Permanent Memory Research Articles

Ensemble Transfer Learning for Distinguishing Cognitively Normal and Mild Cognitive Impairment Patients Using MRI

Alzheimer’s disease is a chronic neurodegenerative disease that causes brain cells to degenerate, resulting in decreased physical and mental abilities and, in severe cases, permanent memory loss. It is considered as the most common and fatal form of dementia. Although mild cognitive impairment (MCI) precedes Alzheimer’s disease (AD), it does not necessarily show the obvious symptoms of AD. As a result, it becomes challenging to distinguish between mild cognitive impairment and cognitively normal. In this paper, we propose an ensemble of deep learners based on convolutional neural networks for the early diagnosis of Alzheimer’s disease. The proposed approach utilises simple averaging ensemble and weighted averaging ensemble methods. The ensemble-based transfer learning model demonstrates enhanced generalization and performance for AD diagnosis compared to traditional transfer learning methods. Extensive experiments on the OASIS-3 dataset validate the effectiveness of the proposed model, showcasing its superiority over state-of-the-art transfer learning approaches in terms of accuracy, robustness, and efficiency.

A subset of cholinergic mushroom body neurons blocks long-term memory formation in Drosophila

Long-term memory (LTM) requires learning-induced synthesis of new proteins allocated to specific neurons and synapses in a neural circuit. Not all learned information, however, becomes permanent memory. How the brain gates relevant information into LTM remains unclear. In Drosophila adults, weak learning after a single training session in an olfactory aversive task typically does not induce protein-synthesis-dependent LTM. Instead, strong learning after multiple spaced training sessions is required. Here, we report that pre-synaptic active-zone protein synthesis and cholinergic signaling from the early α/β subset of mushroom body (MB) neurons produce a downstream inhibitory effect on LTM formation. When we eliminated inhibitory signaling from these neurons, weak learning was then sufficient to form LTM. This bidirectional circuit mechanism modulates the transition between distinct memory phase functions in different subpopulations of MB neurons in the olfactory memory circuit.

A-20 Chronic Traumatic Encephalopathy Concerns Among Aging Amateur Football and Non-Football players: Preliminary Data from CLEAATS

Abstract Purpose We evaluated self-reported concerns about developing 1) chronic traumatic encephalopathy (CTE) and 2) “permanent memory or thinking problems” due to head-injury exposure among former football and non-football college-level male athletes 50 or older. Methods 188 male participants (Mean age=64.4 years, 90% White) completed a comprehensive online survey for the College Level Aging Athlete Study (CLEAATS). Using chi-squared tests, frequency of self-reported concerns between football players and non-football players for two different survey questions were evaluated: 1) concerns for developing CTE, and 2) concerns for developing “permanent memory or thinking problems” related to a history of concussions and/or head impacts. Level of concern was measured on a 5-point scale ranging from 1=Not at all to 5=extremely. Results Former football players (n=102) endorsed greater concerns about CTE (X2 [1, N=188]=45.86, p<.001) than non-football players (n=86), with 20.5% (21/102) indicating they were “moderately” or “extremely” concerned, compared to 6.9% (6/86) of non-football players Similarly, former football players (n=102) endorsed greater concerns of developing permanent memory/thinking problems, with 32% (31/102) reporting moderate to extreme concerns, compared to 11.6% (10/86) of non-football players (X2 [1, N=188]=30.3, p<.001). Conclusions Preliminary data found that 1/5th of former college football players over age 50 expressed significant concerns of developing CTE. One-third had significant concerns about their long-term cognition. This is despite the unknown prevalence and risk factors for cognitive problems, dementia, or CTE among contact-sports participants. We suggest continued caution when reporting on long-term outcomes in former athletes, given the elevated concerns in the context of currently mixed literature.

Changes in myelinated fibers in the hippocampus of streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats: a stereological investigation.

Diabetes causes cognitive impairment, and the hippocampus is important for long-term and permanent memory function. However, the mechanism of their interaction is still unclear. In this study, rat models of diabetes mellitus were generated by a single injection of streptozotocin (STZ). This study aims to explore the changes in myelinated fibers in the hippocampus of type 1 diabetic rats. The unbiased stereological methods and transmission electron microscopy were used to obtain the total volume of the hippocampus, the total volume of the myelin sheath, the total length of the myelinated nerve fibers, the distribution of the length with different diameters of the myelinated fibers, and the distribution of the length with different thickness of the myelin sheath. Stereological analysis revealed that, compared to that of the control group, the total myelinated fibers volumes and the total myelinated fibers length were decreased slightly, while the total volume and the thickness of myelin sheaths were significantly decreased in the diabetic group. Finally, when compared with the control group, the total length of myelinated fibers in the diabetes group was significantly reduced, with diameters ranging from 0.7 to 1.1 μm and thicknesses of myelin sheaths from 0.15 to 0.17 μm. This study provides the first experimental evidence by stereological means to demonstrate that myelinated nerve fibers may be the key factor in cognitive dysfunction in diabetes.

Big Data: concepts, signs and challenges (criminal legal aspect)

The article examines the content and features of the Big Data phenomenon, the concept of which is currently undergoing dynamic development. The author analyzes such features as an unprecedentedly large amount of information without any data loss, hidden potential for repeated value, transition to correlations instead of causality, etc. The sources of Big Data are reviewed. The author emphasizes the effect of combining data from different sources in order to improve the quality of the information itself and the efficiency of its processing. It is argued that due to the large amount of information, the prerogative of decision-making is gradually shifting from a person to an algorithm which acquires the characteristics of a subject of legal relations. The author analyzes the correlation between the right to be forgotten and its opposite, “permanent memory”, as well as the conflict between the right to be forgotten and the ideology of Big Data. It is proved that the ability to monitor an individual is now built into virtually all algorithms, software and hardware, the technological nature of which allows data to be exchanged with the manufacturer, operator and/or other interested parties without requiring intervention by their owner or user.The author considers the options for informed consent in case of changing the purpose of personal data use. It is proved that in some cases personal data arise as a side effect of the functioning of a complex of integrated components of a cybernetic system. It is argued that with the advent of Big Data, such privacy strategies as informed consent, differential privacy, opt-out and anonymization are gradually losing their effectiveness.The author proposes to consider a personal data subject as a point of intersection of information flows and as a set of social ties, and therefore, to obtain comprehensive information about him or her, it is sufficient to analyze and systematize all available peripheral non-personal data. It is proved that the removal of certain information from a dataset may be equal to its presence. Certain types of criminal offenses in the field of Big Data and means of counteracting them are investigated. The author formulates the types of challenges that may arise in connection with the use of Big Data, in particular, violation of privacy, confidentiality and deanonymization, replacement of causality with correlation in the legal sphere.

Enhanced magnetoelectric effect in Lead-Free piezoelectric BaZr0.2Ti0.8O3 − 0.5 Ba0.7Ca0.3TiO3 and Fe-rich magnetostrictive Co0.8Fe2.2-xDyxO4 nanocomposites for energy harvesting applications

The design, discovery and development of magnetoelectric (ME) composites with enhanced properties and performance opens up further opportunities to explore new scientific aspects and to develop next-generation electromagnetic devices. Nevertheless, the engineered complex ME composites with multi-phase interfacial chemistry have rarely been reported. In this context, in the present work, enhanced magnetoelectric phenomenon reported for the ME-composites made using lead-free ferroelectric phase BaZr0.2Ti0.8O3–0.5Ba0.7Ca0.3TiO3 (BZT-BCT) and magnetostrictive phase Co0.8Fe(2.2-x)DyxO4 (CFDO). The ME composites were synthesized by varying the magnetostrictive CFDO phase, where Dy(x) varied as x = 0.000(ME1), 0.025 (ME2), 0.050 (ME3) and 0.075 (ME4). The effect of varying CFDO phase on the structure, morphology, microstructure, density, piezoelectric, dielectric, ferroelectric and magnetoelectric properties of the ME-composites is evaluated. X-ray diffraction analyses of all ME-composites confirm the tetragonal structure of the BZT-BCT ferroelectric phase and spinel cubic structure of the CFDO ferrimagnetic phase. Raman spectroscopic analyses also confirm and validate the respective phases with a clear signature presence of the characteristics modes. Granular, dense microstructure with a uniform particle size distribution evidenced in scanning electron microscopy imaging analyses. The physical density measurements indicate that the ME composites attain a density in the range of 6.0–6.4 g/cm3; density increases with increasing CFDO phase. Frequency dispersion profiles of the dielectric constant exhibit a maximum dielectric constant for ME1 composite while a sharp decrease in dielectric constant at higher frequencies is noted with increasing CFDO phase in the ME-composites. Ferroelectric properties evaluated by measuring the polarization (P) – electric field (E) hysteresis loops at 300 K indicate the presence of typical P-E loops in all ME composites confirming that the ferroelectric properties are retained even after combining with the magnetic phase. The ME4 composite demonstrate a 0.573 squareness ratio, which is useful for multistate memory device applications. The ME4 composites further characterized by a moderately higher remnant polarization (Pr = 2.24 µC/cm2). All the synthesized ME-composites are promising for permanent memory storage device (FeRAM) applications. Piezoelectric coefficient measurements indicate a maximum piezoelectric coefficient of 116 pC/N for the ME4 composite while the ME-coefficient measurements demonstrate higher ME-coefficients of 250 mV/(cm-Oe) for ME2 composite. Based on the comprehensive and comparative studies of the ME-composites with variable magnetostrictive phase, the structure-chemistry-property correlation in these ME-composites established for possible applications in electromagnetic devices and energy harvesting applications.

Training precise stress patterns.

We introduce a training rule that enables a network composed of springs and dashpots to learn precise stress patterns. Our goal is to control the tensions on a fraction of "target" bonds, which are chosen randomly. The system is trained by applying stresses to the target bonds, causing the remaining bonds, which act as the learning degrees of freedom, to evolve. Different criteria for selecting the target bonds affects whether frustration is present. When there is at most a single target bond per node the error converges to computer precision. Additional targets on a single node may lead to slow convergence and failure. Nonetheless, training is successful even when approaching the limit predicted by the Maxwell Calladine theorem. We demonstrate the generality of these ideas by considering dashpots with yield stresses. We show that training converges, albeit with a slower, power-law decay of the error. Furthermore, dashpots with yielding stresses prevent the system from relaxing after training, enabling to encode permanent memories.

Communicative tact and its components

The term communicative tact reveals the bifunctional essence of language – information is transmitted in two steps: the speaker encodes it with language, and the listener decodes it with language. A strong share of the communicative tact consists in the linguization and objectification of the speaker's thoughts in the text, and a weak share is in segmentation, dissection and dissociation of the text to the listener. Following Vygotsky, idea1 is distinguished as a process of imaginative thinking by concepts and idea2 as a process of verbal thinking. The first part of the strong lobe is the speaker's process of translating idea1 into idea3 (inner speech). The second part of the communicative tact is the objectification of idea3 into idea2, embodied in the text (air vibrations unfolding in time (cf. the Saussure’s linearity of the linguistic sign). The text connects the speaker with the listener. The distribution of the text by the listener consists in segmenting the text into signifying signs and in the transition from signifiers to signified. The process of decoupling a message consists in turning a idea3 (internal speech) into a idea1 (concept), which is moved to permanent memory and stored in it.

Emergency recovery technology of CNC machines

The general principles of implementing the technology of emergency recovery of the operability of technological equipment with software control are shown, as well as specific recommendations are given for analyzing the type and characteristics of the computer used, the organization of permanent memory, as well as the possibility of reinstalling the software if necessary.

Motherhood in Prison Threats and Opportunities of mothering while incarcerated

Purpose of the study: The purpose of this paper is to present sentenced mothers in conditions of penitentiary isolation, according to the polish penal law. Women endure imprisonment much worse than men and have more difficulties adjusting to prison's isolation. Especially those who have children - they are concerned about the future and fate of their children. Polish provisions provide that children can stay in jail before turning 3 in the special "House of the Mother and Child" and let women to take constant and direct child care.
 Methodology: This paper combines two methods: a comparison of legal documents and legal writers' thoughts and author observation of this phenomenon.
 Main findings of the study: Putting children in the House of the Mother and Child in prisons is very controversial. It is hard to say if it is the best option to let the children stay with their mothers in prison. On the one hand it has a positive effect on both the development of the child as well as the social rehabilitation of the mother. The mother also learns to fulfill her parental responsibilities. On the other hand, the opponents of the incarceration of mothers with children claim that a child brought up behind bars will have a permanent memory of this experience.
 Application of the study: The presented research relates to various scientific fields, e.g. criminal law, executive penal law and sociology.
 Originality/Novelty of the study: This study shows that it is important to reconsider, what matters to the futures of babies and to start a new conversation about situation of mothers in prison. There is still a need to collect and analyse the information by both legal practice and legal theory, because it can lead to new solutions in dealing with this group of convicts.

Incorporating equity, diversity, and inclusion in science: Lessons learned from an undergraduate seminar

AbstractQuestions of equity, diversity, and inclusion in the sciences have taken center stage in light of the COVID‐19 pandemic and Black Lives Matter movement of 2020. This paper focuses on the experiences of academics engaging in such work, particularly in their roles as educators, by sharing two of the authors' experiences introducing equity, diversity, and inclusion initiatives in a first‐year science course at a Canadian university. Using critical research methodologies like narrative inquiry and memory work, we look at three separate instances where complex personal, institutional and course attributes fostered, allowed, or hindered efforts to bring these initiatives into the classroom. We consider how problematic incidents and obstacles relating to the organization of content on equity, diversity, and inclusion in science cropped up during the process, how they were perceived and handled in the moment, as well as the authors' reflections, takeaways, and lessons learned from the experience. These stories suggest that efforts to center discussions about equity, diversity, and inclusion in undergraduate science classrooms can be unpredictable and complex, particularly at the day‐to‐day level; this is especially the case when handling subtler microaggressions rather than clear instances of discrimination or harassment. Our study points to the importance of creating a more permanent institutional memory for initiatives that outlive those who initiated and organized them, so that they become embedded within the culture of a course or department.

Analysis of Analytical Magnetic Field and Flux Regulation Characteristics of Axial-Flux Permanent Magnet Memory Machine

Due to the high power density, short axial size, and wide permanent magnet (PM) flux linkage regulation range, an axial-flux PM memory machine (AFPMMM) with hybrid Halbach array is investigated in this article. To solve the problem of magnetic density variation of Halbach array composed of different types of PMs in asymmetric bilateral air-gap structure, the analytical method for calculating the air-gap flux density of AFPMMM is presented through mathematical analysis, which uses cylindrical coordinate system instead of Cartesian coordinate system and is solved by equivalent method, separated variable method, and boundary conditions. The magnetic field generated by the Halbach array is divided into three directions: radial, circumferential, and axial. The analytical model is compared with the finite element method (FEM) simulation results to verify its effectiveness. In addition, an approximate piecewise linear hysteresis model with parallelogram return line is established based on the analytical expression of magnetic field. By applying different pulse currents to change the residual flux density of PM, the flux regulation characteristics of the motor are studied, and it is found that the air-gap flux density of the motor can be smoothly adjusted by continuously changing the pulse current, which plays a positive role in solving the problem of online magnetic regulation of the motor.

Effect of Crystal Structure and Phase on the Dielectric, Ferroelectric, and Piezoelectric Properties of Ca2+- and Zr4+-Substituted Barium Titanate

Barium titanate (BaTiO3) and its associate ternary metal oxide systems constitute versatile materials with immense potential for various technological applications in electronics and optoelectronics. Herein, we report on the synthesis and property optimization of lead-free ceramic samples, namely BaTiO3 (BT), BaZr0.2Ti0.8O3 (BZT), Ba0.7Ca0.3TiO3 (BCT), and BaZr0.2Ti0.8O3–0.5 Ba0.7Ca0.3TiO3 (BZT–BCT) composites. All of these materials were synthesized by the standard solid-state chemical reaction method, where tuning the composition and the crystal structure yields materials suitable for multifaceted applications related to capacitors, memory storage, and high-energy switching and transducers. Structural studies carried out using X-ray diffraction and Raman spectroscopy confirm the tetragonal phase for BT, BZT, and BZT–BCT samples, whereas BCT is a biphasic crystal system, which contains a small amount of the CaTiO3 phase. Scanning electron microscopy characterization of the surface morphology indicates the granular-dense microstructures of all of the samples. Energy dispersive spectroscopy confirms the high degree of purity and chemical homogeneity of the synthesized samples in addition to a well-maintained composition. Density measurements using Archimedes principles show that all of the samples have densities above 4.96 g/cm3. All of these materials exhibit typical polarization–electric field (P–E) hysteresis and field-induced strain butterfly (S–E) loops, which confirm their ferroelectric and piezoelectric nature. The frequency response of the dielectric constant shows a maximum dielectric constant of 2441 for pure BT and it decreases for higher frequencies, above 0.1 MHz. The dielectric properties of BT imply significant prospects for its future capacitor applications. Ferroelectric measurements, which are established by measuring the P–E hysteresis loop at 300 K, show that the BCT samples exhibit a 0.50 squareness ratio. The detailed analyses indicate that BCT is a candidate material for permanent memory storage device (FeRAM) applications, whereas BZT is good for switching applications. Furthermore, a moderately higher remnant polarization (Pr = 10.81 μC/cm2) is obtained for BT and a lower coercive field (Ec = 0.78 kV/cm) is obtained for the BZT sample. Also, piezoelectric coefficient and strain measurements show that BT has a piezoelectric coefficient of 183 ± 1 pC/N and a converse piezoelectric coefficient of 365.7 ± 2 pm/V, which are the highest values. The Q-factor for the BZT–BCT composite was observed to be 4.16 × 10–4 (cm2/μC)2, which is maximum, implying that BZT–BCT is suitable for energy conversion transducer applications. In this work, we comprehensively elucidate and discuss the properties and potential applications of BT and its associated ternary metal oxide systems.

CONTROL OF WORKING BODY OF AIRBORNE AIRCRAFT POSITIONING MECHANISMS BY MEANS OF STEPPER MOTOR IN STEP CRUSHING MODE

Step splitting control mode of the electric drives stepper motors working bodies of the positioning mechanisms of onboard aviation equipment is carried out by means of programmable controllers. From their output signals, pulse-wide signals are formed by means of drivers that control power transistors, which are included in the windings of a stepper motor.
 A simpler version of building control systems for stepper motors (SM) involves the use of programmable timers, which requires its reprogramming when changing the step splitting factor.
 In the process of step splitting the shape of the current in the winding of the SM approaches sinusoidal with an increase in the number of sine discretes stored in the controller's memory. However, in this case, the sine samples must follow at a higher frequency, which difficulties in programming them.
 There is a problem of finding new ways of programming in the controller's memory information about the changing shape of the supply voltage SM in the process of step splitting in order to ensure the maximum speed of the code and the minimum consumption of the processor time of the microcontroller.
 To solve this problem, it is proposed to specify information about the changing shape of the SM supply voltage not in the form of sine samples (table method), but the sum of the coefficients of the Walsh-Fourier series, the amplitudes of which depend of value of the step splitting factor.
 The Walsh-Fourier series is a natural basis for approximating the pulsed supply voltage of a stepper motor. Structural diagrams of digital and analog systems for stepper motors in the step splitting are proposed.
 In the digital control system, the Walsh matrix is entered into the permanent memory of the controller, the size of which is determined by the value of the minimum step splitting factor, and the column vectors of the coefficients of the amplitudes of the Walsh functions are entered into the random-access memory, each of which corresponds to its step splitting factor.
 The input controller sets the program for implementing the inverse Walsh transform to the control controller, as a result of which control signals for the driver are generated at the output of the DAC controller. As its output, control signals are generated for power transistors including in the windings of the stepper motor.
 In the analog control system, the main links are the Walsh functions generator and the block of summing coefficients. In the block of summing coefficients of each Walsh function is assigned an amplitude corresponding to a given step splitting factor, and then they are summed. As a result, a pulsed voltage is formed, which is fed to the input of the driver, as in a digital system. It is shown that an analog control system can be used to form low-frequency quasi- sine signals of high stability. They can be used in precision electric drives with high stability.

A bearingless flux-switching permanent magnet memory machine

A bearingless flux-switching permanent magnet memory machine (BFSPMMM) is proposed, which demonstrates the advantages of good suspension performance and wide-ranging speed regulation. The bias magnetic field of the radial force generated by the motor is provided by the permanent magnet, which can flexibly decide whether to adopt a single-phase or two-phase mode of conduction according to the needs of radial levitation force in the X- and Y-directions, so as to ensure the tracking of radial levitation forces therein. This paper introduces its structure, which lays a foundation for the subsequent establishment of an accurate mathematical model of a BFSPMMM.

Purwoceng nanosuspension repairs spatial white albino wistar strains’ spatial memory degeneration after sleep deprivation

Paradoxical Sleep Deprivation (PSD) induces oxidative stress and interferes permanent memory consolidation in hippocampus. Purwoceng (Pimpinella prutjan Molken) is herbal medicine with antioxidant effect. These effects will be more effective with nanosuspension technology. The research purposes is to find effect of PSD to rats’ spatial memory reduction and to find purwoceng nanosuspension extract effect to improve rats’ spatial memory after PSD stress induction. The research method is randomized controlled trial with posttest only with control group approach to 36 white male albino rats Wistar strain which is induced by 96 hours PSD stress model. Experiment groups is regular extract 25 mg/300g BW/day, purwoceng nanosuspension extract 25 mg/300 gBW/day, 50 mg/300 gBW/day, and 75 mg/300 gBW/day. Statistical analysis found that there is no significant effect of purwoceng extract to memory traveling time (p=0,414) and memory track length (p=0,316) between pre-PSD and post-PSD group. There is significant effect of PSD stress after purwoceng administration to memory track length and memory travelling time (p=0,005). The conclusion is that there is significant correlation between the difference of memory latency and memory traveling time of MWM test between the various purwoceng nanoemulsion dose. The 25-50 mg/300 gBW/day is effective dose of purwoceng nanoemulsion extract to repairs spatial memory degeneration after PSD stress.

Detection of Alzheimer’s disease in MRI images using different transfer learning models and improving the classification accuracy

Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a neurodegenerative illness that damages brain cells and impairs a patient's memory over time. If detected early so, the patient can avoid permanent memory loss and further damage to their brain cells. Various automated technologies and techniques have been developed in recent years for the detection of Alzheimer's disease (AD). Methods that focus on rapid, accurate, and early identification of the condition in order to reduce the negative impact on a patient's mental health are available. Medical imaging systems for Alzheimer’s disease (AD) diagnostic performance have been greatly improved by machine learning models. There is a major difficulty with multi-class classification, however, which is the presence of brain structural characteristics that are extremely closely associated. It is possible to improve deep learning by increasing the number of layers and including features and classifiers at all levels of the classification hierarchy. Nevertheless, the vast majority of deep learning models (like traditional CNN model) fail to deliver acceptable results in real-world situations.

THE ENHANCEMENTS IN STORAGE CAPACITY AND LONG-TERM DATA RETENTION OF MULTIDIMENSIONAL FLASH MEMORY IN MODERN MICROCIRCUIT APPLICATIONS

Generally, flash memory is a type of permanent memory for computers in which the contents can be reprocessed or erased electronically. Compared to programmable read-only memory that can erase electricity, operations on it can be performed on modules located in different locations. Flash memory is much less expensive than EEPROM, which is why it has become a dominant technology. Especially, in situations, this stable and long-term data retention is required. Its use is allowed in various cases like digital audio players, photo and video cameras, mobile phones and smartphones, and specialized Android applications on the memory card. Additionally, it is also used on USB flash drives, traditionally used to store and transfer information between computers. The proposed model provides enhancements to the storage capacity of various flash memory modules. In a saturation point, the proposed model achieved 93.03% of NOR Memory management, 89.31% of NAND Memory management, 94.25% of Ferroelectric RAM Memory management, and 94.53% of Magnetic RAM Memory management, 96.05% of Ovonic Unified Memory management and 96.16% of Salcogenide RAM Memory management.

Two-component polymers embedded with tungsten oxide nanoparticles toward broadband and nonvolatile photomemory

Two-component polymers can shield external oxygen and promote proton diffusion. Permanent and colorful hologram memory is realized under broadband excitation of tungsten oxide embedded in PVA/PAA matrices.

A response to yet another defence of ECT in the absence of robust efficacy and safety evidence.

It is estimated that electroconvulsive therapy is still administered to approximately a million people a year. It involves passing enough electric current through the human brain, eight to twelve times, to cause convulsions, in the hope of somehow alleviating emotional suffering, primarily depression. There have only ever been 11 placebo-controlled studies (where general anaesthesia is administered but the electric shock is withheld), all of which were pre-1986, had very small sample sizes and were seriously methodologically flawed. Five of these studies found no difference between the two groups at the end of treatment, four found ECT produced better outcomes for some patients, and two produced mixed results, including one where psychiatrists' ratings produced a difference, but the ratings of nurses and patients did not. In the 80 years since the first ECT no studies have found any evidence that ECT is better than placebo beyond the end of treatment. Nevertheless, all five meta-analyses relying on these studies have somehow concluded that ECT is more effective than placebo despite the studies' multiple failings. Meanwhile, evidence of persistent or permanent memory loss in 12% to 55% of patients has accumulated. Attempts to highlight this failure of ECT proponents to provide robust evidence that their treatment is effective and safe are routinely dismissed, diminished, denied and denounced. This paper responds to one such attempt, by Drs Meechan, Laws, Young, McLoughlin and Jauhar, to discredit two systematic reviews of the eleven pre-1986 studies, in 2010 and 2019, the latter of which also reviewed five meta-analyses that had ignored the studies' failings. The criticisms and claims of the recent crtiique of the two systematic reviews are examined in detail, by the first author of both reviews, for accuracy, relevance and logic. The critique is found to include multiple errors, misrepresentations, omissions, inconsistencies and logical flaws. It is concluded that Meechan et al. fail to make a fact-based, coherent argument against suspending ECT pending a series of large, carefully designed placebo-controlled studies to establish whether ECT does have any beneficial effects against which to weigh the significant established adverse effects.