Inherited retinal diseases (IRDs) represent a genetically diverse group of disorders that result in the progressive degeneration of photoreceptors and/or retinal pigment epithelium (RPE), ultimately leading to significant vision loss and diminished quality of life. Symptoms vary widely, encompassing night blindness, peripheral vision loss, central vision impairment, and total blindness, with disease progression influenced by the specific genetic mutation and inheritance pattern. This narrative review synthesizes recent findings on the pathogenesis of IRDs and examines stem cell-based interventions across preclinical models and early clinical trials.Mutations in genes such as RPE65, ABCA4, and USH2Adisrupt critical retinal pathways, contributing to oxidative stress, inflammation, and apoptosis. Stem cell strategies, including pluripotent stem cell-derived RPE/photoreceptor precursors, mesenchymal stem cells, and retinal progenitor cells, offer potential mechanisms for limited cellular replacement and synaptic integration, as well as paracrine neuroprotection and immunomodulation. Current research indicates feasible delivery methods (intravitreal, subretinal, or suprachoroidal) with generally acceptable safety profiles; however, functional improvements in vision are often inconsistent and temporary, and durable vision restoration remains unproven.Significant challenges persist, including immune rejection, tumorigenicity risks, weak engraftment, technical complexity, and regulatory barriers. These issues underscore the necessity for standardized manufacturing processes and well-controlled, long-term clinical trials to advance the field of IRD treatment.

PurposeMacular degeneration impairs central vision, compelling patients to use their peripheral vision for reading, which is difficult due to reduced spatial resolution and crowding. Although perceptual learning improves reading, single-session anodal transcranial direct current stimulation (a-tDCS) over the visual cortex has shown inconsistent outcomes, with transient improvements observed in English reading but no benefit for Chinese reading in macular degeneration patients. This randomized controlled trial investigated whether combining multi-session a-tDCS with perceptual learning enhances Chinese reading performance in these patients compared to sham stimulation.MethodsTwenty Chinese-reading patients with macular degeneration (39–90 years old) were randomized to receive either active (n = 10) or sham (n = 10) a-tDCS during six sessions of rapid serial visual presentation (RSVP) reading training. Trained outcomes (RSVP reading) and untrained functions (sentence reading, crowding, contrast sensitivity, and visual acuity) were compared at baseline, 1 day, and 1 month post-training.ResultsPerceptual learning significantly improved RSVP reading speed (P < 0.001) in both groups, with effects lasting at least a month. No additive effect of active versus sham a-tDCS was observed (group × time P = 0.99). Transfer effects to untrained functions were limited to visual acuity and critical print size for sentence reading.ConclusionsPerceptual learning enhances Chinese reading performance in individuals with macular degeneration, but a-tDCS confers no additional benefit. This contrasts with previous results where non-invasive brain stimulation enhanced English reading in macular degeneration. The results emphasize the need for more refined neuromodulation strategies for improving logographic reading.

Inattentional noise leads to subjective color uniformity across the visual field.

In multiple vision-demanding tasks, accurately controlling a prosthetic hand to approach a target object is particularly challenging for amputees, as visual attention diverted by other tasks forces them to rely heavily on peripheral vision. This study aims to initially validate that functionally effective sensory feedback can enhance the control of prosthetic hands during object approach under divided visual attention. To quantify prosthesis users' ability to approach and manipulate objects using central and peripheral vision in real-life scenarios, we conducted two experimental tasks-APPROACHING and PINCH-under two visual feedback modes: full-vision and partial-vision. During the approaching process, we compared four feedback conditions: no supplementary sensory feedback (PURE), traditional continuous feedback (CONT), evenly distributed discrete feedback (ADIS), and a novel discrete strategy based on Weber's law (WDIS) proposed in this study. Task performance was evaluated using metrics such as position error, dispersion, task completion time, and pinch failures, while psychological factors were assessed through a questionnaire. Results show that WDIS enabled more accurate and stable object approach, with shorter task completion times, which leads to better subsequent manipulation performance. This also provides participants with enhanced psychological experiences, including reduced workload and increased intuitiveness. WDIS improved prosthetic control and user experience in the simplified laboratory settings, providing a foundation for real-world applications.

Visual processing is influenced by spatial attention and prediction. Yet, in humans, it is still unclear if early sensory processing in the primary visual cortex (V1) is influenced by these top-down factors. To answer this question, various EEG studies have looked at the retinotopic C1 event-related potential (ERP), which arises from V1. Despite the fact that research on this question has been ongoing for more than two decades, discrepant findings have been reported. One reason for this heterogeneity could be due to the majority of studies focusing mostly on attention, without considering the possible role of prediction. Another reason could stem from the C1's specific sensitivities to stimulus features and individual differences. To address these issues, we developed a new paradigm that maximally utilizes the visual and spatial properties of the C1 and allows for the factorial manipulation of spatial attention and prediction. We also used gaze-contingent eye-tracking to confirm the use of peripheral vision to process the stimuli. Additionally, to account for the individual differences in the C1 response the experiment was tailored to each participant using an independent localizer. The ERP results showed a significantly smaller C1 amplitude in the upper visual field when attention was directed toward the peripheral stimulus as opposed to when it was directed away toward the center of the screen. After applying linear deconvolution to correct for temporal overlap between sequential ERP responses, this effect disappeared. We found that attention influenced the P1, while prediction mostly affected the P3. These novel results suggest that early sensory processing in V1 is not directly influenced by either attention or prediction; their effects are dissociable and mostly concern the P1 and P3 ERP components.

The human body is endowed with an immune system that protects the body from infections, microbes, diseases, and external or foreign elements that could be harmful or disease producing. The human immune system is a complex amalgamation of cells, proteins, organs, and organ systems that fight these harmful agents and defend the body against them. When the immune system turns against itself or the body, it results in the development of autoimmune conditions wherein there is destruction of specific organs or systems, which threaten their normal functioning. Consequently, there is either reduced function or loss of function of the targeted area of the body. Autoimmune conditions can cause disruption of the neuro-ophthalmic pathway and threaten the central or peripheral vision, by targeting the brain, optic nerve, extraocular muscles, neuromuscular junctions, visual pathways, and sometimes spinal cord as well. The most important and common neuro-ophthalmic autoimmune conditions include, but are not limited to, multiple sclerosis (MS), neuromyelitis optica (NMO), myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein antibody disease (MOGAD), myasthenia gravis (MG), thyroid eye disease (TED), and giant cell arteritis (GCA).

Glaucoma is the leading cause of irreversible blindness worldwide, with 60.5 million affected individuals, of whom 11 million are from India. Due to its asymptomatic nature, the disease largely remains underdiagnosed or diagnosed in advanced stages, where little can be done to salvage functional vision. The literature suggests that a lack of knowledge is one of the reasons for its grave consequences. Assessment of awareness is the first step in planning management. Several studies have been conducted in the Indian community, but data from healthcare providers, who play a significant role in educating the masses directly or indirectly, are limited. To identify awareness, knowledge, and attitudes about glaucoma among healthcare workers in a tertiary center in India. This cross-sectional study was conducted at a tertiary care institute in Eastern India. Data were collected from 423 participants by systematic stratified sampling after Institutional Ethics Committee approval via a pretested, self-designed, semistructured, validated questionnaire. Statistical analyses were performed using the Statistical Package for Social Sciences Software v22.0. Continuous variables are expressed as the means ± SD for parametric values and medians with interquartile ranges for nonparametric values. The associations between the variables were studied via multivariate linear and logistic regression. P < 0.05 was considered statistically significant. Most respondents were 20-30 years old (n = 345, 81.6%). The knowledge regarding glaucoma was good, and almost 56.3% of the participants gained knowledge from their medical training. The majority were aware that it has a familial predisposition and is secondary to high intraocular pressure, leading to irreversible peripheral vision loss. Only 42% knew about the life-long requirements of treatment. The resident group scored highest on knowledge- and attitude-based questions, whereas the faculty group scored highest on practice-based questions. Although 62% of the nursing staff had good attitude scores, their knowledge and practice scores were lower. The occupation group response difference was statistically significant (P < 0.05) for all the knowledge-based questions. Although the majority of healthcare providers are aware of glaucoma, there is a dearth of knowledge about treatment modalities. Education via seminars and media can improve their knowledge, attitudes, and practices.

This study aimed to evaluate the short-term visual performance and subjective satisfaction of a dual-focus soft contact lens (DF-SCL) compared with a single-vision soft contact lens (SV-SCL) in myopic Chinese children over one month of daily wear. Myopic children aged 8 to 14 years first underwent baseline testing with SV-SCL (Proclear), followed by DF-SCL (MiSight). They then continued wearing DF-SCL for one month. Distance and near high-contrast visual acuity (d-HCVA, n-HCVA), contrast sensitivity function, the Subjective Acceptability Questionnaire, and visual performance questionnaire were assessed at four visits: SV-baseline, MiSight (MS)-baseline, MS-1 week, and MS-1 month. A total of 38 subjects (19 female, 19 male; mean age 10.75±1.13 years; mean spherical equivalent refraction, -1.81±0.69 D) completed the study. At baseline, d-HCVA was significantly better with SV-SCL (-0.05±0.06 logMAR) than with DF-SCL (-0.02±0.04 logMAR, P=0.03), while n-HCVA showed no significant difference (P=0.27) between with SV-SCL (-0.03±0.05 logMAR) and DF-SCL (-0.01±0.04 logMAR). After one week of DF-SCL wear, n-HCVA improved significantly (-0.04±0.06 logMAR, P=0.04) compared with MS-baseline. After one month of DF-SCL wear, d-HCVA (-0.03±0.06 logMAR, P=0.55) and n-HCVA (-0.05±0.07 logMAR, P=0.48) were comparable with SV-baseline. The contrast sensitivity with DF-SCL improved at 12 and 18cpd after one week of DF-SCL wear compared with MS-baseline. In the questionnaire, overall satisfaction significantly improved at the 1-month visit (P<0.001) compared with MS-baseline, and visual symptoms of paracentral and peripheral blurry vision alleviated after a week of wearing (P=0.009). Myopic Chinese children demonstrated good visual quality and high subjective satisfaction over one month of DF-SCL wear, despite a slight initial decline in visual performance compared with SV-SCL.

Background. Monovision is a well-established method for presbyopia correction in which the dominant eye is corrected for distance vision, while the non-dominant eye is adjusted for near vision. Initially developed for contact lens correction, this approach has subsequently been adapted for use in refractive surgery. To date, no reports have been found describing the application of the monovision concept in myopic presbyopic patients undergoing laser vision correction using the Corneal Lenticule Extraction for Advanced Refractive Correction (CLEAR) technique, which underscores the relevance of the present study. Purpose: to evaluate the functional outcomes of the monovision technique following lenticule extraction in myopic patients of presbyopic age. Materials and methods . The study included 20 patients (40 eyes), divided into two groups of 20 eyes each. The mean patient age was 40.6 ± 2.7 years. The study was conducted at the Department of Laser Refractive Surgery, S. Fedorov Eye Microsurgery Federal State Institution, from July to December 2024. In Group 1, surgery was performed using the CLEAR technique with the monovision approach, leaving a residual myopia of 1.25–1.75 D in the non-dominant eye. Group 2 underwent standard CLEAR surgery. All patients had mild to moderate myopia and a preoperative best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA) of at least 1.0. Before surgery, postoperative visual acuity was simulated with soft contact lenses, and a comprehensive ophthalmological examination, including binocular vision assessment, was performed. In both groups, the femtosecond laser FEMTO LDV Z8 (Ziemer, Switzerland) was used. Distance and near visual acuity, type of vision, and visual fields were evaluated before and after surgery. The follow-up period was three months. Results. Postoperatively, uncorrected distance visual acuity (UDVA) improved in both eyes in Group 1, though it was slightly lower in the non-dominant eye (0.98 and 0.76, respectively). In Group 2, UDVA improved to 0.99 and 0.96, respectively. The target refraction was achieved in all cases without loss of BCVA and remained stable throughout the follow-up. The postoperative values of UDVA, BCVA, and spherical equivalent showed no significant change over time. Near visual acuity was evaluated binocularly—preoperatively with maximum distance correction and postoperatively without correction. In Group 1 (monovision), postoperative uncorrected near visual acuity (UNVA) increased to 0.99 – 1.0, whereas in Group 2 it reached only 0.37. Binocular vision was preserved in all patients, and visual field parameters remained within normal limits before and after surgery in all cases. Conclusion. Corneal lenticule extraction using the CLEAR technique with the monovision approach provides high postoperative visual acuity at both distance and near in presbyopic myopic patients while maintaining binocular and peripheral vision.

The fovea, with its high concentration of cone photoreceptors, results in increased sensitivity and visual acuity, while the periphery, with its lower contrast sensitivity and resolution, provides better spatial summation. Despite these differences, our experience of the visual field remains detailed and uniform, supported by the influence of central vision on peripheral vision. There is evidence that recognition of simple shapes in the periphery is enhanced by the presence of a similar shape in central vision. However, it is unclear whether such mechanisms generalise to more complex stimuli, such as faces. In a face matching task, we found that having a similar face in central vision improved face matching performance in the periphery. This suggests that general mechanisms govern the interaction between central and peripheral vision in recognising faces.

To evaluate the vision-related quality of life (VRQL) of patients with chronic chorioretinopathy centralis serosa (CCS). A prospective study included patients who visited our Department of Ophthalmology due to their chronic CCS and were asked to complete "The National Eye Institute Visual Function Questionnaire NEI-VFQ-39". Similarly, controls without any signs of macular disease were asked to complete the same questionnaire. A total of 75 participants were included: 45 with chronic CCS and 30 as a control group. In the CCS group, 4 patients (% 9) had chronic CCS in both eyes. The mean age (years) was 52 ± 10 in the CCS group compared to 52 ± 11 in the control group (p = 0.90). In the CCS group, 33 patients were men (73%), compared to 21 (70%) in the control group (p = 0.75). Best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA, logMAR) was 0.05 ± 0.08 in the CCS group and 0.03 ± 0.06 in the control group (p = 0.50). The overall score of VRQL was significantly lower in the CCS group than in the control group (77 ± 11 vs. 89 ± 7, p = 0.0001). Similarly, there were also significantly lower scores in the CCS group for other subscales, such as near and distance activities, dependence on others, mental health, social functioning, driving, social role impairment, and peripheral vision (p < 0.05). However, there was no significant difference between the two groups regarding eye pain and colour vision. In the CCS group, there was no statistically significant correlation between the total score of VRQL and age or gender of the patients, BCVA or duration of the disease (p > 0.05). Although the BCVA was not significantly different between the CCS and control groups, patients with chronic CCS had a significantly lower total NEI-VFQ score. This suggests that the BCVA alone might not provide an adequate assessment of VRQL in patients with CCS.

Importance of Screening for Contrast Sensitivity, Falls, and Mobility Limitations in Older Adults With Maculopathy.

Abstract Tracing processes in which “philanthrocapitalism” generates benefits enables exploration of value-making through hierarchical global relations. Peripheral vision based on fieldwork in Rungwe District shows putative beneficiaries’ ways of valuing support exceed donors’ intentions. The philanthropic intervention model is organized around the concept of a chain of value addition by and for farmers. This is represented by increased income, which remains elusive. Drawing on the work of Nancy Munn, David Graeber, and Elizabeth Ferry, this article explores transformations (in how value is conceived and pursued) through which rural Tanzanians negotiate political-economic constraints. They prioritize cultivating relations with those who have resources rather than following their instructions to maximize milk production. This is a different value chain approach through which people try to build a life.

Expanding insight into the phenotypic spectrum, social burden of dual sensory impairment, and progression of USH1C-associated retinopathy is essential to inform prognosis and guide emerging therapies. To characterize some genetic variants, clinical features, natural history, and social outcomes of USH1C-associated retinopathy in a patient cohort. This was a retrospective case series including patients with molecularly confirmed UCH1C-associated retinopathy evaluated at a tertiary referral center from January 1989 to February 2024. Molecularly confirmed pathogenic variants in USH1C. Main outcomes included best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA) measured with the Snellen chart, retinal imaging features, genetic variants, and patient-reported social outcomes. Depression was documented by general practitioners using the Patient Health Questionnaire 9. Unemployment was self-reported at last follow-up. Retinitis pigmentosa diagnosis (RP) was diagnosed based on characteristic retinal findings and visual field loss. A total of 28 patients (mean [SD] age, 27.0 [12.2] years; range, 7-58 years; 15 female [53.6%]) were included in this analysis. Two novel pathogenic USH1C variants were identified; 18 patients were homozygous. Presenting symptoms included nyctalopia (24 of 26 patients [92.3%]) and peripheral vision difficulties (23 of 28 patients [82.1%]). Baseline BCVA (Snellen chart) in the better-seeing eye (n = 25) was 0.22 logMAR (20/32). Among 15 patients with follow-up of 5 years or more, baseline BCVA was 0.30 logMAR (20/40), declining to 0.59 logMAR (20/80). In Early Treatment Diabetic Retinopathy Study (ETDRS) equivalents (n = 15), decline averaged 0.53 letters per year (median, 0; range, 0-2). Four of 24 patients (16.7%) met World Health Organization criteria for severe sight impairment (20/200 or worse in the better-seeing eye). Depression was reported by 5 of 13 patients (38.5%) and unemployment by 7 of 23 patients (30.4%). Optical coherence tomography revealed cystoid macular edema in 5 of 21 patients at baseline, persisting in 2 patients at follow-up. Mean (SD) central subfield thickness was 260.6 (53.6) µm at baseline (n = 18) and 259.4 (44.5) µm at follow-up (n = 15). Patients with missense variants c.308G>A (p.Arg103His) and c.440A>G (p.His147Arg) showed retinitis pigmentosa sparing the superior retina. Results of this case series study suggest that USH1C-associated retinopathy was characterized by slow decline of visual acuity and modest ellipsoid zone loss over decades. Depression and unemployment were also observed, with implications for prognosis and counseling. Early onset and slow progression highlight its potential as a target for emerging therapies.

Background: Diabetic Retinopathy (DR) imposes a profound multidimensional burden on patients, extending beyond physiological visual loss to compromise daily functioning and psychosocial well-being. While the clinical progression of DR is well-documented, empirical evidence regarding its specific impact on quality of life (QoL) domains in developing regions remains limited Objective: This study aimed to describe the quality of life and identify specific functional deficits among patients with diabetes mellitus complicated by diabetic retinopathy in West Sumatra, Indonesia. Method: A quantitative descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted at the Eye Clinic of Ibnu Sina Yarsi Islamic Hospital, Bukittinggi. A total of 70 patients with confirmed diabetic retinopathy were recruited using purposive sampling. Data were collected using the validated Indonesian version of the National Eye Institute Visual Function Questionnaire-25 (NEI VFQ-25). Descriptive statistical analysis was performed to determine demographic characteristics and domain-specific QoL scores. Results: The study cohort was primarily female (61.4%) and elderly, with 64.3% of the participants being 60 years or older. Most participants had been living with diabetes for more than 10 years (68.6%). Overall, half of the participants (50.0%) reported a moderate quality of life, while 28.6% rated their quality of life as poor. Analysis of specific domains showed that "near activities" and "mental health" were the most significantly affected areas. In contrast, scores for "color vision" and "peripheral vision" were relatively well-preserved. Conclusion: diabetic retinopathy severely impacts patients' quality of life, particularly affecting their independence in near-vision tasks and their psychological well-being. These findings underscore the pressing need for comprehensive nursing interventions that encompass routine psychosocial assessments and education on adaptive self-management, in conjunction with clinical management of glycemic levels, to enhance the overall well-being of this vulnerable population

The purpose of this study was to clarify differences in visual strategies between table tennis players of two skill levels during unpredictable rallies, in which the direction of the ball is unpredictable on either the forehand or backhand side. Collegiate highly skilled and less-skilled table tennis players ( n = 10, in each group) conducted rallies using either forehand or backhand strokes at a constant tempo (130 bpm). They were asked to aim at a circular target marked on the table. To evaluate hitting accuracy, we calculated the distance between the ball position and the center of the circular target, as well as its variability. We then analyzed the angle between the gaze and ball positions (gaze-ball angle) during rallies based on the images captured by an eye-tracking device. The results revealed that highly skilled players showed significantly higher hitting accuracy compared to less-skilled players during rallies. Our results also indicate that highly skilled players look away from the approaching ball earlier than less-skilled players, even in unpredictable rallies. However, horizontal gaze position during backhand strokes showed constant alignment with the ball, regardless of skill levels. Furthermore, the Pearson correlation analysis indicates that this expertise-related visual strategy by peripheral vision is significantly associated with superior hitting accuracy. Taken together, the visual strategy could influence skill levels and hitting accuracy in unpredictable table tennis rallies.

Abstract Metastatic prolactinomas are an extremely rare type of neuroendocrine tumors, comprising less than 0.2% of all pituitary tumors. These tumors are typically associated with poor prognosis, with an average survival of 10 months. Temozolomide (TMZ) has previously been shown to be effective in treating these rare cases once first-line medical, surgical and radiation therapies have failed. We present the case of a 56-year-old male who first presented in 2012 with peripheral vision changes. Workup revealed prolactin levels &amp;gt;1000 ng/mL and a brain MRI showed a pituitary macroadenoma. He was treated with dopamine agonists, surgical management as well as radiation. In 2018, MRI revealed a new mass along the posterior left basiocciput encroaching the hypoglossal canal and a prolactin level of 102 ng/mL. The patient underwent proton therapy and increased cabergoline dosing. In 2020, the patient presented with left leg weakness, and numbness. MRI of the thoracic and lumbar spine revealed multiple enhancing intradural extramedullary masses within the spinal canal. He underwent a resection of the largest mass and pathology confirmed metastatic prolactinoma. The patient began monthly TMZ chemotherapy. Prolactin levels dropped from 247.3 ng/mL to 1.5 mg/mL after six cycles, coinciding with tumor reduction and improvements in lower extremity strength. In 2021, a chemotherapy holiday was initiated, however, by mid-2023, prolactin levels rose to 63.1 ng/mL, and an MRI of the lumbar spine showed an increase in lumbar metastasis size. The patient began a TMZ rechallenge. After two cycles, prolactin levels dropped to 5.7 ng/mL with stable imaging. As of early 2025, imaging has shown no new metastatic lesions and stabilization of the lumbar lesion, and lab work has demonstrated stable prolactin levels. Despite an initially poor prognosis, the patient has survived for over a decade since the diagnosis of prolactinoma and more than four years since the metastatic spread.

Inherited retinal degenerations (IRDs) constitute a phenotypically and genetically heterogeneous group of retinal diseases that severely affect vision and are associated with progressive vision loss. Pathogenic variants in more than 270 different genes have been implicated in the etiology of IRDs. Among the various phenotypes within IRDs, retinitis pigmentosa (RP) and Leber congenital amaurosis (LCA) represent a spectrum associated with significant visual impairment. LCA, first described by Theodore Leber in 1869, represents a severe recessive early-onset rod-cone dystrophy. A milder form, early-onset severe retinal dystrophy (EOSRD), was described by Leber in 1916. LCA typically presents at birth or within the first year and is characterized by nystagmus, photophobia, and severely impaired rod-cone responses on the electroretinogram (ERG). EOSRD presents within the first five years of life and is characterized by some preservation of vision and minimal ERG responses. RP usually presents within the first or second decade of life and is progressive with progressive vision loss affecting both peripheral and central vision. These disorders exhibit significant genetic heterogeneity across populations, and mutation in the RPE65 gene is one possible cause. Over time, RPE65 mutations associated with LCA, EOSRD, and RP lead to loss of light perception at any intensity and a profound reduction in navigational vision. In this review, the characteristics of the most studied RPE65 gene due to the fact that it can cause IRDs, the details of the most studied RP, LCA and EOSRD diseases from RPE65-related retinal dystrophies and studies on current gene therapies will be discussed.

Traffic safety continues to be a pressing worldwide issue, with young drivers especially exposed to accidents because of limited experience, reckless behaviors, and risky practices such as driving under the influence of alcohol or other substances. In this scenario, reliable methods to evaluate psychomotor and sensory abilities essential for safe driving are highly needed. This study presents the development of a Virtual Reality (VR) prototype aimed at enhancing psychometric testing. The platform incorporates immersive environments to assess peripheral vision, reaction time, and motor accuracy, implemented with Oculus Quest 2, Blender, and Unity. The VR-based system was validated through black-box testing and user satisfaction surveys with a sample of 80 licensed drivers in single-session evaluations. The findings demonstrate that VR increases both precision and realism in psychomotor evaluations: 81.25% of participants perceived the scenarios as realistic, and 85% agreed that the system effectively measured critical driving skills. While a few users experienced minor discomfort, 97.5% recommended its application in practical assessments. This study highlights VR as a robust alternative to conventional psychometric/psychotechnical tests, capable of improving measurement reliability and user engagement and paving the way for more efficient and inclusive driver training initiatives.

How does peripheral vision affect driver performance when passing on roads with lateral traffic conflicts? A simulated driving experiment