Periosteal Apposition Research Articles

Stimulation of Bone Formation and Bone Resorption by Fluoride in Thyroparathyroidectomized Rats

In sham-operated and TPTX animals, F treatment did not affect final body weight, or serum Ca and P. In sham-treated rats, serum iPTH was not affected by F treatment. At the periosteum, F increased bone formation rate and bone and matrix apposition rates. At the endosteum, F treatment decreased forming surface, bone formation rate, bone and matrix apposition rates, and osteoid maturation rate; and increased endosteal resorbing surface and medullary area. The above-described F effects on bone were observed in TPTX as well as sham-treated animals. The effect of F treatment to stimulate periosteal matrix apposition was enchanced by TPTX. These results indicate that bone changes seen in animals treated with large amounts of F are not due to increased parathyroid activity.

A biometric study of suture fusion and skull growth in peccaries.

Museum skull populations of Dicotyles tajacu (collared peccary) and Tayassu pecari (white-lipped peccary) were sampled for a study correlating suture fusion and the dynamics of skull growth. The skulls were scored for degree of fusion of each suture, and measurements of various cranial dimensions were taken. The fusion scores and measurements were then analyzed by a variety of statistical procedures. The sequence of suture closure in peccaries differs from most other mammals in the early fusion of most palatal and facial sutures. This difference is thought to be related to a need for strengthening the snout, which is used in stressful rooting and feeding activities. Most differences in closure order between the two peccary genera are correlated with differences in adult skull proportions. A general association was found between synostosis of individual sutures and the cessation of rapid growth in related cranial dimensions. However, in many dimensions slow linear growth continued after synostosis, presumably by periosteal apposition.

Cortical Bone Remodeling and Bone Mass in Primary Osteoarthrosis of the Hip

Periostea 1 and endosteal remodeling processes in the second metacarpal bone have been studied in 75 patients suffering from osteoarthrosis of the hip. Compared with controls matched for age and sex, a significant increased periosteal apposition rate concomitant with a normal endosteal resorption rate and a larger cortical bone mass in patients with osteoarthrosis was observed. The resemblance with the bone remodeling process in acromegaly is stressed.

Skeletal metabolism and body composition in acromegaly.

The effect of hypersomatotropism on skeletal metabolism and body composition was investigated in ten acromegalic individuals. The techniques of whole body counting, total body neutron activation analysis, 47Ca tracer kinetics, quantitative microradiography and measurement of cortical and trabecular thickness of bone biopsy specimens were employed. The profound effect of growth hormone on protein metabolism was confirmed by the increase in mean 40K and total body N. Total body levels of Cl and P were also increased. Total body Na was increased as was the Na/K ratio indicating a relative increase in total body Na when related to lean body mass. There was no correlation between total body Na or Na/K and hypertension. 47Ca tracer kinetics revealed an increased exchangeable pool and increased bone turnover. Only 1 of 6 patients studied was definitely in positive Ca balance. Mean total body Ca was 9% higher than the predicted values calculated on the basis of height. However, normalization of total body Ca by relating it to lean body mass (Ca/K), revealed a reduced Ca/K ratio in 4 subjects. Although this may be the result of an increase in soft tissue mass that is greater than the increase in skeletal mass, two patients had total body Ca levels which were less than the values predicted on the basis of height. These two subjects must be considered to have osteopenia. Quantitative microradiography of bone biopsies obtained from the iliac crest showed normal bone formation levels and increased resorption levels as is seen in osteoporosis. However, the cortical thickness was normal in all patients studied and the trabecular width was normal or increased. It is likely that cortical thickness is maintained by increased periosteal apposition.

Hypoplasia of bone induced by immobilization.

Femora of growing rats were studied four weeks after unilateral sciatic nerve resection. Cortical area at the midshaft and ash-weight of the ipsilateral femur were significantly reduced. Decrease in cortical area was due mainly to diminished periosteal apposition of bone. The hypoplasia of bone induced by sciatic nerve resection was unaffected by parathyroidectomy and was not prevented by the administration of calcitonin.

The effect of calcitonin on disuse atrophy of bone in the rat

In thirty female Sprague-Dawley rats the left hind leg was immobilized with plaster casts. According to treatment they were divided into the following groups: A) Control, no casts. B) No treatment. C) 50 MRC mU calcitonin (own preparation) in 5% gelatin subcutaneously per day. D) Vehicle alone subcutaneously. E) 50 MRC mU calcitonin (Ciba) in 5% gelatin subcutaneously per day. In addition, untreated rats without casts served as control (group A). After 6 weeks the femora and tibiae were X-rayed, weighed and examined histologically. The bones of the left and right legs did not differ in control group A. In groups B, C, D, and E a disuse osteoporosis had developed in the left legs (rarefication of trabecular bone volume of femur neck) which could not be seen in X-rays. Calcitonin treatment did not prevent the development of the bone atrophy. However, the pressure of the plaster casts had induced a periosteal apposition in some tibiae, and under calcitonin treatment the extent of this new formation in all femora and tibiae was markedly increased. The vehicle alone was ineffective. It can be concluded that whereas calcitonin is without effect on disuse osteoporosis, it probably favours new bone formation which is induced by other mechanisms.

Roentgenologic manifestations of osteonecrosis.

ROENTGENOLOGIC MANIFESTATIONS OF OSTEONECROSISWILLIAM MARTEL, M.D. and BROOKS H. SITTERLEY, M.D.Audio Available | Share

Roentgenographic and direct measurement of femoral cortical involution in a prehistoric Mississippian population.

AbstractRecent roentgenographic studies suggest that periosteal apposition adds femoral cortical bone faster than it is lost by endosteal involution, so that cortical bone area increases with age. A comparison was made of direct and roentgenographic measurements of femoral cortical bone using femora from 23 females and 20 males of a prehistoric Mississippian population dated at A.D. 1540–1700. The comparison revealed that significant errors existed in the technique of radiographic measurement (p<0.000001), in estimating male and female cortical thickness (p<0.000001), and the changes in thickness with age (p<0.000001). There was no significant interaction of the variables: age, sex, and method.The errors arose partly from the inability of the roentgenograph to reveal clearly endosteal porosity, and partly in the assumption that the medial and lateral cortical wall thickness would be representative of the mean cortical thickness.The reduction in cortical thickness (11.3% males and 29.3% females) with age as measured directly is comparable with loss in modern populations.

The overhanging margin of bone: a roentgenologic manifestation of gout.

Characteristic but not diagnostic of gout are “punched-out lytic lesions” of articular bone. Such erosions, appearing as sharply marginated lucent pockets or as discrete subchondral “pseudocysts” which seem unconnected to the joint, are commonly observed in rheumatoid arthritis and in other chronic joint diseases. There is a type of erosion, however, that is typical of gout and seems to be relatively rare in rheumatoid arthritis (1). The purpose of this communication is to describe this finding and emphasize its diagnostic value. Roentgenologic Description At the periphery of the erosion there is an elevated bone margin which appears to hang over the tophaceous nodule as though it were displaced by it (Figs. 1 and 2). This margin characteristically has a thin shell-like configuration and is continuous with the adjacent bone contour; its close relationship to a tophus is usually evident. This type of lesion is most commonly observed in the hand or foot. Comment In a retrospective review of the available roentgenograms of 78 randomly selected cases of gout with bone erosion, there were 31 patients (40 per cent) in whom this finding was manifest. It was noted in the foot in 17 cases, in the hand in 3 others, and in both the hand and the foot in 11 cases. It tended to occur in patients with severe disease but was also observed in instances where there were only a few bone erosions. Many of the patients in this series had roentgenograms of a limited number of joints. It is possible that in patients with more complete radiologic joint surveys this type of lesion will be found to be more widely prevalent. Certain aspects of the differential diagnosis deserve comment. The outward dis-placement of the overhanging margin away from the bone contour is an important feature. Similar erosions without such displacement are common in rheumatoid arthritis (Fig. 3), as well as in gout. One may postulate that this displacement reflects the gradual increase in size of the urate nidus, which grows by multicentric deposition of urate crystals. As this progresses, bone resorption at the interface with the tophus develops into a discrete erosion and, concomitantly, periosteal bone apposition at the outer aspect of the involved cortex causes the over-hanging margin of bone. The tophus usually appears as a relatively discrete, soft-tissue nodule adjacent to the erosion. In rheumatoid arthritis, on the other hand, the erosions are associated with a diffuse soft-tissue swelling of the entire joint and their localization, apparently influenced by the anatomy of the joint in question, follows a more predictable pattern (2) (Fig. 3). Other radiologic features which serve to differentiate the lesions of gout from those of rheumatoid arthritis have been emphasized elsewhere (1, 3). Department of Radiology University Hospital

Alpharadiographic and histological observations on the skeletal effects of hypervitaminoses A and D in the rat.

AbstractMale Holtzman rats were fed large doses of vitamin A, D or A and D for 43 days. Sections of the tibia demineralized in EDTA were submitted to alpharadiography or stained by a variety of procedures, including mucopolysaccharide histochemistry. The results were as follows: In hypervitaminosis D, slightly increased periosteal apposition of normal bone; greatly increased maturation of osteocytes with lacunar enlargement and confluence, interstitial metachromasia and loss of density (osteocytic osteolysis). In hypervitaminosis A, large growth of abnormally stained cancellous bone at periosteum and stimulation of osteolysis in new and old bone. In combined A and D hypervitaminoses, the peripheral apposition rate exceeded that induced by vitamin A or vitamin D alone. The new bone appeared fragile and this combined with increased osteolysis was responsible for a number of spontaneous fractures.