Periodontal Pocket Tissues Research Articles

Proteomic Comparison between Periodontal Pocket Tissue and Other Oral Samples in Severe Periodontitis: The Meeting of Prospective Biomarkers

Proteomic Comparison between Periodontal Pocket Tissue and Other Oral Samples in Severe Periodontitis: The Meeting of Prospective Biomarkers

Cytokine levels in gingival tissues as an indicator to understand periodontal disease severity

Cytokine levels in gingival tissues as an indicator to understand periodontal disease severity

Gingival proteomic profiling revealed differentially expressed proteins between moderate and severe periodontitis - A pilot study

Gingival proteomic profiling revealed differentially expressed proteins between moderate and severe periodontitis - A pilot study

Effects of aloe-emodin on alveolar bone in Porphyromonas gingivalis-induced periodontitis rat model: a pilot study.

Aloe-emodin (AE), a natural anthraquinone abundant in aloe plants and rhubarb (Rheum rhabarbarum), has long been used to treat chronic inflammatory diseases. However, AE's underlying mechanisms in periodontal inflammation have not been fully elucidated. Acidic mammalian chitinase (AMCase) is a potential biomarker involved in bone remodeling. This study aimed to evaluate AE's effect on periodontitis in rats and investigate AMCase expression. Eighteen Sprague-Dawley rats were separated into the following groups: healthy (group 1), disease (group 2), vehicle (group 3), AE high-dose (group 4), and AE low-dose (group 5). Porphyromonas gingivalis ligatures were placed in rats (groups 2-5) for 7 days. Groups 4 and 5 were then treated with AE for an additional 14 days. Saliva was collected from all groups, and probing pocket depth was measured in succession. Periodontal pocket tissues were subjected to histomorphometric analysis after the rats were sacrificed. Bone marrow-derived macrophages and murine macrophages were stimulated with receptor activator of nuclear factor-κB ligand (RANKL) and treated with different concentrations of AE. AMCase expression was detected from the analysis of saliva, periodontal pocket tissues, and differentiated osteoclasts. Among rats with P. gingivalis-induced periodontitis, the alveolar bone resorption levels and periodontal pocket depth were significantly reduced after treatment with AE. AMCase protein expression was significantly higher in the disease group than in the healthy control (P<0.05). However, AE inhibited periodontal inflammation by downregulating AMCase expression in saliva and periodontal pocket tissue. AE significantly reduced RANKL-stimulated osteoclastogenesis by modulating AMCase (P<0.05). AE decreases alveolar bone loss and periodontal inflammation, suggesting that this natural anthraquinone has potential value as a novel therapeutic agent against periodontal disease.

Analysis of protein expression in periodontal pocket tissue: a preliminary study.

BackgroundThe periodontal disease is caused by a set of inflammatory disorders characterized by periodontal pocket formation that lead to tooth loss if untreated. The proteomic profile and related molecular conditions of pocket tissue in periodontally-affected patients are not reported in literature. To characterize the proteomic profile of periodontally-affected patients, their interproximal periodontal pocket tissue was compared with that of periodontally-healthy patients. Pocket-associated and healthy tissue samples, harvested during surgical therapy, were treated to extract the protein content. Tissues were always collected at sites where no periodontal-pathogenic bacteria were detectable. Proteins were separated using two-dimensional gel electrophoresis and identified by liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry. After identification, four proteins were selected for subsequent Western Blot quantitation both in pathological and healty tissues.ResultsA significant unbalance in protein expression between healthy and pathological sites was recorded. Thirty-two protein spots were overall identified, and four proteins (S100A9, HSPB1, LEG7 and 14-3-3) were selected for Western blot analysis of both periodontally-affected and healthy patients. The four selected proteins resulted over-expressed in periodontal pocket tissue when compared with the corresponding tissue of periodontally-healthy patients. The results of Western blot analysis are congruent with the defensive and the regenerative reaction of injured periodontal tissues.ConclusionsThe proteomic analysis was performed for the first time directly on periodontal pocket tissue. The proteomic network highlighted in this study enhances the understanding of periodontal disease pathogenesis necessary for specific therapeutic strategies setting.

외국인 이주노동자의 구강건강수준과 치과 의료이용 관련요인

Objectives: The purpose of the study is to investigate the related factors to dental care utilization, oral health behaviors, and oral health status in immigrant workers in Korea. Methods: The subjects were 504 foreign immigrant male workers over 20 years old who visited Daegu labor consultation center for oral health survey and oral examination. The questionnaire included 5 questions of socioeconomic characteristics, 8 questions of oral health practice behavior, 6 questions of dental clinic visit, 8 questions of social relations and Korean language proficiency. The question for health behavior was measure by body mass index(BMI). Social relations and Korean language proficiency instrument was modified by Seol from "Family welfare survey in Korean international marriage" and scored by Liker 5 scale. Results: The oral health examination of the immigrant workers was as follows: decayed teeth - 76.6%, filling teeth - 27.4%, missing teeth - 69.8%, dental caries experience above five or more - 60.2%, periodontal pocket tissues - 58.9%. Simplified Oral Hygiene Index was very poor and accounted for 49.0%. Dental care utilization experience was closely associated with social relation indexes including attendance in family events, household stuff help, financial help and counseling for hard work(p<0.01). Dental care utilization experience proportionally increased with proficiency in Korean literacy including speaking, listening, and writing abilities of Korean language(p<0.01). Conclusions: In order to improve the oral health condition of the immigrant workers, it is important to provide social network, Korean language proficiency support, and health insurance coverage through economic burden reduction by the Korean government.

Non‐bacterial protein expression in periodontal pockets by proteome analysis

To compare the proteomic profile of inter-proximal pocket tissues with inter-proximal healthy tissues in the same subject to reveal proteins associated with periodontal disease in sites where periodontopathogenic bacteria were not detectable. Twenty-five healthy patients, with moderate-to-advanced chronic periodontitis and presenting with at least one intra-bony defect next to a healthy inter-proximal site were enrolled. The periodontal defects were treated with osseous resective surgery, and the flap design included both the periodontal pockets and the neighbouring inter-proximal healthy sites. Pocket-associated and healthy tissues were harvested for proteomic analyses. Fifteen proteins were differently expressed between pathological and healthy tissues. In particular, annexin A2, actin cytoplasmic 1, carbonic anhydrase 1 & 2; Ig kappa chain C region (two spots) and flavinreductase were overexpressed, whereas 14-3-3 protein sigma and zeta/delta, heat-shock protein beta -1 (two spots), triosephosphateisomerase, peroxiredoxin-1, fatty acid-binding protein-epidermal, and galectin-7 were underexpressed in pathological tissue. The unbalanced functional network of proteins involved could hinder adequate tissue response to pathogenic noxa. The study of periodontal pocket tissue proteomic profile would be crucial to better understand the pathogenesis of and the therapeutic strategies for periodontitis.

Human gingiva is another site of C‐reactive protein formation

C-reactive protein (CRP) is primarily synthesized in the liver. It is hypothesized that human gingiva per se may produce CRP and its expression could be associated with IL-6. This study elucidated the CRP expression profile in human gingiva and its possible association with IL-6. Ninety-four gingival biopsies were collected from 44 subjects with chronic periodontitis and 18 periodontally healthy subjects. CRP protein was detected by immunohistochemistry and Western blotting, while CRP and IL-6 mRNAs were examined by reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and real-time PCR. CRP protein expression in the reconstituted human gingival epithelia (RHGE) was examined by the particle-enhanced immunoturbidimetric assay and Western blotting. CRP protein was detected in gingival tissues from patients and healthy subjects by immunohistochemistry and confirmed by Western blotting. Its expression pattern and level at 16 pairs of periodontal pocket tissues and the adjacent clinically healthy tissues from 16 patients were significantly interrelated (r(s)=0.693, p<0.01). CRP mRNA expression was strongly correlated with IL-6 (r=0.694, p<0.001). Both CRP protein and mRNA were detected in the RHGE. The present study shows for the first time that human gingiva is able to produce CRP in situ that may be associated with IL-6 activity.

The Expression Profile of Lipopolysaccharide‐Binding Protein, Membrane‐Bound CD14, and Toll‐Like Receptors 2 and 4 in Chronic Periodontitis

This study aimed to investigate the interrelationship of in vivo expression of lipopolysaccharide-binding protein (LBP) and membrane-bound CD14 (mCD14) in human gingival tissues as well as the coexpression of Toll-like receptors (TLR) 2 and 4 in association with periodontal conditions. Gingival biopsies were collected from 43 subjects with chronic periodontitis, including periodontal pocket tissues (PoTs) and clinically healthy gingival tissues (HT-Ps), and from 15 periodontally healthy subjects as controls (HT-Cs). The expression of LBP, CD14, TLR 2, and TLR 4 was detected by immunohistochemistry and reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). LBP and mCD14 peptides were simultaneously detected in 91% of PoTs, 85% of HT-Ps, and 100% of HT-Cs. LBP and mCD14 mRNAs were simultaneously detected in 55% of PoTs, 55% of HT-Ps, and 75% of HT-Cs. The expression of LBP was confined to the gingival epithelium, whereas mCD14 was observed around the epithelium-connective tissue interface. A positive correlation existed between LBP and mCD14 peptides in both detection expression (r(s) = 0.608; P <0.001) and expression levels (r = 0.304; P <0.05) of these two molecules. In PoTs, TLR 2 was detected in both pocket epithelia and macrophage-like cells in connective tissues, whereas TLR 4 was predominantly detected in connective tissues. In HT-Ps and HT-Cs, a weak expression of TLR 2 was found in gingival epithelia, and no TLR 4 expression was detected. In PoTs, mCD14 was codetected on CD68-labeled macrophages in the underlying connective tissues of pocket epithelium as well as on CD1a-labeled dendritic cells in the pocket epithelium and connective tissues interface. No similar expression profile was detected in HT-Ps and HT-Cs. This study suggests that the in vivo expression of LBP and mCD14 may be interrelated. Altered cellular expression profiles of mCD14 and TLR 2 and 4 in periodontal pocket tissues imply that these pattern recognition receptors may play a role in periodontal pathogenesis.

Local expression of lipopolysaccharide-binding protein in human gingival tissues.

Lipopolysaccharide-binding protein (LBP) functions as a crucial molecule in innate host defense responses to bacterial challenge through neutralization of bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and activation of cellular responses. This study was to investigate the expression profile and levels of LBP in gingival tissues and their associations with periodontal health and disease. Gingival biopsies were collected from 44 chronic periodontitis patients, including periodontal pocket tissues (PoTs) and the adjacent healthy gingival tissues (HT-Ps), as well as from 15 periodontally healthy subjects as controls (HT-Cs). The peptide and mRNA of LBP were detected by semi-quantitative immunohistochemistry and reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), respectively. LBP peptide was detected in 90.9% of PoTs (20/22), 84.6% of HT-Ps (11/13) and all HT-Cs (7/7). The expression of LBP was mainly confined to the cytoplasm of granular and keratinized layers of gingival epithelium, spreading from the oral sulcular epithelium to oral epithelium with the expression density decreasing gradually from coronal to apical portion. LBP peptide was also found on endothelial surfaces and/or inside the lumens of blood vessels in connective tissues. The mean LBP expression levels in HT-Cs were significantly higher than those in HT-Ps and PoTs. LBP mRNA was detected in 55% of PoTs (11/20), 55% of HT-Ps (11/20) and 75% of HT-Cs (6/8). We for the first time found the expression of LBP peptide and mRNA in human gingival tissues. Local expression of LBP in gingival tissues might contribute to periodontal homeostasis.

The in vivo expression of membrane-bound CD14 in periodontal health and disease.

Membrane-bound CD14 (mCD14) is a myeloid differentiation antigen expressed on monocytes/macrophages and neutrophils. It is a key molecule responsible for the innate recognition of bacteria by host cells and functions as an important receptor for bacterial lipopolysaccharide. This study investigated the in vivo expression profile and levels of mCD14 in healthy and diseased gingival tissues. Gingival biopsies were obtained from 24 patients with chronic periodontitis, including 22 periodontal pocket tissues, 13 clinically healthy tissues, and 18 inflamed connective tissues (i.e., granulation tissues). Gingival biopsies from seven periodontally healthy subjects were used as controls. mCD14 was detected by immunohistochemistry. mCD14 was detected in 21 of 22 periodontal pocket tissues and all other categories of tissues. The mCD14-positive cells were mainly confined to the gingival epithelium-connective tissue interface. The expression levels in periodontally healthy subjects were significantly higher than in the patients. Within the patients, clinically healthy tissues showed greater levels of mCD14 than periodontal pocket tissues and granulation tissues. mCD14 was commonly expressed in both healthy and diseased gingival tissues and was predominantly confined to the epithelium-connective tissue interface. The positive relationship observed between mCD14 expression levels and periodontal health may imply that mCD14 is associated with favorable host responses to bacterial challenge and contributes to maintaining periodontal homeostasis.

Expression of human beta-defensins-1 and -2 peptides in unresolved chronic periodontitis.

Human beta-defensins (hBDs) are antimicrobial peptides which contribute to host innate immunity by disrupting the membrane integrity of a broad spectrum of microorganisms. This study aimed to determine the expression profiles of hBD-1 and -2 peptides in gingiva and to assess the possible relations of these antimicrobial peptides with periodontal health and disease. Seven periodontally healthy subjects and 22 patients with unresolved chronic periodontitis were recruited and the gingival biopsies collected consisted of healthy tissues from the healthy subjects (HT-C); periodontal pocket tissues (PoT) and inflamed connective tissues (ICT) from the base of pocket, i.e. granulation tissues, as well as clinically healthy tissues (HT-P) from the adjacent clinically healthy sites from the patients. The expression of hBD-1 and -2 peptides was detected by immunohistochemistry and quantitatively analyzed with a computerized image processing system. Both hBD-1 and -2 peptides were detected in all periodontally healthy subjects, while hBD-1 was detected in all patients and hBD-2 was found in most of the patients. Their expression was mainly confined to the granular and spinous layers of gingival epithelium, in which hBD-1 was detected in both intercellular spaces and cytoplasm, whereas hBD-2 was mainly observed in the cytoplasm. HT-C expressed significantly higher levels of hBD-2 than HT-P (p < 0.05). Within the patients, both defensins were up-regulated significantly in PoT as compared with the adjacent HT-P (p < 0.05). The present study showed that hBD-1 and -2 were frequently expressed in the granular and spinous layers of gingival epithelia and their expression may be associated with periodontal health and disease.

Matrilysin (matrix metalloproteinase-7) expression in human junctional epithelium.

Matrilysin is a matrix metalloproteinase expressed in exocrine and mucosal epithelium in many human tissues. Immunohistochemical staining showed that matrilysin is expressed in suprabasal cells of junctional epithelium facing the teeth and in epithelial cell rests of Malassez. No matrilysin expression was seen in the periodontal pocket tissue. In a tissue culture model mimicking junctional epithelium, matrilysin expression was also observed in suprabasal epithelial cells. Of 13 anaerobic oral bacterial species tested, F. nucleatum, F. necrophorum, P. endodontalis, and P. denticola stimulated matrilysin expression in porcine periodontal ligament epithelial cells from 2.5- to 5.7-fold, compared with untreated cells. The enzyme was localized in intracytoplasmic vesicles that also reacted with antibodies against lysosomal membrane protein h-lamp-1. The results indicate that matrilysin may play an important role in the normal physiology of junctional epithelium.

Hydroxy fatty acids and prostaglandin formation in diseased human periodontal pocket tissue.

The lipoxygenase and cyclooxygenase products of arachidonic acid (AA) metabolism are known to play a key role in the development of inflammatory signs and symptoms. Periodontal pocket tissues (PPT) provide an ideal model to study the nature of mediators of inflammation in periodontal disease. Eight individual PPT samples were obtained from patients with advanced periodontitis and incubated separately with 14C‐AA. The tissue lipid extracts were analyzed by means of TLC and HPLC. It was found that PPT in all samples metabolizes AA mainly through the lipoxygenase pathways and that 12‐HETE and 15‐HETE are the major lipoxygenase products formed. Cyclooxygenase products PGE2, TXB2, and 6‐keto‐PGF1α were detected in much smaller amounts than the lipoxygenase products. Since both lipoxygenase and cyclooxygenase products are associated with inflammatory processes, the findings suggest that in treatment of inflammation in periodontal disease, drugs which inhibit the formation of both lipoxygenase and cyclooxygenase metabolites of AA would be more beneficial than those which inhibit only the cyclooxygenase products, PGs.

Healing of Periodontal Pocket Tissues Following Ultrasonic Scaling and Hand Planing

The Journal of PeriodontologyVolume 35, Issue 2 p. 140-148 Healing of Periodontal Pocket Tissues Following Ultrasonic Scaling and Hand Planing† Erwin M. Schaffer D.D.S., M.S.D., Erwin M. Schaffer D.D.S., M.S.D.Search for more papers by this authorGregory Stende B.S., D.D.S., Gregory Stende B.S., D.D.S.Search for more papers by this authorDavid King B.S., David King B.S.Search for more papers by this author Erwin M. Schaffer D.D.S., M.S.D., Erwin M. Schaffer D.D.S., M.S.D.Search for more papers by this authorGregory Stende B.S., D.D.S., Gregory Stende B.S., D.D.S.Search for more papers by this authorDavid King B.S., David King B.S.Search for more papers by this author First published: 01 March 1964 https://doi.org/10.1902/jop.1964.35.2.140Citations: 17 †Division of Periodontology School of Dentistry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota. ‡Supported by grants from the Minnesota Dental Foundation and from the U.S. Public Health Service, Grant #DE 01052-04 from the N.I.D.R. AboutPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Citing Literature Volume35, Issue2March-April 1964Pages 140-148 RelatedInformation