Periodontal Procedures Research Articles

Simulated and clinical aerosol spread in common periodontal aerosol-generating procedures

ObjectivesThis study evaluated particle spread associated with various common periodontal aerosol-generating procedures (AGPs) in simulated and clinical settings.Materials and methodsA simulation study visualized the aerosols, droplets, and splatter spread with and without high-volume suction (HVS, 325 L/min) during common dental AGPs, namely ultrasonic scaling, air flow prophylaxis, and implant drilling after fluorescein dye was added to the water irrigant as a tracer. Each procedure was repeated 10 times. A complementary clinical study measured the spread of contaminated particles within the dental operatory and quantified airborne protein dispersion following 10 min of ultrasonic supragingival scaling of 19 participants during routine periodontal treatment.ResultsThe simulation study data showed that air flow produced the highest amount of splatters and the ultrasonic scaler generated the most aerosol and droplet particles at 1.2 m away from the source. The use of HVS effectively reduced 37.5–96% of splatter generation for all three dental AGPs, as well as 82–93% of aerosol and droplet particles at 1.2 m for the ultrasonic scaler and air polisher. In the clinical study, higher protein levels above background levels following ultrasonic supragingival scaling were detected in fewer than 20% of patients, indicating minimal particle spread.ConclusionsWhile three common periodontal AGPs produce aerosols and droplet particles up to at least 1.2 m from the source, the use of HVS is of significant benefit. Routine ultrasonic supragingival scaling produced few detectable traces of salivary protein at various sites throughout the 10-min dental operatory.Clinical relevanceThe likelihood of aerosol spread to distant sites during common periodontal AGPs is greatly reduced by high-volume suction. Clinically, limited evidence of protein contaminants was found following routine ultrasonic scaling, suggesting that the the majority of the contamination consisits of the irrigant rather than organic matter from the oral cavity.

Cross sectional study on the analysis of periodontal parameters in adult patients with clear aligners orthodontics treatment versus three other types of brackets

Objective: To analyse the gingival parameters in the orthodontic treatment using clear aligners versus the three other types of brackets, i.e., conventional metal, conventional ceramic, and metal self‑ligating. Materials and methods: The current study comprised 80 individuals who came in for regular appointments and were receiving orthodontic treatment. They were then separated into four groups, each with 20 patients: Group 1 received traditional brackets (CB); Group 2 received traditional ceramic brackets (CCB); Group 3 received self-ligating (SL) brackets; and Group 4 received clear aligner (CA) treatment. The inclusion criteria were any patient under the age of 18 with a Class II or Class III skeletal link who was receiving orthodontic treatment for at least 6 months with fixed orthodontic appliances (FOA) on their teeth. Smokers, pregnant women, diabetics, and those using medications that impact gingival health or who have cardiovascular illnesses were all excluded from the study. Patients who had used antiseptic solutions or mouthwash in the previous six months, had any periodontal procedures in the previous six months, or had fixed bridges and crowns or extensive restorations adjacent to the gingival borders were also excluded.

Raman microspectroscopy/micro-optical coherence tomography approach for chairside diagnosis of periodontal diseases: A pilot study.

Our objective was to develop and test a combined Raman microspectroscopy (RMS) and micro-optical coherence tomography (μOCT) approach for chairside quantification of gingival collagen, DNA, epithelium, and connective tissue. We hypothesized that a high-resolution RMS/μOCT can characterize healthy and inflamed periodontal tissues for diagnosis and disease activity monitoring. A prototype instrument was developed, tested ex vivo on gingival specimens and optimized for in vivo intraoral use. The primary outcome measures were the ratios of oral epithelium to connective tissue thickness (OE:CT) and the amount of DNA to collagen type I (DNA/Col 1), and the thickness of sulcular epithelium (SE). For ex vivo testing, eight subjects with healthy periodontal tissues or with Stage II to IV periodontitis were included in the study and underwent crown-lengthening or periodontal surgical procedures, respectively. Gingival biopsies were scanned by RMS/μOCT and histometric analyses were performed. The proof-of-concept study included OE/CT, DNA/Col 1, and SE assessed in six volunteers with or without signs of gingival inflammation (n=3/group). The spatially co-registered RMS spectra revealed opposing changes in the collagen and DNA peaks of inflamed compared with healthy tissues (P<0.05). Combined RMS/μOCT analysis showed that OE/CT, DNA/Col, and SE are significantly different between healthy and inflamed sites (P<0.05). Histological assessments confirmed the differences detected by RMS/μOCT. Qualitative analysis of DNA/Col 1 ratios indicated Col I content as the main distinguishing feature for health and DNA content for periodontitis. Results suggest that combined RMS/μOCT chairside imaging may distinguish between healthy and diseased sites by evaluating marginal periodontal morphological and biochemical features.

PLATELET CONCENTRATION - A NEWER CONCEPT FOR PERIODONTAL REGENERATION

Platelet concentrates are the derivatives of blood which helps in haemostasis and wound healing after periodontal regenerative procedures. These are prepared from the patients own blood throughout which the activated platelets become close and form a fibrin matrix scaffold that releases growth factors and cytokines which plays a key role in tissue regeneration including cell proliferation and differentiation, extracellular matrix synthesis, chemotaxis and angiogenesis. This review highlights various types of platelet concentrates, and their clinical applications within the treatment of periodontal diseases.

Management of Class-I and -II Miller Recession Using Modified Technique: A Case Report

Background: Gingival recession is characterized by the gingival margin move apically to the mucogingival junction and cause root surface exposure. It causes a high incidence of caries, hypersensitivity and interferes with the appearance of the patient. A variety of materials and periodontal plastic surgery procedures are available to correct mucogingival problems and cover the root surface. Some treatment modifications have been developed to obtain optimal root coverage and better esthetics so that the selection of suitable treatments can affect the treatment results.&#x0D; Objective: To describe the treatment result of gingival recession using several modifications of gingival recession treatment.&#x0D; Case Report: A 42-year-old woman presented to the Dental and Oral Hospital of Hasanuddin University with a chief complaint of sensitive teeth when eating sweets or rinsing. Intraoral examination revealed the malposition of teeth 43 and 33, causing traumatic occlusion. Moreover, there were gingival recessions in the maxilla and mandibular regions. Recession in the maxillary right (12, 13, 14, 15, 16) was treated with tunneling technique combined with platelet-rich fibrin (PRF); recession in the maxillary left (22, 24, 26) was treated with coronally advanced flap (CAF) technique combined with PRF; and recession on mandibular (33, 43) was treated with CAF technique combined with subepithelial connective tissue graft (SCTG).&#x0D; Conclusion: All combination treatments gave satisfactory results for patients but different times of healing.&#x0D; Keywords: coronally advanced flap, gingival recession, platelet-rich fibrin, subepithelial connective tissue graft, tunnel technique

The Roles of Insulin Growth Factors-1 (IGF-1) in Bone Graft to increase Osteogenesis

Background: Bone graft material is used with periodontal flap procedure that is expected to help the growth of new bone through the process of osteogenesis, osteoinduction, and osteoconduction. Some work must be done to support the regeneration of periodontal tissue, including the three key elements of principal, such as scaffolds (collagen and bone material), signal molecules (growth factors) and cells. IGF-1 is a growth factor that has been studied to stimulate the replication of osteoblasts and bone matrix synthesis of bone remodeling process. Osteocalcin is a specific product of osteoblasts, in a previous study that the increase of osteocalcin indicates an increase in bone formation markers. Osteopontin expression by kondrosit showed the role of these cell in sintesizing matrix that have a main role for osteoclast resorpsion dan bone remodeling. Objective: To know the effect of IGF-1 on bone healing process that has been applied xenograft with attention to osteoblast, osteoclast, osteopontin and osteocalcin expression in animal model. Methods: This study was an experimental study in the rabbit. Comparing two groups, xenograft + IGF-1 and others just xenograft, was applied to the tibia’s defect for 21 days. Results: There are significant differences between the groups. The expression of osteoblast, osteopontin and osteocalcin looks more numerous after 21 days on the xenograft + IGF-1 group than the group that only uses xenograft alone. Whereas expression of osteoclast was seen to be less in the xenograft + IGF-1 group. Conclusion: the use of IGF-1 as a fisiologic mediator in regenerate periodontal tissues proved to be effective with the increased expression of osteoblast, osteopontin, osteocalcin and decreased osteoclasts.

Periodontal Care and Treatment Provision by General Dentists in France

AimIn many countries, periodontal surgery is mainly provided by periodontists. This specialty is not recognised in France, where periodontal care and treatment are principally the responsibility of general dentists (GDs). The objective of this study was to investigate the periodontal care provided and factors associated with the treatment of periodontal diseases, including periodontal surgery, by GDs in France. MethodsA national cross-sectional survey of GDs practicing in the French metropolitan area was conducted in 2019. A self-administered questionnaire was sent by mail to the GDs selected by stratified simple random sampling. It included questions on respondents’ sociodemographic characteristics and their periodontal practice. A multivariate logistic regression model was employed to identify the factors associated with the practice of periodontal surgery by GDs. ResultsThree hundred eighty-five GDs responded (response rate, 23.4%). Their mean age was 45.2 years; 51.2% were male and 83.6% were in private practice. They reported performing selective periodontal examinations such as pocket probing on average for 34.2% of their patients, but only 5.5% of them performed them systematically. Several variables were significantly associated with the provision of periodontal surgical procedures such as the gender of the GDs, full mouth periodontal probing, implantology practice, insufficient fees, or uncertainty about treatment procedure. This survey confirmed the referral of patients for periodontal surgery by a minority of practitioners. It also highlighted insufficient screening and diagnostic procedures for periodontal diseases by GDs. ConclusionsThere is a need to improve French GDs’ periodontal skills and knowledge and to address other barriers that currently limit their ability to deliver comprehensive periodontal care.

The Impact of the COVID-19 Pandemic on Romanian Postgraduate Periodontal Residency Teaching: Past Experience, Present Imperatives and Future Considerations in a Multicentric Evaluation.

The aims of this study were to identify the challenges in periodontology postgraduate residency programs during the COVID-19 pandemic by identifying the modifications of educational instruments, to evaluate the impact of hybrid education on periodontology postgraduate programs in terms of resident-centred outcomes, and to evaluate the education efficiency of an innovative teaching approach. Resident doctors from three Romanian dental faculties were included in study groups based on the intensity of clinical training. A web-based questionnaire was used to collect information on residents’ perception about teaching activity. Important educational changes were identified. Moreover, residents learned a periodontal procedure through online training and then performed it on preclinical models three times. The working times were recorded. Statistical analysis was performed. Resident doctors were unsatisfied with clinical practice during the pandemic year, but they positively valued the development of online courses. Learning efficiency improved by repeating the same procedure on preclinical models, as proved by the significant decrease of the working times. E-learning was appreciated as an important component of the new hybrid teaching approach. Reorganization and further emphasis on both preclinical and medical practice, targeted to aid residents perform more accurate and efficient procedures, are recommended.

CROWN LENGTHENING: DECISIVE FOR SUSTENANCE OF BIOLOGICAL WIDTH

A majority of periodontal procedures performed today are related with clinical crown extension for esthetic or functional needs related to varied etiologies. Difculty in maintaining appropriate gingival biological width is a frequent problem which is encountered in such type of reconstruction. Various techniques are used for crown lengthening. Techniques such as gingivectomy, ap with osseous resection, apically positioned ap with or without the osseous resection have been used for crown lengthening procedure. Methodology: Article consists of a case report of a female patient with the requirement of crown lengthening. Bone mapping under LA was done using the Goldman fox probe. Inverse- beveled incision was given followed by sulcular incision and the gingival collar was removed. In this case to perform osseous resection, ap was elevated and bone cutting was done. Result: In this case the desired lengthening of crown was achieved with the good healed surrounding. Conclusion: Crown Lengthening is a surgical procedure that requires exposure of adequate tooth structure for restorative procedures. The scope of crown lengthening procedure is really wide and renement in the treatment modalities are needed.

"Awareness and Practice of Periodontal Procedures performed in the General Dental Practice- A Survey."

Aim: To evaluate the current status of periodontal treatment in clinics, the protocol for maintenance therapy, general awareness of the dentists towards periodontal care and to evaluate their attitude towards the need for accomplishment of periodontal procedures. Methods and Material: The study was a cross-sectional descriptive survey, carried out in form of a questionnaire comprising 12 questions, distributed through google forms amongst 260 General Practitioners (GPs) in Mumbai. The questions ranged from chief periodontal complaints of the patients to the level of satisfaction of dentists after periodontal therapy. Statistical analysis was performed using SPSS software version 21.0. Results: The results revealed that most GPs performed phase-one therapy, gingivectomy and crown-lengthening procedures. It was also seen that general dentists don’t carry out regular periodontal examination along with periodontal probing. In addition, there is no proper protocol for re-call. Conclusions: Results of the survey revealed that some areas need to be emphasized like general dentist should carry out regular gingival examination along with probing, motivating the patients for periodontal treatment and devise a proper protocol for recall. He should be explained the benefits of the involvement of periodontist in phase-I therapy and the important role that a periodontist plays in multidisciplinary dentistry. Key-words: General practitioner, general practice, periodontics, original article, survey.

The flat and step (F and S) pontics. Novel pontic designs for periodontally reconstructed sites.

Fixed dental prostheses are a predictable treatment option to replace missing teeth. A periodontal-prosthodontic approach to rehabilitating those areas ensures a predictable way to achieve the desired esthetic and functional results. This is especially important in cases with high esthetic demand. An ideal esthetic result can be achieved by soft tissue overcorrection through periodontal procedures, which reduce the number of conditioning appointments of the pontic sites. Many pontic designs have been described to enhance the appearance of the restored sites. The flat (F) and step (S) pontic designs are a modification of classic pontic approaches. These designs contact the mucosa in a wide area of a previously reconstructed ridge without exerting excessive pressure, reducing the possibility of inflammation, ulceration, and facilitating cleaning. This periodontal-prosthodontic procedure aims to achieve functional and esthetic prosthodontic results in a predictable manner. Understanding which pontic design is recommended in different clinical situations is key for a successful outcome. The F and S pontic designs are recommended to be used in a ridge with optimal soft tissue volume after periodontal reconstruction. The suggested designs provide the clinician with a solution to different clinical scenarios after the periodontal augmentation of the pontic site has been done. The presented pontic designs are indicated in ridges where a previous soft tissue preservation or reconstruction procedure has been done to achieve an optimal soft tissue volume. Modifications to the designs can be done in the interim stage which is later replicated into the final restoration. The combination of periodontal and prosthodontic techniques help to predictably achieve a natural looking pontic emergence profile.

Is the effect of COVID-19 on periodontal treatment similar to that in general dental care and primary medical care? an observational study in Brazil

ABSTRACT The present study aimed to analyze the effect of the COVID-19 pandemic on the rates of periodontal procedures, and provide a comparison with general dental care and primary medical care procedures carried out in the Brazilian Public Health System. The study had an ecological, retrospective design with data from 5,564 Brazilian municipalities (99.9%). A multilevel mixed-effects linear regression was used to analyze the longitudinal associations between the COVID-19 pandemic and the rate of procedures. There was a significant reduction in the number of periodontal procedures (Coef. −428.6 [95%CI −774.3/-82.9]) during the COVID-19 pandemic, although this reduction was no greater than that of medical and general dental procedures. Medical procedures witnessed the sharpest drop in procedures (Coef. −2831.5 [95%CI −3964.1/-1699.0]). A lower rate of general dental procedures was also identified during the pandemic (Coef. −2,110.6 [95%CI −3,400.8/-820.4]). The COVID-19 pandemic has had a negative effect on the rate of periodontal procedures carried out in the Brazilian Public Health System. The highest recutions were observed in general dental and medical procedures.

A literature review on uses of platelet rich plasma in the periodontal therapy

Now a days platelet rich plasma is the new approach to the tissue regeneration process along with it platelet rich plasma is found to be of valuable use in promoting healing in various periodontal, dental and oral surgical procedures. Platelet rich plasma is basically derived from the own blood of the patient, that is containing growth factors with in it, which promotes the healing process in periodontal or other dental procedures.

Clinical practice guidelines for oral health care during pregnancy: a systematic evaluation and summary recommendations for general dental practitioners.

To evaluate and summarize clinical practice guidelines on the prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of dental diseases during pregnancy, and to provide summary recommendations for general dental practitioners involved in the dental care of pregnant women. Using keywords related to prenatal dental care in combination with guidelines or consensus statements, online databases, websites of professional organizations, and evidence-based practice platforms were searched. Published guidelines or consensus statements that met the inclusion criteria were selected and evaluated with the Appraisal of Guidelines for Research & Evaluation Instrument II (AGREE-II) tool. Key recommendations were summarized and assessed for consistency across the guidelines. A total of 15 guidelines or consensus statement documents for oral health care during pregnancy were found after the initial search, of which 7 documents met the inclusion criteria; these were analyzed with AGREE-II. These guidelines were developed by expert panels and consensus meetings after comprehensive review of the best available evidence, and consistently deliver clear messages that preventive, diagnostic, restorative, and periodontal procedures and tooth extractions are safe throughout pregnancy and effective in improving and maintaining the oral health of mothers and their children. Dental diseases should be treated in a timely manner and dental emergency treatments can be provided at any time during pregnancy. Dental examination and prophylaxis should be conducted every 6 months to maintain the oral health of pregnant women. Published clinical guidelines are consistent in delivering clear messages and providing guidance to dental practitioners for timely and effective dental care during pregnancy. Prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of oral diseases are safe throughout the pregnancy.

A clinical observational analysis of aerosol emissions from dental procedures.

Aerosol generating procedures (AGPs) are defined as any procedure releasing airborne particles <5 μm in size from the respiratory tract. There remains uncertainty about which dental procedures constitute AGPs. We quantified the aerosol number concentration generated during a range of periodontal, oral surgery and orthodontic procedures using an aerodynamic particle sizer, which measures aerosol number concentrations and size distribution across the 0.5–20 μm diameter size range. Measurements were conducted in an environment with a sufficiently low background to detect a patient’s cough, enabling confident identification of aerosol. Phantom head control experiments for each procedure were performed under the same conditions as a comparison. Where aerosol was detected during a patient procedure, we assessed whether the size distribution could be explained by the non-salivary contaminated instrument source in the respective phantom head control procedure using a two-sided unpaired t-test (comparing the mode widths (log(σ)) and peak positions (DP,C)). The aerosol size distribution provided a robust fingerprint of aerosol emission from a source. 41 patients underwent fifteen different dental procedures. For nine procedures, no aerosol was detected above background. Where aerosol was detected, the percentage of procedure time that aerosol was observed above background ranged from 12.7% for ultrasonic scaling, to 42.9% for 3-in-1 air + water syringe. For ultrasonic scaling, 3-in-1 syringe use and surgical drilling, the aerosol size distribution matched the non-salivary contaminated instrument source, with no unexplained aerosol. High and slow speed drilling produced aerosol from patient procedures with different size distributions to those measured from the phantom head controls (mode widths log(σ)) and peaks (DP,C, p< 0.002) and, therefore, may pose a greater risk of salivary contamination. This study provides evidence for sources of aerosol generation during common dental procedures, enabling more informed evaluation of risk and appropriate mitigation strategies.

Periodontal wound healing: An absolute literature review

Periodontal healing is a complex process requiring coordinated responses involving gingival epithelium and connective tissue, periodontal ligament, cementum and alveolar bone. The understanding of this process is necessary to visualize the outcome of different periodontal procedures which inhibits the further progression of periodontal disease and restore the lost periodontal structures. The periodontal regeneration is the ideal response for long-term success of the tooth. The newer approach to periodontal regeneration involves the use of biological mediators like attachment proteins, enamel matrix proteins, growth factors and bone morphogenetic proteins which enhances the regenerative potential of the host tissues by providing favourable signals for proliferation and migration of the periodontal ligament cells towards the affected root surface. Keywords: wound healing; regeneration; reattachment; inflammation; granulation; growth factors.

A Comparison in Patient Comfort Using Conventional Syringe and Needleless Jet Anesthesia Technique in Periodontal Surgery-A Split-Mouth Randomized Clinical Trial.

Background and Objectives: Periodontal surgery requires local anesthetic coverage to alleviate patient discomfort. Needles and injections can engender feelings of fear and anxiety in individuals. This study aimed to assess the level of comfort and anxiety in patients during the administration of local anesthesia using needleless jet anesthesia (JA) when compared to a conventional syringe (CS) in periodontal surgery. Method and Materials: 60 sites were designated for injection in a split-mouth design in 30 subjects who required periodontal surgery. Local anesthesia was administered in two appointments scheduled one week apart using either a JA system or a CS. The Visual Analogue Scale (VAS), Verbal Rating Scale (VRS), and Beck’s anxiety inventory were used to report the pain and anxiety levels while injecting local anesthesia. Statistical analysis of the results was performed using the Shapiro–Wilks test and Paired t-test. Results: Patients reported greater comfort with JA. The VAS and VRS values were statistically significant—(p = 0.003) and (p = 0.001), respectively. Patients showed fear and were nervous about receiving a local anesthetic using a CS. A few subjects experienced lingering pain with the CS, whereas greater comfort and no lingering soreness were reported post-operatively at the site of JA administration. Conclusions: This study provides the first comprehensive assessment of using JA for periodontal surgical procedures. Lower pain scores were consistently observed with the use of jet injectors. Patients were at ease and reported lesser anxiety and greater comfort with jet injectors, making it ideally suited for providing local anesthesia in periodontal surgery.

Semilunar Coronally Repositioned Flap- the Minimally Invasive Root Coverage Technique: A Report of 3 Cases

Introduction: Gingival recession (GR) is the location of marginal periodontal tissues apical to the cemento-enamel junction. Treatment of GR can be done by free gingival graft, laterally positioned pedicle flap, coronally displaced flap, and subepithelial connective tissue graft, semilunar coronally repositioned flap (SCRF). The purpose of this case report is to highlight the simplicity of carrying out SCRP procedure and its long-term benefits in case of maxillary gingival recession.&#x0D; Methods: Three systemically healthy patients aged 35-43 years reported with chief complaint of unesthetic appearance of teeth. Following full mouth scaling and root planning, patients were scheduled for root coverage procedure. SCRF was performed under local anaesthesia and postoperative instructions were given. Patients were asked to record VAS pain score and number of analgesics consumed for 3 days and recalled on 3rd, 10th day, 1, 3, 6 months and 1 year postoperatively.&#x0D; Results: All patients showed complete root coverage for 1 year postoperatively. VAS score showed mild pain for 3 days postoperatively.&#x0D; Conclusion: Semilunar coronally advanced flap is an effective, simple and highly acceptable periodontal plastic procedure.

COVID-19 Pandemic and Periodontal Practice: The Immunological, Clinical, and Economic Points of View.

The recent global health problem, COVID-19, has had far-reaching impacts on lifestyles. Although many effective WHO-approved vaccines have been produced that have reduced the spread and severity of the disease, it appears to persist in humans for a long time and possibly forever as everyday it turns out to have new mutations. COVID-19 involves the lungs and other organs primarily through cytokine storms, which have been implicated in many other inflammatory disorders, including periodontal diseases. COVID-19 is in a close association with dental and periodontal practice from two respects: first, repeated mandatory lockdowns have reduced patient referrals to dentists and limited the dental and periodontal procedures to emergency treatments, whereas it is important to recognize the oral manifestations of COVID-19 as well as the influence of oral and periodontal disease on the severity of COVID-19. Second, dentistry is one of the high-risk professions in terms of close contact with unmasked individuals, necessitating redefining the principles of infection control. The pressures of the economic recession on patients as well as dentists add to the difficulty of resuming elective dental services. Therefore, this study is divided into two parts corresponding to what mentioned above: the first part examines the clinical and immunological associations between COVID-19 and periodontal and oral diseases, and the second part delineates the measures needed to control the disease transmission in dental clinics as well as the economic impact of the pandemic era on dental services.

Platelet concentrates in periodontics: review of in vitro studies and systematic reviews

Clot formation is the first step of the healing process, and clinical procedures always find ways to stabilize this clot better. Platelets play a significant role in clot formation, and Platelet Concentrates (Pc) are an abundant reservoir of platelets. This article aims to review the in vitro research and systematic reviews on PCs that are currently available. Broadly, PCs mainly include Platelet-rich plasma and platelet-rich fibrin. PCs are an excellent source for growth factors such as PDGF-AA, TGF β1, VEGF, EGF, and IGF. Numerous systematic reviews and meta-analyses have analyzed the clinical application of PCs in various periodontal procedures. In alveolar ridge preservation, PCs are known to reduce postoperative pain, edema, trismus, and inflammation. PRF had shown significant improvement in achieving root coverage and recession depth reduction. PCs exhibited a positive influence on CAL gain when used as an adjunct to OFD in treating infra-bony defects. Pcs have a positive effect on bone maturation in the short term. Besides, PCs can be used in regenerative endodontics, treatment of medication-related osteoradionecrosis of Jaw (MRONJ), and accelerating tooth movement. In conclusion, PCs positively affect soft tissue healing, while their role in hard tissue healing is still unclear.