From Silent Partner to Permanent Institution: The New York Aquarium as an Invisible Scientific Institution, 1902–1967

Abstract In the aftermath of the Meron disaster, where 45 people lost their lives during a Lag BaOmer celebration, it became evident that the tragedy stemmed from that most Israeli of solutions: the art of managing intractable problems through strategic nonmanagement. The site where the disaster occurred, at the entrance to the Toldos Aharon Hasidic group’s ceremonial area, exemplifies how ultra-Orthodox communities navigate autonomy within Israel’s complex system of holy site management. This pattern reflects broader dynamics in Israeli society’s tendency to transform temporary improvisations into permanent institutions. The preservation of such arrangements has evolved from makeshift solutions to governance practice, particularly visible in contexts of religious significance, ethnic complexity, and contested sovereignty, from holy sites and Haredi communities to natural resources and border regions. Through examination of the Meron case alongside other instances of negotiated authority, this article demonstrates how ex-territorial arrangements in Israel serve not merely as practical responses to seemingly intractable conflicts, but as spaces where governance ambiguity becomes institutionalized. While these arrangements facilitate coexistence of competing claims, they simultaneously create regulatory vacuums where even basic safety considerations remain unaddressed. The Meron disaster thus illuminates not only the specific challenges of holy site management, but also the broader paradox of a modern state where the preservation of ambiguity has evolved into a characteristic mode of governance.

As a putative international order based on treaties, institutions and the rule of law falters, an alternative order based on deals and enforceable by great powers could be emerging. The cumulative effect of US President Donald Trump’s rapidly paced deal-making is to erase red lines over engagement and validate the idea that no dispute is so tricky, and no grievance so profound, that it is not resolvable. Deals are problematic because they are contingent on sometimes fleeting individuals and governments rather than permanent institutions and laws, and tend to be based more on opportunism than deliberation, leaving states without agreed restrictions on what behaviours they will indulge to reach a deal. With Russian President Vladimir Putin and Chinese President Xi Jinping seemingly amenable to the deal-making approach, European states and other liberal democracies must choose between resisting or adapting. Hoping that the status quo ante will be restored risks being marginalised as a new order takes hold.

The article substantiates the pivotal role of administrative law as a system-forming factor in the institutionalization of public services within the sphere of administrative assistance. It is emphasized that the transformation of public governance in Ukraine necessitates a shift from an exclusively authoritative- administrative model to a service-oriented approach centered on the individual as the bearer of public interest. In this context, administrative law not only provides a regulatory framework but also shapes the standards, principles, and institutional foundations of service-oriented activities of public authorities.The focus of the study is the administrative service as the fundamental legal form of realizing the service function of the state. Its legal nature, characteristics, and distinction from private-sector services are defined. It is argued that the administrative service is non-commercial in nature, results from authoritative action based on a formal request, and serves as a means of meeting public-legal needs. The article explores the significance of the Law of Ukraine “On Administrative Services” as a normative instrument for ensuring legal certainty, procedural transparency, and accessibility. The organizational and institutional mechanism of public service delivery is analyzed, particularly the role of Administrative Service Centers as permanent institutions that implement a standardized model of public interaction. Special attention is paid to the challenges of digital transformation, including the need for regulatory support for electronic services, cybersecurity guarantees, personal data protection, inclusiveness, and service continuity under martial law conditions. The paper underscores that administrative law in the modern era performs not only a regulatory but also an integrative function. It ensures coherence in the activities of executive authorities, provides a normative foundation for interaction with citizens, and fosters trust in public administration. This perspective allows administrative law to be interpreted as a component of the institutional modernization of the state. It is concluded that administrative law in the 21st century should be regarded as a universal legal mechanism combining elements of public authority, service provision, and digital governance. Its further development will determine the effectiveness of the state’s transformation into a legal, transparent, and human-centered institution capable of adapting to the challenges of war, digitalization, and globalization.

Few papers about Central Asia explore the economic effects of abortion on women. This econometric paper the objective is to assess whether abortions in Kazakhstan and Kyrgyzstan are associated with women’s economic empowerment. The study finds that when abortions increase, measures of female relative income decrease, in both simple correlations and Ordinary Least Squares regressions. The annual series for 2002-2022 and comparable aggregates for the two countries are used (a total of 32 observations on key variables), where the gender pay gap is defined as the ratio of the average incomes of women to the incomes of men. This implied that Kazakhstan and Kyrgyzstan had different permanent institutions, such as the labor market. Instrumental-variable analysis, which controls for the impact of the model itself on abortion estimates, showed that a rise of one abortion per 1,000 live births led to a 2% decrease in the female-to-male ratio of average income. The descriptive part reveals a stable negative relationship between abortions and women's relative income: for the 2011-2022 subsample in Kazakhstan, the simple correlation is about -0.63 (statistically significant), which is consistent with the “constraints” hypothesis. The paper concludes that female economic empowerment in Central Asia may depend more on institutions and social structures than on individuals’ short-term reproductive decisions, such as whether to have an abortion. The findings contradict the theory that abortion empowers women economically by freeing them from raising children so that they can pursue education and careers.

Despite extensive research on legislative performance, there is limited understanding of how technical training and the temporary nature of political appointments affect legislative productivity. This study investigates the interplay between technical legislative training, person-job fit, self-efficacy, and productivity among Indonesian legislators. Using a quantitative survey (N = 105), we find that technical training significantly improves person-job fit and self-efficacy, both of which mediate the relationship with legislative productivity. Surprisingly, a sense of temporariness did not moderate these relationships. Our findings expand the application of job and personal resources theory to temporary roles in permanent institutions, and further provoke reflection on the posthuman dynamics of governance where legislators increasingly operate as nodes within technocratic systems rather than autonomous agents.

Abstract This paper delves into the complexities of sovereign debt restructuring in the 21st century, including the rising debt burdens of developing countries, the growing influence of private creditors and new official creditors, and novel economic pressures generated by climate change. It argues for a multi-faceted approach to promote sustainable debt management that goes beyond existing mechanisms. It proposes the establishment of a permanent institution to negotiate debt restructuring together with specific mechanisms to manage the current debt crisis. The latter could be based on revisions to the Common Framework for Debt Treatment or an alternative instrument. Additionally, it emphasizes the importance of strengthening debt transparency through a global debt registry and improved reporting standards. It also explores the role of responsible lending and borrowing practices, the regulation of credit rating agencies, and early warning systems to enable proactive risk management. It also examines innovative debt instruments such as debt-for-nature swaps, sustainable bonds, and state-contingent bonds, highlighting their potential to address specific challenges. Ultimately, the paper underscores the need for a collaborative effort among all stakeholders – international financial institutions, national governments, and private creditors – to build a more resilient and sustainable international debt architecture.

The current reconfiguration of the world order strengthens the role of regional military political associations. Their influence is largely determined by the consistency of the participating states’ actions and positions. The purpose of this work is to study the mechanism and limits of foreign policy coordination of the Collective Security Treaty Organization (CSTO) member states within the context of the actual practice of functioning of such structures. Increasing changes in the system of international relations in the current conditions require states to create and ensure the dynamic operation of regional institutional mechanisms Such a mechanism within the CSTO ensures coordination of the member states’ positions on international and regional security issues. Among global problems, the CSTO is most interested in fundamental aspects of the world order, countering modern challenges and threats, and issues of historical memory. Author concludes that the establishment of permanent institutions of foreign policy coordination within the CSTO does not guarantee coordination of positions on issues important for the Russian Federation, which are of fundamental importance for the formation of a new world order, since an organization operating on the basis of consensus a priori cannot go beyond the formulated positions of its member states. Membership in an international organization cannot limit the desire of the latter to search for any opportunities to realize the totality of their national interests. Taking them into account when developing a consensus position is one of the most important functions of allied foreign policy coordination.

Power-sharing arrangements have become one of the most valuable alternatives in solving political and ethnic-related conflicts in recent decades. This is mainly due to the inclusion of contesting groups in political governance, thus helping society avoid violence caused by harsh power struggles. Despite the conflict management potential, many power-sharing arrangements in heterogeneous and deeply divided societies fail to mature and transform into permanent institution. This article applies a systematic review of the literature on political institutionalism to establish the fundamentals for power-sharing institutionalisation. Its analysis reveals that power-sharing institutionalisation relies on multiple factors, including but not limited to political will, effective institutions, socio-cultural support, and support from the international community. The article contributes to existing research on political institutionalism by proposing the parameters for examining power-sharing institutionalisation across societies.

Based on material from the Archives of Yugoslavia (Belgrade, Serbia) as well as a number of international documents and analytical papers published in English on the Internet, the artic- le attempts to analyse the development of the policy of non-alignment in the second half of the 1960s, the role Yugoslavia and personally President Josip Broz Tito played in it, and the ways to extricate the Non-Aligned Movement from crisis. The initiatives to hold an interna- tional summit dedicated to cooperation between the countries of Asia, Africa, and some other regions of the world and the reasons for the success of the Yugoslav-Indian concept of non-alignment are explored in broad international context. Consideration is given to the prepa- ration of the Lusaka conference; the range of issues under discussion; the structure of the permanent institutions of the Non-Aligned Movement that emerged at the summit; the impact of decisions made on the further development of the Non-Aligned Movement in the 1970s.

Purpose: In spite growing recent attention on adolescent sexual and reproductive health (ASRH), there is persistently high prevalence of adolescent pregnancy and abortion (ADOPA) & related consequences. Thus, this integrative literature review on “Strategies used by Adolescents to curb adolescent pregnancy and abortion” from 2000-2020. The general objective was to assess existing strategies used by Adolescents (ADOs) to curb ADOPA with the purpose of creating a better understanding it. Materials and Methods: An integrative review was carried out using the theoretical model Toronto and Remington (2020). The review question was formulated, 75 included studies sourced from 9 data bases & others were systematically selected, reviewed guided by PRISMA, & their quality appraised by best fit standard tools. An inductive thematic analysis with mixed-methods synthesis was then done. Findings: As key results, 65.3% (49) of studies were primary empirical & 34.7% (26) systematic review. Based on review questions, two main strategies were identified: research & outreach programs. Research implementation strategic component (IMSTRATCOM) was mainly Sexual and reproductive education (SRE). Six major strategies of outreach programs were identified constituting 35 specific programs. Most were complementary & multifaceted in their IMSTRATCOM. They include with components (in bracket) Sex & STIs/HIV Education (SRE); Protocols for Health Clinic Appointments & Supportive Activities (Curriculum development (CUD), SRE, Case management, peer educator training, employment & leadership, Collaboration, increasing access to RH services); Service Learning (CUD, SRE, peer monitoring, social worker supervision, Field work); Healing & Restauration (SRE, Coaching & resource referral, group therapy & Parent participation); Collaborative approach (CSE, community support & engagement, Increasing access to RH services); and Child Development & Aid/Motivation (cash transfers, school uniforms & contraception provision, paid employment, medical care, services to parents & community). Limitations of research & outreach programs were similar & include methodology problems; no stratification of ADOs in intervention & results; mostly late ADOs & females involved. Strategies exist that can successfully curb ADOPA. However, variability in study populations, interventions & outcomes, & paucity of studies for comparison renders difficult reliable conclusion on most effective strategy. Implications to Theory, Practice and Policy: High-quality research with their evaluation considering multicomponent be done; and permanent institutions for support of ASRH projects established.

The Rajya Sabha, also known as the Council of States, is an essential component of India's bicameral legislative system. Constituted under Article 79 of the Constitution, it functions as the upper house of Parliament, intended to counterbalance the expedited legislative procedure of the Lok Sabha with more meticulous consideration. The Government of India Act of 1919 initiated bicameralism in India, but it did not explicitly provide representation for independent states. The Constituent Assembly conceived the Rajya Sabha to facilitate substantial deliberation on legislation and prevent impulsive judgments from the Lok Sabha. As a permanent institution, the Rajya Sabha possesses substantial authority. The Parliament can enact resolutions, granting it the power to legislate on subjects listed in the State List, typically reserved for specific state legislatures. Furthermore, it provides a vital function in the establishment of All India Services and possesses equivalent power to the Lok Sabha in the process of amending the Constitution. The significance of the Rajya Sabha becomes especially apparent during times of crises and in issues concerning state representation, as it serves as a counterbalance between the executive power of the central government and the interests of individual states. This legislative body exemplifies the federal concept by guaranteeing the inclusion of regional viewpoints in the formulation of national policies, thereby enhancing India's integrity and unity. Because of its legislative authority, its capacity to advocate for state interests highlights its significance in safeguarding the Indian democracy's federal framework. Essentially, the Rajya Sabha plays a crucial role in preserving the equilibrium between the central and state authorities, thus safeguarding the federal nature of India.

Death is an inevitable reality of life. In Islam, the process of taking care of a corpse (rukti corpse) is fardhu kifayah, a collective obligation that is terminated if it has been carried out by some of the congregation. This service examines the community's awareness and skills in carrying out corpse rukti. The partners for this service are the people of Wani 2 Village, Tanantovea District, Donggala Regency. Even though the majority are Muslims, the local community's knowledge and skills regarding this process are still very limited. This creates challenges in carrying out these fardhu kifayah obligations adequately, especially during emergency situations or consecutive deaths. The methodology used in this service includes material presentation, practical simulations, and evaluation. The results of the service showed that the training held had increased the participants' knowledge and skills in the process of washing, shrouding, praying, and burying bodies according to Islamic law. This study recommends the need for permanent institutions for training in corpse rukti as well as the active involvement of all members of society, not just religious teachers and sharia officials, to increase their understanding and ability to care for corpses, in line with humans' position as caliphs on earth that does not end with physical death.

In this scientific paper my main focus of research is based on the composition, structure and main function of judges of the International Court of Justice according to countries and geographical regions where they come from, as according to Article 9 members of the court represent the main forms of civilization and the main system legal of the world. This means customary law, civil law and socialist law (now post-communist law). hen the task and function of international judges of law is to resolve disputes between states in accordance with international law and to give advisory opinions on international legal matters. The ICJ is the only international court that adjudicates general disputes between countries, with its decisions and opinions serving as primary sources of international law. Then, we have the creation of the first permanent institution created for the purpose of resolving international disputes was the Permanent Court of Arbitration (PCA), which included all the major world powers as well as some smaller states, and resulted in the first multilateral treaties dealing with the conduct of war. Among them was the Convention for the Settlement of International Disputes in the Pacific, which defined the institutional and procedural framework for arbitration proceedings to be conducted in The Hague, the Netherlands. Although the proceedings would be supported by a permanent bureau - whose functions would be equivalent to that of a secretariat or court register - arbitrators would be appointed by opposing states from a larger group provided by each member of the convention.

Relevance. The modern conditions of post-industrialism in the sphere of economic relations are influenced by some factors, in particular, institutional changes and the challenges of globalization. In turn, this is characterized by a new format that has an organizational and institutional focus. Purpose. This research aims to elucidate the distinctions between the terms “institute” and “institution” within the context of the innovation economy. Methodology. The study draws on theoretical and methodological foundations rooted in the national innovation system, synthesizing insights from foreign and domestic scholarship. Employing a system-structural and functional approach Results. The research unveils a sequential hierarchy of institutional definitions, revealing inherent differences between “institute” and “institution”. It proposes a classification of institutions based on eight criteria, offering a nuanced understanding of institutional dynamics within the innovation economy. Notably, it introduces the concept of temporary and permanent institutions, elucidating their roles in periods of systemic modernization and legislative evolution. Conclusions. The study underscores the necessity for clarity in conceptualizing institutional terms, particularly within the realm of institutionalism.

At the turn of the 20th century two remarkable events in the history of Russian humanities took place ― two permanent foreign historical institutions were created. In 1895 the Russian Archaeological Institute in Constantinople, which was headed by the Byzantinologist F.I. Uspensky, was established, followed in 1902 by the position of scientific correspondent of the Russian Academy of Sciences in Rome. The idea of sending a representative of the Academy of Sciences to Rome was formulated in memorandum of the Russian Minister Resident at the Holy See A.P. Izvolsky on April 4 (16), 1895 to the Minister of Foreign Affairs. He wrote that the decision of Pope Leo XIII to open the Vatican Archive (1881) attracted many researchers to Rome. This led to the establishment of research institutions by various European countries; historians began regular systematic research there. A.P. Izvolsky made a proposal to organize a permanent Russian Historical Institute in Rome, like the one already opened in Constantinople. Due to the lack of necessary funds to implement this project, the matter was postponed. Nevertheless, it was approved and adopted at the end of 1902 by a decision of the State Council and then signed by Nicholas II. Initially, only a scientific correspondent of the Academy of Sciences was sent to Rome. A more permanent institution was planned as well. P. O. Pierling (1840 1922), a well-known author of works on the history of relations between Russia and the Holy See with a lot of experience with Italian archives and libraries, was considered as a possible correspondent contender at the highest level (President of the Academy of Sciences and Emperor Nicholas II). He was the Russian citizen, but a Catholic and a member of the Society of Jesus (Jesuits). He also lacked connections with the Russian Academy of Sciences, having lived in Paris for many years. It was probably the reason why the position of the scientific correspondent went to the former professor of Russian history at Yuryev (Derpt) University E.F. Schmourlo (1854–1934), who was also relatively experienced in working with Italian archives. To coordinate his work, a Permanent Historical Commission of members of the Historical and Philological Department was set up, which created a Regulations on the duties and service of a scientific correspondent and the Preliminary instructions. The activities of the academic correspondent in Rome included: the development of a specific research plan based on the general principles of Preliminary Instructions and Regulations; identification and copying of archival materials from Italian archives and libraries, description of documentary collections of Italian archives and libraries on Russian history, preparation for publication and edition of materials in two series ― “Russia and Italy”, “Monuments of cultural and diplomatic relations between Russia and Italy”; formation of a library (which was supposed to provide special literature not only to the academic correspondent himself, but also to Russian scholars arriving in Rome) and the compilation of its catalogue; the creation of a paleographic collection (for preliminary acquaintance of persons sent by the Academy of Sciences to work in the Italian archives); preparation of various references at the request of individual researchers. Although the position of academic correspondent was elective, with a term of five years, during the entire period of its existence, from 1903 to 1924, E.F. Schmourlo was constently elected to this post. During the First World War, his activities were complicated by financial and organizational difficulties, which were especially aggravated in 1918, when he received the last payment from the Academy. In 1918 1920, Shmourlo’s communications with the Academy practically ceased, and then for some time they were sporadic. The scientific correspondent presented his last report to the Academy in 1923.

跨境数字经济下常设机构规则研究

The 2019 general election is considered a complex election in terms of organization and types of violations. Allegations of election violations prompted changes in the various laws governing them. In preparation for the 2024 election, the General Election Supervisory Agency (Bawaslu) is working to strengthen election laws. This includes improving enforcement institutions and establishing Bawaslu as a permanent institution. Additionally, they are addressing the increasingly complex types of violations and the severity of sanctions. A normative-legal approach is the research methodology employed in this study. The study found that Bawaslu addressed election violations in two ways: settling election administrative violations through an open hearing conducted by the examining panel and settling election administrative violations through a fast event, in accordance with Law Number 7 Year 2017 on General Elections, which specifically refers to Perbawaslu Number 7 Year 2022 on Handling Election Violation Findings and Reports, Perbawaslu Number 8 Year 2022 on Completion of General Election Administrative Violations, and Perbawaslu Number 3 Year 2023 on Integrated Law Enforcement Center.

ABSTRACT The rigidly set bandwidths for temperature and relative humidity have been the subject of discussions among museum professionals to ensure the preservation of collections while reducing energy consumption and carbon emissions to achieve a sustainable practice for environmental management in collection spaces. In 2020 at Royal Museums Greenwich, a group including engineers and conservators from Estates and Collections Services departments worked together to find a strategy to reduce energy consumption while running the mechanical system in exhibition galleries and storage rooms. During this process, a methodology developed by the Image Permanence Institute published in 2017 was followed to verify if the collection spaces at the National Maritime Museum were suitable to test sustainable energy-saving strategies. The focus of this article is on presenting and discussing the results of the first year of seasonal tests conducted at the archives of the National Maritime Museum, Greenwich. After a thorough assessment, the strategy chosen for the archives was programed shutdown of the mechanical system. The outcome was that collections stored in this area were maintained in a stable environment without the need to run the HVAC system at night, which translates to less energy consumption and lower carbon emissions.

In recent years, the theoretical and practical achievements related to the emerging discipline of Chinese as a foreign language have been increasingly improved. The teaching of Chinese as a foreign language is not only the teaching of language, but also the teaching of culture. Its fundamental goal is to train students to use Chinese for communication. The macro purpose is to promote Chinese civilization. Learners' cognition of the background culture of the target language is conducive to improving the comprehensive language use ability and enhancing the sense of Chinese cultural identity. Therefore, cultural teaching has been paid more and more attention by researchers, and some explorations have been made in the methods, strategies and places of cultural teaching. As a non-profit permanent institution serving the society, the museum displays material and intangible heritage and provides a variety of experiences for education, appreciation, meditation and knowledge sharing. Shaanxi History Museum is known as "the pearl of the ancient city and the treasury of the Huaxia civilization". The cultural relics in the museum display the splendid ancient Chinese culture represented by the Zhou, Qin, Han and Tang dynasties, covering political, economic, cultural, spiritual and other fields. As a cultural and educational institution, it provides innovative resources for revealing and presenting cultural elements. This article will start from the intersection of cultural teaching and museum functions, list the auxiliary role of museum resources in cultural teaching, demonstrate the feasibility of using museums to carry out cultural teaching, and expand the way of teaching Chinese culture as a foreign language.