Permanganate Number Research Articles

DEVELOPMENT OF MYCROCRYSTALLINE CELLULOSE ORIGINATE FROM SAGO (METROXYLON SAGU) STEM BARK BY HYDROLISIS METHODE USING NITRIC ACID

Objective: Microcrystalline cellulose (MCC) is an essential excipient in tablet formulation. Mostly MCC was obtained from wooden conifer stem fiber, therefore environment issues had been came up. Alternative sources for MCC which offer friendly conifer wood need to be explored. This study aimed to isolate and determine the characteristics of MCC originated from Sago (Metroxylon sago Rottb.) stem fibers as an promising alternative of MCC. Methods: MCC was prepared through pre-hydrolysis using an acetic acid solution, alkali heating using NaOH solution, and acid hydrolysis using nitric acid 0.3 N using three variations of heating temperature, namely 90, 95 and 100 °C. The characterization carried out were pharmaceutical grade, powder properties, FTIR analysis and powder morphology by SEM. Results: The yields obtained were 66.02; 65.53 and 65.08%, respectively. The characteristics of the MCC sample based on pharmaceutical grade quality were white to yellowish white powder, odorless, tasteless, insoluble in: ether, 96% alcohol, HCl 2N and NaOH 1N. The pH of the MCC suspension were 5.07-5.12, while moisture content were 3.67-4.17%, with loss on drying value as much as 0.37-0.4%, and ash content 1-2.17%. The value of permanganate number were 0.09-0.11, Hausner factor was between 1.05-1.25, and angle of repose were between 11.4-24.8°. Conclusion: Based on the results, it can be concluded that Sago is potent natural resource for MCC. The resulting MCC revealed physicochemical and characteristic of MCC, which almost similar to Avicel PH 102 as standard.

Bleaching Process on Oil Palm Empty Bunches by Pulping Using Formacell Liquid Waste

The formacell process produces black liquor that damages the environment. Previous research has shown that black liquor can be used as a cooking solution for pulping. The pulping process using formacell waste on oil palm empty bunches produces a dark color; therefore, it requires a bleaching process. The aim of this study was to determine the effect of the type of cooking solution (fresh pulping solution and leachate residual from pulping) and bleaching time (0.5, 1, 1.5, 2, and 2.5 h) on pulp yield, cellulose content, permanganate number, and score on whiteness degree. The bleaching process used 35% peracetic acid and was conducted at 80�C. The best results were obtained at a bleaching time of 2 h, which resulted in yields of 76.1%�81.2%, cellulose contents of 53%�62.5%, permanganate numbers of 6.3�7.4, and scores of color of 3.78 (yellowish white) to 4.7 (white).

PEMANFAATAN AMPAS TEBU MENJADI PULP DENGAN PROSES PEROKSIDA ALKALI

Limbah dari tebu, ampas tebu atau bagasse mengandung selulosa yang merupakan bahan baku utama pembuatan pulp. Kurangnya pemanfaatan limbah ampas tebu menjadikan ampas tebu menjadi tumpukan sampah yang mencemari lingkungan. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk membuat pulp dari ampas tebu dengan menggunakan NaOH sebagai larutan pemasak dan H2O2. Metode penelitian dilakukan dengan memvariasikan larutan pemasak pada konsentrasi NaOH 2%, 4%, 5%, 6%, 8%, dan 10% dengan suhu 100oC, 110oC, 120oC, 130oC, dan 140oC, kemudian dilanjutkan dengan menghitung persentasi rendemen dan bilangan permanganate. Persentase rendemen yang paling tinggi adalah pada suhu 140oC dengan konsentrasi NaOH 2%, sedangkan bilangan permanganat yang paling rendah adalah pada suhu 140oC dengan konsentrasi NaOH 10%.

Quantification of the microdeformation degree of fast-growing poplar wood during prehydrolysis and its relationship with subsequent pulping

Prehydrolysis is a typical pretreatment in dissolving pulp preparation to remove hemicellulose prior to pulping. In this study, we employed the combined severity factor (CSF) as a reaction parameter to control the pretreatment intensity during prehydrolysis of fast-growing poplar wood, and we investigated the influence of the pretreatment intensity on the components and morphology of wood chips. To assess the microstructural changes in the cell wall, we introduced a mathematical model named the microdeformation coefficient (MDC) to quantitatively evaluate the degree of microstructural deformation and verified its validity and reliability under different CSFs. The results indicated that the MDC could precisely describe the significance of the effect of prehydrolysis on microstructural changes in wood chips. Furthermore, the relationship between the MDC and the physicochemical properties of pulp fibers and handsheets was explored. A moderate MDC of approximately 0.0050 is suggested to attain good hemicellulose removal and produce pulp with good properties (accept pulp content = 47.21 %, permanganate numbers = 18.23, degree of polymerization (DP) = 1774.40) after prehydrolysis. Moreover, the produced handsheets exhibited excellent properties (brightness = 29.50 %, fold resistance = 5.11 times, tensile index = 81.43 N mg, and tear index = 6.36 mN·m2/g).

PENINGKATAN KUALITAS AIR BAKU DENGAN PROSES BIOFILTER TERCELUP MENGGUNAKAN MEDIA STRUKTUR SARANG TAWON

Contamination of rivers has reached an alarming level, especially in the rivers passing through major cities, agricultural areas and industrial areas. Among the contaminants that often appear dominant and very disturbing is the organic substance. The existence of high organic matter within the river water is often expressed in permanganate number that has passed the quality standard. River that contain high organic matter usually the water smell and the color is black, besides it can also cause disturbances in the water treatment process, which is an increasing use of coagulants, chlorine, activated carbon, and the emergence of substances that are not desired, and the quality of treatment results are unsatisfactory. Many ways to reduce the organic matter in river water, one of them is by using the biofilter honeycomb structure. The target of the reduction of organic substances is that the river water could be used as a raw drinking water quality standards or meet the category B, Regulation of Jakarta Governor Number 582, 1995. Raw water used for this study were taken from Krukut River which is the raw water for Regional Water Company PALYJA, Production Installation III Cilandak, South Jakarta and Cengkareng Drain river water, which is currently used as a source of raw water for PAM Taman Kota, West Jakarta using a biofilter reactor aerobic system, the capacity of 50 - 200 m3, Capasity of Blowers 300 l /min, Residence Time 6 hours up to 1 hour. Test results on the residence time of 1 hour, parameters pH, TSS, turbidity, organic substances, detergents, manganese, ammonia, nitrite, nitrate, can meet the standard, except for iron which still exceeds the standard. To improve the removal efficiency of organic matter and iron, at the beginning of processing before entering into the drinking water treatment unit need to be added powder active carbon and an oxidizing agent with a sufficient dose. Keywords: Organic substances, biofilter, aerobic, honeycomb plastic media.

NITROSELULOSA DARI KULIT BATANG PISANG

This paper describes the manufacturing of nitrocellulose from the bark of banana tree as a model of the manufacturing from other sources of cellulose in general. The process can be devided into two steps. The fisrt step is the production of cellulose from the bark of banana tree by coustic soda process while in the second step the cellulose obtained then subjected to nitration procces using nitric acid and controlled by addition of sulfuric acid. In the fisrt step dry bark of banana tree digested using coustic soda solution. Coustic soda concentration, the weight ratio of coustic soda solution to dry bark of banana tree, and digestion time were taken as process variables. The results of the fisrt step concludes that the highest cellulose yields is 33,36 percent, obtained at the digestion operating condition of NaOH concentration 3,33 percent, ratio of NaOH solution to dry bark of banana tree 12per1 and digestion time 4,5 hours and permanganate number is 17,27, while the lowest permanganate number of cellulose is 14,40 in accord with almost the lowest yield 26,58 percent obtained at the digestion process condition of NaOH concentration 5 percent, ratio of NaOH solution to dry bark of banana tree 12per1 and digestion time 4,5 hours. These results are almost in accord with the prediction. The second step operation will be accomplished after the completion of the equipments. Sulfuric acid solution is used to control nitration process based on the third Le Chatelier chemical principle.

Bleach-boosting effect of crude xylanase from Bacillus stearothermophilus SDX on wheat straw pulp

Pretreatment of wheat straw pulp using cellulase-free xylanase produced from Bacillus stearothermophilus SDX at 60°C for 120min resulted in 4.75% and 22.31% increase in brightness and whiteness, respectively. Enzyme dose of 10U/g of oven dried pulp at pH 9 decreased the kappa number and permanganate number by 7.14% and 5.31%, respectively. Further chlorine dioxide and alkaline bleaching sequences (CDED(1)D(2)) resulted in 1.76% and 3.63% increase in brightness and whiteness, respectively. Enzymatic prebleaching of pulp decreased 20% of chlorine consumption without any decrease in brightness. Improvement in various pulp properties like viscosity, burst factor, burstness, breaking length, double fold, gurley porosity, tear factor, and tearness were also observed after bleaching of xylanase treated wheat straw pulp.

Biopulping and its potential to reduce effluent loads from bleaching of hardwood kraft pulp

Mixed hardwood chips were treated with lignin-degrading fungi to study the effect of fungal pretreatment on bleaching characteristics of kraft pulp. Pretreated wood chips were subjected to reduced active alkali doses in comparison to untreated chips. Comparable results were obtained for pretreated chips with reduced alkali dose as was obtained with higher dose of alkali in case of untreated chips. Fungal treatment made the process more energy-efficient, and 4.8% less chlorine was consumed in comparison to the control process. Pretreatment with Ceriporiopsis subvermispora was responsible for reduction of 4.7% in lignin contents, 14.3% permanganate number, and overall reduction of 15.5 kg/T of Cl2 consumption. The pollution load in terms of COD and BOD at the CD stage was reduced by 32.6% and 41.5% respectively, whereas 12% reduction in AOX compounds was observed in effluent of pretreated pulp.

Potential Application of Alkaline Pectinase from Bacillus subtilis SS in Pulp and Paper Industry

Pectinase production from Bacillus subtilis SS was optimized under solid-state fermentation (5,943 U/g of dry bacterial bran). The pectinase produced was stable in neutral to alkaline pH range at 70 degrees C; therefore, the suitability of this pectinase in pulp and paper industry was investigated. The enzyme pretreatment process was optimized, and a pectinase dose of 5 IU/g of oven-dried pulp (10% consistency) at pH 9.5 temperature 70 degrees C after 150 min of treatment gave the best pretreatment to the pulp. An increase of 4.3% in brightness along with an increase of 14.8 and 65.3% in whiteness and fluorescence, respectively, whereas a 15% decrease in the yellowness of the pretreated pulp were observed. There was a 5.85% reduction in kappa number and 6.1% reduction in permanganate number along with a reduction in the chemical oxygen demand value. Significant characteristics showed by pectinase open new possibilities of application of this cellulase-free enzyme in the pulp and paper industry by reducing the negative environmental impact of chemicals apart from improving the properties of paper.

Production of thermostable pectinase and xylanase for their potential application in bleaching of kraft pulp

A very high level of alkalophilic and thermostable pectinase and xylanase has been produced from newly isolated strains of Bacillus subtilis and Bacillus pumilus respectively. Enzyme production for pectinase was carried out under SSF using combinations of cheap agricultural residues while xylanase was produced under submerged fermentation using wheat bran as substrate to minimize the cost of production of these enzymes Among the various substrates tested, the highest yield of pectinase production was observed by using combination of WB + CW (6592 U/g of dry substrate) supplemented with 4% yeast extract when incubated at 37 degrees C for 72 h using deionized water of pH 7.0 as moistening agent. The biobleaching effect of these cellulase free enzymes on kraft pulp was determined. Both xylanase and pectinase showed stability over a broad range of pH from 6 to 10 and temperature from 55 to 70 degrees C. The bleaching efficiency of the pectinase and xylanase on kraft pulp was maximum after 150 min at 60 degrees C using enzyme dosage of 5 IU/ml of each enzyme at 10% pulp consistency with about 16% reduction in kappa number and 84% reduction in permanganate number. Enzyme treated pulp when subjected to CDED(1)D(2) steps, 25% reduction in chlorine consumption and upto 19% reduction in consumption of chlorine dioxide was observed for obtaining the same %ISO brightness. Also an increase of 22 and 84% in whiteness and fluorescence respectively and a decrease of approximately 19% in the yellowness of the biotreated pulp were observed by pretreatment of the pulp with our enzymatic mixture.

Enhanced production of cellulase-free thermostable xylanase by Bacillus pumilus ASH and its potential application in paper industry

A very high level of cellulase-free, thermostable xylanase has been produced from newly isolated strain of Bacillus pumilus under submerged fermentation in a basal medium supplemented with wheat bran (2%, w/v) pH 8.0 and at 37 °C. After optimization of various production parameters, an increase of nearly 13-fold in xylanase production (5407 IU/ml) was achieved. The produced xylanase is stable in neutral to alkaline pH region at 70 °C. The suitability of this xylanase for use in the bioleaching of eucalyptus Kraft pulp was investigated. A xylanase dose of 5 IU/g of oven dried pulp of 10% consistency exhibited the optimum bleach boosting of the pulp at pH 7.0 and 60 °C after 180 min of treatment. An increase of 5% in brightness along with an increase of 21% and 28% in whiteness and fluorescence respectively, whereas 18% decrease in the yellowness of the biotreated pulp was observed. Enzyme treated pulp when subjected to chemical bleaching, resulted in 20% reduction in chlorine consumption and up to 10% reduction in consumption of chlorine dioxide. Also a reduction of about 16% in kappa number and 83% in permanganate number, along with a reduction in COD value and significant improvement in various pulp properties, viz. viscosity, tensile strength, breaking length, burst factor, burstness, tear factor and tearness were observed in comparison to the conventional chemical bleaching.

Performance and selectivity of organic solvents in extraction of caprolactam from lactam oil

The extraction of lactam from lactam oil with benzene, toluene, cyclohexane, and cyclohexane-benzene and cyclohexane-cyclohexanol mixtures, followed by its backwashing with water, was studied. The distribution ratios of caprolactam and main characteristics of the resulting aqueous lactam (permanganate number, content of volatile bases) were determined.

Inorganic Reactions in Chlorine Dioxide Bleaching of Softwood Kraft Pulp

A softwood kraft pulp (27 kappa) was bleached with chlorine dioxide to various end pH values. The formation of chlorite, chlorate, and chloride was measured to quantify the amount of chlorine dioxide wasted as a function of pH during a Do (pre‐bleaching) stage. Chlorate formation increased with a decrease in final pH. Conversely, residual chlorite increased with an increase in the final pH. After 120 min of bleaching the total residual chlorite and chlorate showed that no substantial increase in residual oxidant occurs when bleaching to an end pH below 3.4. As a result, the brightness and permanganate numbers for low pH chlorine dioxide bleached pulps did not differ when bleaching to an end pH between 3.4 and 1.8. However, decreasing the pH below 3.4 did result in increased organic chloride formation. The results are contrary to previous studies where the maximum bleaching efficiency for a D1 stage was reported to occur when the end pH was between 3 and 4.

The effect of wood supply and bleaching process on pulp brightness stability

One hundred different 5.5-year-old Eucalyptus grandis x Eucalyptus urophylla wood clones were cooked to kappa number 15-17.5 and the resulting kraft pulps oxygen-delignified to kappa 9.5-11.5 under fixed conditions, except for chemical charges. Thirteen samples showing large variations in effective alkali requirement, pulp yield and O-stage efficiency and selectivity were selected for brightness reversion studies. These samples were bleached to 90-91% ISO by DEDD and DEDP sequences and their brightness stability and chemical characteristics determined. Heat reversion of the eucalyptus kraft pulps was strongly influenced by the wood supply, with brightness loss varying in the range of 2.1-3.6 and 0.8-1.7 %ISO for ODEDD and ODEDP bleached pulps, respectively. Pulps bleached by the ODEDP sequence showed reversion values 1.3-1.9 % ISO lower than those bleached by the ODEDD sequence. Pulp carbonyl content decreased by 35-40% during the final peroxide bleaching stage. Carbonyl and carboxyl groups correlated positively with brightness reversion, as did permanganate number and acid soluble lignin. Pulp final viscosity and metal and DCM extractives contents showed no significant correlation with brightness reversion. Pulping, oxygen delignification and ECF bleaching performances also showed no correlation with brightness reversion.

Purification of caprolactam in magnetically stabilized bed reactor

A magnetically stabilized bed (MSB) reactor with amorphous nickel alloy catalyst (SRNA-4) was used for purification of caprolactam. The effects of various operating conditions on the hydrogenation were investigated, and the lifetime of SRNA-4 catalyst was also examined. A mathematical model of MSB reactor for hydrogenation of caprolactam solution was established. The experiment results show that the PM number (permanganate number) of caprolactam aqueous solution can be increased from 50 s to more than 2000 s through MSB hydrogenation process, and the lifetime of SRNA-4 catalyst is more than 3200 h. The catalyst consumption is reduced by 60%, as compared with that of the slurry reactor.

A study of caprolactam solutions by the electrochemical method

-- Electrochemical treatment of caprolactam solutions in an alkaline medium on carbon electrodes reduces the permanganate number, which is connected with the appearance of amino groups, predominantly in the anolyte. The process of electroreduction is limited by concentration polarization. -- In acid medium, oxidation products are not observed, and electrochemical treatment of the regenerated lactam is fundamentally possible. -- Results from treatment of the lactam depend to a considerable degree on the nature of the electrodes and background, on the pH of the medium in the anolyte and catholyte, and on temperature.

The interconnection between the permanganate number and the permanganate index of caprolactam

A correlative dependence has been detected between the permanganate number and the permanganate index of caprolactam in the analysis of a sufficiently large volume of statistical data. It has been found that to the PN norm 60,000–80,000 sec there corresponds a PI norm equal to or less than 5; and to the PN norm 40,000–60,000 sec there corresponds a PI norm 5 ⩽ PI ⩽ 7. The proposed method is advisably used in calculating equivalent norms of the correlated quantities.

Supervisory control on the cooking time for a batch pulping digester

Abstract In sulfite pulping process, it is suggested that a coking degree, CD, can be related to the permanganate number, P, by a linear equation: In P=ko–kiCD where, P is the premanganate number, and CD is the cooking degree: CD= ∫ t 0 e (A–B/T) ·(P so2) n dt By using this linear relationship, a supervisony control algorithm is proposed for a pulping mill of Chung‐Shing Papers at Row‐Tong. The control algorithm includes a model for indicating the end point of cooking and a feedback modification scheme. This control algorithm has been tested at the mill and the results seem very attractive.

Kraft-pulping evaluation of decayed trembling aspen (Populustremuloides) from Ontario

Kraft-pulping data of sound and decayed trembling aspen (Populustremuloides Michx.) samples from five clones in Ontario are reported. From each clone, samples consisted of one sound bolt and three bolts from each of three major types of stem decay of aspen in central Canada, caused by Fomesigniarius (L. ex Fr.) Kichx., Radulumcasearium (Morg.) Lloyd, and Peniophorapolygonia (Pers. ex Fr.) Bourd.Average yields for sound and decayed woods were 57.5 and 51.9% ovendry wood, respectively; equivalent to an average decrease of 9.7% ovendry pulp due to decay. A decrease of 11.5% was obtained when only advanced decays were considered.Screen rejects were greater for both sound and decayed wood than in previous studies, even at low permanganate numbers. They appeared to be dependent on the type of decay.Pulp strengths from incipient-decayed wood differed little from those of sound wood, but those from the advance-decayed wood showed substantial decreases. Tear factor was the most affected (20–29% lower), and breaking length least affected, by decay (13–9% lower).

Statistical analysis of the time-dependent properties of caprolactam

A comparison of the results of analyses of the phystcochemical indices of caprolactam showed that producers and users obtained different permanganate numbers for the same batches of liquid and crystalline caprolactam. It was found that the difference was law-governed. The writers analyzed statistical data for 1972-1973 relating to the indices of the caprolactam used by man-made fibre establishments for the production of polycaproamide resin, fibre and filament. The physicochemical indices of the caprolaetam were determined in accordance with State Standard Specifications GOST 7850-55. The method of multiple correlation of the variables [1, p. 57] was used to determine the variation of the permanganate number of the caprolactam with the period of storage by the user and the original value at the producer, and to express these functions in the form of equations: