles/individual), followed by green mussels (10.20 MP particles/individual) and clams (7.45 MP particles/individual), showing a positive correlation between MP density and organism size. Fibers dominated all samples (64.07-84.31%), while fragments were less frequent and pellets were absent. Most MPs were smaller than 0.5mm, and black was the predominant color in all species. These findings highlight distinct species-specific accumulation patterns likely driven by habitat characteristics, filtration capacity, and feeding behavior. Overall, this research provides essential baseline data on microplastic pollution in the Tam Giang Lagoon and underscores the ecological significance of bivalves as bioindicators of sediment-associated MP contamination in coastal ecosystems.

Environmentally friendly brake lining material uses a polymer composite reinforced with natural materials. Material testing of morphology, density, specific gravity, and swelling showed that composition significantly affects composite properties. Increasing the proportion of green mussel shell resulted in a rougher surface, higher density and specific gravity, and a significant decrease in swelling. The variation of paper, citrus reticulata, and perna viridis 0:50:50 had the highest degree of swelling (33.76%), while the variation of 75:12.5:12.5 showed the lowest value (0.17%), making it ideal for humid environments. The combination of orange peel and green mussel shell produces a lightweight, strong, and moisture-resistant material, making it an alternative, sustainable material for vehicle braking systems.

When nanoplastics (NPs) meet algae: Heteroaggregates exacerbate bioaccumulation, immunotoxicity, and microbial dysbiosis in the green mussel (Perna viridis).

Perna viridis is an invasive mussel species recently introduced to the southeastern coast of Brazil, where it coexists with the native Perna perna . Morphological similarity between these species, particularly in early life stages, has led to frequent misidentifications, compromising ecological assessments and management efforts. In this study, we applied geometric morphometrics to compare the shell shape of P . viridis and P . perna using 29 and 33 specimens, respectively, collected from Arraial do Cabo, Rio de Janeiro. Using Procrustes ANOVA, we detected significant shape differences ( F = 20.46, Z = 3.87, p < 0.01), particularly in the umbo, ligament curvature, posterior edge, and inferior margin. Perna viridis exhibited a more elongated and flattened profile, while P. perna displayed a robust, rounded shell. These findings demonstrate the potential of geometric morphometrics to support accurate species identification, essential for ecological monitoring, regulation of shellfish trade, and the development of conservation strategies targeting non‐indigenous species. As P. viridis continues to expand its range along the Brazilian coast, reliable morphological tools are critical for distinguishing it from native species and mitigating its ecological and economic impacts.