Permanent Institution Research Articles

Comment on “American Economic Relations with Asia”

Comment on “American Economic Relations with Asia”

History of International Commercial Arbitration and its Related System in Russia

Since the Law on International Commercial Arbitration was established on 7 July 1993 (‘1993 Law on the ICA’), several permanent arbitration courts which may deal with international commercial arbitration have been established and seem to be functioning well to settle international commercial disputes in Russia. All the permanent arbitral institutions for international commercial arbitration in Russia and the former USSR fell into the category of the treteiskii court. The history of the treteiskii court can be traced back to the fourteenth century. In this article, the history of international commercial arbitration and its related system in Russia will be explained chronologically, especially from the time of the Soviet regime to the contemporary period. The framework of the development of treteiskii courts also illustrates the recent rearrangement of jurisdiction relating to international commercial arbitration between the ordinary courts and the arbitrazh court. Currently, the issues relating to international commercial arbitration under articles 16–3 and 34–2 of the 1993 Law on the ICA are governed by ordinary courts; however, the enforcement of foreign arbitral awards are realised by arbitrazh courts in the Russian Federation. On the other hand, issues relating to domestic arbitration under the 2002 Statute on the Treteiskii Court are governed by arbitrazh courts or ordinary courts according to the kinds of disputes.

The Annoyingly Indeterminate Effect of Sex Differences

At present, men and women have different distributions of certain aptitudes and personality traits. A growing body of research suggests that some of these differences have some biological basis, although these distribution differences do not always conform neatly to traditional stereotypes and cultural factors also contribute. A heritable basis for difference, however, has frustratingly indeterminate implications. It suggests that some occupational segregation is not caused by discrimination. At the same time, a statistical aptitude or temperament difference will almost inevitably cause discrimination in professions that make use of that aptitude or temperament. This implication is supported by empirical evidence about the continued existence of discrimination from disparate sources, including labor market data and experimental laboratory studies in both economics and psychology. offsetting effects of difference and statistical discrimination make it extremely difficult to predict the degree of occupational segregation in a non-discriminatory world. To complicate matters further, there is no simple relation between the size of ability differences and the efficient degree of occupational segregation. principle of comparative advantage suggests that even small ability differences might produce large degrees of occupational segregation. Conversely, high demand in a sector using skills that favor one sex may draw the other sex into sectors in which they have an absolute disadvantage. Ability distribution differences create tremendous challenges for anti-discrimination policy. Liability rules based on current labor market representation are of minimal use, since the labor market reflects existing discrimination. Though perhaps useful in the short term, long-term numerical targets are problematic: target goals are extremely difficult to set, and would need to become a permanent institution. Moreover, numerical targets may create unintended problems for women. Men have historically dominated even fields in which women have an advantage. A target goal of equal representation would prevent women from attaining majority status in these fields. Closer scrutiny of employer practices holds promise as an alternative to numerically based theories. Earlier versions of this paper were circulated with the title The Paradox of Statistical Discrimination

Adaptações na mastigação, deglutição e fonoarticulação em idosos de instituição de longa permanência

OBJETIVO: identificar adaptações existentes nas funções estomatognáticas de mastigação, deglutição e fonoarticulação em idosos de Instituição de longa permanência. MÉTODOS: participaram da pesquisa 34 idosos, sendo 15 do sexo feminino e 19 do sexo masculino na faixa etária de 65 a 88 anos. Foram realizadas entrevistas contendo perguntas sobre a saúde geral e alimentação do idoso e avaliações fonoaudiológicas a fim de caracterizar as funções de mastigação, deglutição e fonoarticulação. RESULTADOS: em relação à mastigação, foi observado que a maioria dos idosos apresentou mastigação adaptada, com participação exagerada da musculatura perioral, movimentos mandibulares verticais e o padrão mastigatório predominante foi bilateral simultâneo. Em relação à deglutição, observou-se que assim como a mastigação, esta função se apresentou adaptada na maioria dos voluntários, com a participação exagerada da musculatura perioral e ruído durante a deglutição. Na avaliação da fonoarticulação, foi visto que mais de 50% dos idosos apresentou escape de ar durante a fala, assim como uma elevação de laringe reduzida e presença de substituição, omissão, distorção e imprecisão. CONCLUSÃO: observou-se que os idosos se adaptam durante o processo de mastigação a fim de manter sua dieta o mais próximo possível da realizada quando jovem. Também foi visto que os pesquisados realizam compensações durante a deglutição. As características fonoarticulatórias encontradas não limitam severamente a comunicação dos idosos atualmente. Foi possível ainda observar que o atendimento ao idoso necessita ser interdisciplinar e que o fonoaudiólogo pode e deve fazer parte dessa equipe auxiliando na prevenção e/ou reabilitação de problemas relacionados às funções estomatognáticas.

Summary of the DP3 Project Survey of Digital Print Experience within Libraries, Archives, and Museums

In order to quantify the experience cultural heritage institutions have had or are having with digitally printed materials in or entering their collections, the Image Permanence Institute (IPI) conducted an online survey. The survey gathered data relevant to the collecting of digitally printed materials, deterioration of those materials, preservation policies regarding the care of those materials, and the use of digital printers inhouse. The results indicate that most institutions are receiving digitally printed materials but that their staffs do not possess the necessary information and skills to identify or develop policies for the care and handling of these materials in their institutions. Unfortunately, the data also indicates that digitally printed materials in many institutions are already decaying and doing so by a variety of mechanisms. In addition to collecting digitally printed materials from outside sources, institutions are relying on digital printers to produce their own institutional publications, work copies, exhibition signage, etc. While some of this material is intended for short-term use, others, such as conservation documentation, may be needed for extended periods of time.

Educação permanente: instrumento de trabalho do enfermeiro na instituição de longa permanência

There is a large educational question in the nursing, which refers to formal education in technical courses, graduation and post-graduation, and to education for health to training in work Face to the problem of population’s ageing, the modern society characteristics and the increasing use of the Long Permanence Institutions as olds’ residence, this paper aims to emphasize the relevance and necessity about permanent education for those workers who act in LPI as a fundamental strategic to transform this reality. For this, it becomes necessary to focus the permanent education and its interface with the Freire’s problem-posing education and libertarian education, then to approach some permanent education strategy in these institutions, especially, the culture circles listed in the dialogic method.

The nurse role in the seniors' long permanence institution

The nurse role in the seniors' long permanence institution

Transnational Activism in World Politics and Effectiveness of a Loosely Organised Principled Global Network: The Case of the NGO Coalition for an International Criminal Court

The article discusses the role of the NGO Coalition for an ICC, a loosely organized principled network established to promote a fair, independent and strong permanent international criminal court, in the creation of the world's first permanent judicial institution vested with the authority to deal with the worst crimes. The study further identifies the basic features of the Coalition and assesses its impact on world politics and its implications for global governance.

Forget Ocean Front Property, We Want Ocean Real Estate!

Economic principles operate in much the same way whether on land or in the oceans. It is the very same tragedy of the commons that almost wiped out the buffalo that is now endangering precious fish stocks. The answer to these challenges, in both cases, is privatization. Establishment of private property will not only solve the problems of the over fishing of the ocean commons, but will also create incentives for investors to use new technologies that could radically increase the productivity of the ocean for fish and other resources. In order to make these gains however, we must make an irrevocable commitment to defining and defending these property rights as a permanent institution of the future of our oceans.

A Survey of Approaches on Access to Museums in China

A museum is a non‐profit permanent institution in the service of society and its development, open to the public, which acquires, conserves, researches, communicates and exhibits the tangible and i...

Sustainable Festivals: On Becoming an Institution

This article conceptually addresses the sustainability of festivals from the perspective of the organizations providing them, specifically in the context of how event organizations can become permanent institutions. Festivals and other recurring events are often viewed as tourist attractions, and are commonly used in place marketing and destination image-making strategies. Little attention has been paid, however, to their individual or collective viability and long-term sustainability. Supportive data are provided from a survey of 14 live-music festivals in Sweden in which responding festival managers confirmed the importance of attaining "institutional status," occupying a unique "niche" in the community, sustaining committed stakeholders, and practicing constant innovation. Theoretical conclusions are drawn on the institutionalization process for festivals, including a set of propositions that can be used both as indicators of institutional status, and as hypotheses for future research.

Europeanisation of Cross-border Governance? A Case Study on the Cause, Form and Consequences of a Co-operation Project in the German–Polish–Czech Border Triangle

Cross-border governance in central Europe underwent a phase of Europeanisation due to EU enlargement in 2004. The question is how European influences interact with conditions in a specific region. The article applies Knill's framework of Europeanisation mechanisms and Blatter's hypothesis about the role of ‘imported’ ideas and paradigms to a case study on the German–Polish–Czech co-operation project ENLARGE-NET. This project applied a territorial mode of governance. However, it did not evolve into a permanent institution because it was not in line with the regional context, which is characterised by a difficult history, economic disparities, a lack of common identities and few transboundary interdependencies.

Libraries and librarians – what next?

PurposeAs Singapore librarians celebrate the culmination of the landmark Library 2000 Plan, it is also an appropriate time to look at what lies ahead for the profession. The purpose of this paper is to provide an edited version of an article originally delivered at the conference “Celebrating Knowledge: The Power and Potential – 13‐15 December 2005” organized by the Singapore National Library Board in conjunction with the opening of the new National Library Building.Design/methodology/approachUsing a basic model of a library, one that comprises three components – the collection, value added work on the collection, and services that help users exploit and use the collection – the paper discusses each component in light of current technological developments and learning trends to draw conclusions on the relevance of libraries in the near future.FindingsIt is argued that libraries and librarians will continue to play critical roles as the need for the effective preservation and transmission of knowledge in society still remains. As many of these critical roles rely on libraries as permanent institutions, librarians must continue to make significant contributions through their work in institutions such as libraries.Originality/valueThe article provides a useful springboard to discuss, identify and elaborate on the roles of libraries and librarians in the near future.

American Inspiration: The Story of the Diefenbaker Centre's Unlikely Origins

A common desire among many politicians is to leave a lasting legacy that ensconces their contributions firmly in the memories of a nation. Perhaps no Canadian leader understood the concept of commemoration better than the nation's thirteenth Prime Minister, John Diefenbaker. He often boasted that he shared a special bond with the Canadian people, and his good standing in the national collective memory was of the utmost importance to him. Diefenbaker desperately wanted to be remembered. When he was ousted from the prime ministership in 1963 after leading the country for nearly six years, Diefenbaker continued to serve as leader of the opposition. Even when he was defeated by Robert Stanfield in 1965 for the Progressive Conservative leadership, Diefenbaker carried on as the Member of Parliament (MP) for the Saskatchewan riding of Prince Albert. He served as a Saskatchewan MP for an incredible 39 years. Diefenbaker did not want to disappear from the hearts and memories of Canadians. Even Diefenbaker, who possessed one of the largest egos in the history of Canadian politics, realized that he could not live forever. Diefenbaker was faced with quite a conundrum. How could he continue to play a role in the Canadian collective memory, even after death? Being remembered and commemorated, however, was not enough for Diefenbaker. He also wanted to make a lasting and meaningful contribution to Canadian society. The former Prime Minister needed a legacy that would allow him to accomplish these two objectives, which for him were integral. In the United States, these legacies exist in the form of presidential libraries. Rutherford B. Hayes, American President from 1877 to 1881, was the first President to be memorialized with a library. Hayes's presidential library opened in 1916, paving the way for the practice to become accepted, and later expected, as tradition. the 1970s presidential libraries were entrenched in American culture. According to Harry S. Truman Library archivist Raymond Geselbracht, By the early 1970s, the presidential library system was clearly successful. Its place in American life was firmly established, and its almost incredibly successful resolution of all the problems concerning the preservation and care of presidential papers--as well as its emergence among tourists as an important attraction--made it appear a permanent institution. (1) Every President from Herbert Hoover, who began his term as American leader in 1929, to Bill Clinton, whose term ended in 2001 and whose institution opened in Little Rock, Arkansas, in 2004, has a presidential library. While a number of institutions were in place in the United States for the national celebration of federal leaders, such a system did not exist in Canada. Since the late 1960s John Diefenbaker had a notion of a fitting tribute that would not only appease his legendary ego, but would also serve as a symbol of unification and Canadiana. He envisioned an institution that would house his papers and make Canadian history accessible to the citizens of Western Canada. Diefenbaker wanted this institution to be located at the University of Saskatchewan, his alma mater. When the former Prime Minister became the chancellor of the University of Saskatchewan in 1969, he declared his intention to give his alma mater his personal papers, memorabilia, and personal library along with his Sir John A. Macdonald collection, which included original manuscripts, books, memorabilia, and historic furniture. In turn, the University pledged that it would house all the items Diefenbaker bequeathed within a single unit. This pledge established the concept for The Right Honourable John G. Diefenbaker Centre (referred to hereafter as the Diefenbaker Centre) as a working archive and public museum. In June 1980, almost a year after Diefenbaker's death, the Diefenbaker Centre opened its doors to the public, making it the only institution of its kind in Canada. With the Centre, Diefenbaker established a unique legacy. …

International Justice for International Crimes: An Idea whose Time Has Come

International criminal justice really began at Nuremberg in 1945, after an inauspicious start at Versailles in 1919. But little happened during the Cold War, and only in the 1990s, driven by a human rights movement that had refocused its energy on the rights of victims and concerns about impunity and accountability, did the efforts revive. The United Nations pioneered the activity, with three ad hoc tribunals. In 2002, a permanent institution, the International Criminal Court, began its operations. Concerns about the fairness of such proceedings have featured since the earliest days. In balance, both Nuremberg and its modern-day successors deliver acceptable judgments from a due process standpoint, although problems remain. Also troubling is an emphasis on convictions based upon paradigms that approach vicarious liability. This enhances the probability of conviction, but weakens the stigma of guilt and ultimately compromises the historical legacy. There is also a recent tendency to focus upon non-state actors, prosecuting rebels and terrorists rather than crimes of state.

The Evolving International Monetary Order and the Need for an Evolving IMF

Earlier this year, Martin Wolf of the Financial Times used his column pose an interesting question: If the International Monetary Fund did not exist, would we invent it? (1) His answer, at the risk of oversimplifying, was no, because today's world does not have the courage and vision create powerful multilateral institutions. We are not sure that we agree with his answer or with his reasoning for it, but we are sure that this is exactly the kind of question that needs be asked. What we would like do for the purposes of this article is take a slightly different approach Wolf's question. More specifically: If the IMF did not exist and we set out create it from scratch, what would be its role in the global economy? What should an IMF do, and what should it not do? Some might suggest that these very questions are being asked and answered right now within the IMF, in the context of the internal strategic review initiated by Managing Director Rodrigo de Rato. De Rato is be commended for taking on this task. But it seems us that the review, while important and useful, has been focused on finding better ways for the existing institution do what it already does. We would like approach this issue from a more basic level and ask: What is required for the IMF evolve into the best possible institution, designed for the global economy of the twenty-first century? For that evolution take place, the key shareholders of the institution need show leadership and vision. To set the stage for the discussion that follows, we will briefly review how and why the IMF came into being, and briefly consider how the global economy has evolved since the founding of the IMF. Next we will elaborate on what we see as the role for the IMF in today's global economy, and then discuss the changes that would need take place in order for the institution of today evolve into the ideal IMF. The Rise and Fall of Bretton Woods Let us begin by going back sixty years the United Nations Monetary and Financial Conference at Bretton Woods, New Hampshire. The delegates--representing forty-five nations--were nothing if not ambitious. They ended up creating two (almost three) international institutions. There was the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development--now known as the World Bank--charged with providing aid for the rebuilding of Europe. Delegates also came close creating the International Trade Organization, which was be dedicated keeping protectionism in check and facilitating freer international trade in goods and services. This organization eventually came into being a couple of years later as the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade, which subsequently morphed into the World Trade Organization. And, of course, the third institution was the International Monetary Fund. The IMF was meant create an international monetary order that would allow trade flourish again and postwar reconstruction take place. The institution that these delegates created was very much a creature of its time, and its roles and responsibilities reflected the experience of the Great Depression. The great policy failure of the 1930s was the competitive beggar-thy-neighbor currency devaluations which nations resorted. The Bretton Woods delegates sought prevent countries from adopting such policies. The first of the Articles of Agreement that govern the IMF called on it to promote international monetary co-operation through a permanent institution which provides the machinery for consultation and collaboration on international monetary problems. Exchange rates were be fixed and were be adjusted only in the case of fundamental disequilibrium. The delegates also correctly identified liberalized trade in goods and services and the promotion of economic specialization as crucial for the creation of wealth. …

Guaranteed Manufactured without Child Labor: The Economics of Consumer Boycotts, Social Labeling and Trade Sanctions

AbstractDoes labeling products “Child‐Labor Free” provide a market‐based solution to the pervasive employment of child labor? This paper explores the promise of social labeling in the context of its four oft‐noted objectives: child labor employment, consumer information, welfare, and trade linkages, when competition between the North and South is based both on comparative cost advantage, and the use of child labor as a hidden product attribute. We show that (i) social labeling benefits consumers and Southern producers, whereas children and Northern producers are worse off; (ii) trade sanctions on unlabeled products deteriorates Southern terms of trade, but leaves the incidence of child labor strictly unaffected; and (iii) a threat to sanction imports of unlabeled Southern products discourages the South from maintaining a credible social labeling program. We also explore the question of whether social labeling should be viewed as a transitory or a permanent institution in developing economies.

Book Review S. Røed-Larsen, J. Stoop and E. Funnemark Shaping Public Safety Investigations of Accidents in Europe

Shaping public safety investigations of accidents in Europe is a book edited by Sverre Røed Larsen, John Stoop and Espen Funnemark. The book is a report from the European Safety, Reliability and Data Association (ESreDA), published in 2005 by Det norske Veritas (ISBN 82 5150304 3). The book consists of two parts. The first part of the book, written by the three editors, provides an overview of the current state-of-the-art of public safety investigations of major accidents in Europe. The second part of the book consists of eight papers by different authors, dealing with different topics related to in-depth investigation of accidents. The book explicitly lists the audience it is intended for – a rare feature in scientific books. The primary target groups for the book include national governmental bodies responsible for safety, accident investigation boards, consultants in the field and researchers. The objective of the book is not merely to describe the current state-of-the-art of safety investigations of accidents in Europe, but to influence such investigations; hence the title shaping public safety investigations. The book notes that major changes in the approach taken to in-depth investigation of accidents have taken place in recent years in Europe. Traditionally, these investigations were intended merely to identify the immediate causes of an accident. Today, accident investigations increasingly also aim for the prevention of accidents. This means that modern accident investigations adopt a much broader perspective on contributing factors than past investigations did, looking, for example, for elements of organisational culture and safety management that may contribute to accidents. Moreover, the organisation of safety investigations is changing. In the past, ad hoc commissions were created to investigate each accident, and dissolved once the task was accomplished. Today, accident investigation boards are often permanent institutions that cover a broader range of tasks, sometimes including the monitoring of safety by investigating unwanted events that do not end up as major accidents.

Yingyung Shengxi : Military Entrepreneurship in the High Qing Period, 1700-1800

������ ��� The Qing dynasty impresses historians not just with its extraordinary military prowess displayed before 1800, but also with its effective ways of keeping its enormous military forces fed until the White Lotus Rebellion (1796– 1804). When the Qing replaced the Ming dynasty (1638–1644) in the middle of the seventeenth century, the Qing inherited many institutions and systems from the Ming. Nevertheless, it was also determined to avoid one mistake that the Ming had made—namely, the failure to keep its military well financed. The Qing dynasty did away with the military colony system of the Ming dynasty and, instead, allocated a considerable portion of its financial resources to satisfy the military’s ever-expanding expenditures. 2 At times, the Qing state did find it difficult to meet the immense financial needs of its military. It had to explore new ways. This article will explore one experiment of the Qing state in this regard, the “yingyun shengxi” (procuring profits through entrepreneurial operation) policy, which authorized the military, including both Manchu garrisons and the Green Standard Army, to involve itself in commercial activities in order to obtain extra funding for soldiers’ non-essential needs. Even though this policy did not become a permanent institution, its rise and fall in the eighteenth century testifies to the efforts the Qing state made in the direction of rationalizing the mechanism of military finances, and reveals a rarely noticed aspect of Qing politics. Past scholarship has explored at length the Qing financial systems and new policies in general in its efforts to establish legitimacy for the nascent dy

Bioethical Policymaking for Advanced Medical Technologies: Institutional Characteristics and Citizen Participation in Eight OECD Countries1

AbstractOrganizational characteristics of public institutions, councils, committees, and panels for bioethical deliberations were examined in eight OECD countries, that is, the United Kingdom, Germany, France, the Netherlands, Denmark, the United States, Canada, and Japan. Their jurisdiction, membership composition, modes of agenda setting, and appraisal systems were examined, as was their utilization of public involvement measures. Questionnaire surveys and structured interviews were conducted with representatives of parliamentary offices, ministries, and other institutions for ethical deliberations, both public and private, in the eight countries. Confirmation of survey results was made by close follow‐up communications. Since the early 1980s, all the countries studied have established public institutions for policy deliberation on bioethical issues. While legislatures, for example, Parliament, sometimes convene special commissions or expert panels on an ad hoc basis, most of the permanent institutions are affiliated with ministries of health, science, or technology. The composition of core panel members was quite similar across institutions as well as among countries, generally composed of 10 to 15 experts. Many institutions have experimented with some forms of public involvement measures, although public involvement is not routinely incorporated in the policy process, except in Denmark, the Netherlands, and Canada. The study describes the current public institutions and their practices for bioethical policy deliberations. Exchange of experience and knowledge among the institutions is advisable to improve their performance.