Periodontal Probing Pocket Depth Research Articles

Comparative effects of e-cigarette smoking on periodontal status, salivary pH, and cotinine levels

BackgroundThe nicotine in e-cigarette liquid can negatively impact periodontal tissues by altering the salivary pH and elevating cotinine levels. Thus, the study aimed to determine the periodontal parameters, salivary pH, and cotinine levels among cigarette, e-cigarette, and never-smokers.MethodsA total of 144 participants were recruited (48 cigarette smokers, 48 e-cigarette smokers, and 48 never-smokers). Clinical periodontal parameters, including plaque index (PI), gingival index (GI), periodontal probing pocket depth (PPD), and clinical attachment loss (CAL) were recorded, excluding third molars. The level of unstimulated whole salivary pH was measured using a portable pH meter and the levels of salivary cotinine were measured using Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA).ResultsData were analysed statistically using analysis of variance. Mean scores of PPD, percentage of pocket depth ≥ 4 mm, and CAL (p < 0.05) were significantly higher among cigarette smokers than those in e-cigarette and never-smokers, while GI (p < 0.05) were significantly higher among e-cigarette smokers. The unstimulated salivary pH was more acidic among cigarette smokers (p < 0.05) and e-cigarette smokers (p < 0.05) than in never-smokers. The cotinine levels were higher among cigarette smokers (p < 0.05) and e-cigarette smokers (p < 0.05) than in never-smokers.ConclusionsClinical periodontal parameters were poorer in cigarette smokers than in e-cigarette smokers and never-smokers. Meanwhile, cigarette and e-cigarette smokers have more acidic salivary pH and higher cotinine levels than in never-smokers.

Regulatory role of PDK1 via integrated gene analysis of mitochondria-immune response in periodontitis

AimsTo investigate the association between mitochondrial events and immune response in periodontitis and related regulatory genes. Main methodsGene expression profiles in gingival tissues were retrieved from the Gene Expression Omnibus. Mitochondria-immune response-related differentially expressed genes (MIR-DEGs) between the healthy and periodontitis samples were determined. WGCNA, GO, and KEGG were used to investigate the function and the enriched pathways of MIR-DEGs. The correlation between MIR-DEGs expression and clinical probing pocket depth was analyzed. The MIR-DEGs were further identified and verified in animal samples. A periodontitis model was established in C57BL/6 mice with silk ligation. Micro-computed tomography was used to assess alveolar bone loss. Western blot, quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction, and immunohistochemical analyses further validated the differential expression of the MIR-DEGs. Key findingsA total of ten MIR-DEGs (CYP24A1, PRDX4, GLDC, PDK1, BCL2A1, CBR3, ARMCX3, BNIP3, IFI27, and UNG) were identified, the expression of which could effectively distinguish patients with periodontitis from the healthy controls. Enhanced immune response was detected in the periodontitis group with that in the healthy controls, especially in B cells. PDK1 was a critical MIR-DEG correlated with B cell immune response and clinical periodontal probing pocket depth. Both animal and clinical periodontal samples presented higher gene and protein expression of PDK1 than the control samples. Additionally, PDK1 colocalized with B cells in both animal and clinical periodontal tissues. SignificanceMitochondria participate in the regulation of the immune response in periodontitis. PDK1 may be the key mitochondria-related gene regulating B-cell immune response in periodontitis.

IL-37 evaluation in chronic periodontitis after periodontal treatment with and without low level laser therapy.

Periodontal disease poses a significant global health challenge. Traditional treatments focus on reducing inflammation and bacterial load, yet novel approaches are continually being investigated. Recent research suggests that IL-37, a potent anti-inflammatory cytokine, may play a crucial role in modulating the inflammatory processes associated with periodontal disease. In conjunction with IL-37, low-level laser therapy (LLLT) has gained attention for its potential in promoting tissue repair, reducing inflammation, and enhancing cellular processes. This study aims to investigate the effects of LLLT on IL-37 in periodontal disease management. Thirty patients were enrolled: the G1 group patients were treated with only scaling and root planning-SRP, the G2 group was treated with SRP and LLLT. Before treatment (T0) all periodontal probing pocket depth and bleeding on probing were obtained. Before (T0) and 10 (T1), 30 (T2) and 60 (T3) days after treatment, was achieved plaque sample and specimens of gingival crevicular fluid. Diode laser wavelength range was used between 600-1000 nm and 0.04-60 J/cm2 energy density for 3-s spotlights. In all patients PPD, BOP and IL-37 have shown healing improved parameters. Although LLLT is widely recommended for its biostimulatory and anti-inflammatory roles, it only showed additional short-term merits in reducing the pocket depth after conventional SRP. Its long-term adjunctive benefits remain unclear. Future RCTs with better study designs, adequate sample power and longer durations of follow-up are required to assess the effectiveness of LLLT as an adjunctive treatment strategy in patients with periodontal disease.

Association between periodontal disease and malignant soft tissue sarcomas.

Malignant soft tissue sarcoma (MSTS) is a rare disease, but is seen in patients undergoing orthopedic surgery. Although the association of periodontal disease with various cancers occurring in the oral cavity, gastrointestinal tract, lungs, and prostate, has been reported, the association between periodontal disease and MSTS remains unclear. This study investigated the association between periodontal disease and MSTS in patients undergoing orthopedic surgery. One hundred fifteen patients who underwent orthopedic surgery between 2017 and 2021 were retrospectively enrolled (mean age = 66.8 ± 10.7 years). The patient background was adjusted by the propensity score (PS). Subsequently, the association of periodontal disease with MSTS was analyzed using PS inverse probability of treatment weighting (IPTW). Periodontal status was determined by evaluating the periodontal inflamed surface area, which was calculated by measuring the periodontal probing pocket depth and detecting bleeding on probing. Multivariate logistic regression analysis after adjustment by the PS showed that severe periodontitis was significantly associated with MSTS (odds ratio 2.81, p = 0.04). Furthermore, IPTW showed that severe periodontitis was significantly associated with MSTS (odds ratio 3.21, p = 0.01). The results indicate an association between periodontal inflammation and MSTS.

Link Between Obesity and Periodontitis Severity: A Population-Based Study

Obesity contributes to an overall inflammatory condition through its metabolic and immune parameters, therebyincreasing susceptibility to periodontal disease and periodontitis being one of the most common chronic inflammatory diseases.Therefore, by evaluating the risk variables for Obesity and periodontitis, we could know the association, influence, and severityof Periodontal disease. 150 individuals reported to the Department of Periodontics, SBDCH, who were more than 35-70 yearsof age with mild, moderate, and severe Periodontitis were included in the study. A clinical examination was performed, whichincluded height, weight, waist circumference, abdominal/hip circumference, and blood pressure. On Intra oral examination,bleeding on probing, Periodontal probing pocket depth, and clinical attachment level was measured to assess the severity of theperiodontal condition. In addition, a blood investigation of lipid profile and HbA1C was taken. We found a statistically significantassociation between metabolic syndrome and Periodontal status. Obesity influences the severity of Periodontitis, and it's apopulation-based cross-sectional study; all the independent risk variables have a major role in developing the risk ofperiodontitis. Periodontitis has been proposed to contribute to systemic conditions such as cardiovascular disease primarilythrough the inflammatory and microbial burden posed by the inflamed surface area of the periodontal pocket.

Application of periodontal tissue regeneration combined with orthodontics in oral prosthodontics and its influence and significance on the expressions of IL-1β, TNF-α and IL-5 in periodontal tissue

ABSTRACT The aim is to investigate the application of periodontal tissue regeneration combined with orthodontics in oral restoration, and explore its effect and significance on the expressions of Interleukin-1β (IL-1β), tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) and interleukin-5 (IL-5) in periodontal tissue. The patients in observation group were treated with orthodontics combined with periodontal tissue regeneration, and the control group was treated with periodontal tissue regeneration. The total effective rate, adverse reactions, recurrence rate and treatment satisfaction were compared. The masticatory function, language function, aesthetic level, VAS score, quality of life, gingival index (GI), plaque index (PLI), periodontal pocket probing depth (PD), sulcus bleeding index (SBI), IL-1β, TNF-α and IL-5 levels were compared. The recurrence rate of observation group was lower than control group, while the treatment satisfaction was higher after treatment. After treatment, the scores of masticatory, language, aesthetics, physiological, social, emotional, cognitive, and emotional functions and overall health score were higher than before treatment. After treatment, the scores of masticatory and language functions, aesthetics and quality of life of observation group were significantly higher than control group. After treatment, the VAS score, GI, PLI, SBI, PD, IL-1β, TNF-α and IL-5 levels were lower than before. The VAS score, GI, PLI, SBI, PD levels, IL-1β, TNF-α and IL-5 levels of observation group were lower after treatment. Orthodontics combined with periodontal tissue regeneration can help improve the periodontal condition of patients with periodontitis, reduce inflammatory response, improve the level of efficacy and overall safety, and further improve patients’ quality of life and treatment satisfaction.

Adjunctive use of a nanocolloidal silver-based local antiseptic solution in the nonsurgical treatment of periodontitis: A split-mouth clinical study

Objectives. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the potential additional clinical benefit of a commercial nano colloidal silver-based local antiseptic used as irrigation solution after subgingival mechanical instrumentation. Material and methods. Periodontitis patients were treated following the current guidelines. Two randomly assigned hemiarches of each patient received subgingival mechanical instrumentation plus irrigations with the commercial product (experimental group); the other two hemiarches received mechanical instrumentation plus saline irrigations (control group). A clinical periodontal examination at baseline moment and after 3 months was performed. The parameters considered for analysis were oral hygiene index (IHI), bleeding on probing score (BoP), periodontal pocket probing depth (PD), gingival recession (GR) and clinical attachment level (CAL). 72 sites were included in the analysis, the site with the highest PD/quadrant for each patient. Data were analyzed using GraphPad Prism version 8.0.1 (GraphPad Software Inc., La Jolla, CA, USA). p&lt;0.05 was set as statistical significance level. Outcomes. Eighteen periodontitis patients were treated. All clinical parameters improved at re-evaluation, compared to baseline, both in experimental and control group. The differences were statistically significant in terms of IHI, BoP and PD reduction. At re-evaluation, there were no statistically significant differences between periodontal parameters registered in the experimental and control sites. Conclusions. The present study failed to prove an adjunctive clinical benefit of the antiseptic product in the nonsurgical treatment of periodontitis. These results support the gold standard role of subgingival mechanical instrumentation in the periodontitis’ therapeutic protocol.

Platelet-rich fibrin and titanium-prepared platelet-rich fibrin in endoperio lesion management.

Endo-perio lesions involve a variety of therapy choices that will lead to the best possible elimination of infection. Various therapy approaches have been investigated for curing of patients affected by endo-perio abnormalities. One of the second-generation platelet derivatives is plasma enriched with platelet (PRP).They may aid in the healing of wounds. Enhanced with platelets cells and several growth factors, platelet-rich fibrin (PRF) promotes repair and healing and regeneration of tissue at the periapical area. Platelet cell and leukocyte cell enriched fibrin, prepared in conjunction with titanium (T-PRF), is analogous to fibrin made using the traditional PRF process.The current study was undertaken to compare PRF against T-PRF in the therapy of endo-perio abnormalities using the basic information that was available.280 patients of all sexes between the ages of 18 years and 58 years make up the study's participants. They were divided into two categories. In category I study participants PRF was employed to fill the defect created due to pathology and in category II patients, a T-PRF was used, accompanied by suturing. The one walled, two walled, and three-wall walled infrabony abnormalities were quantified on the digital images acquired using the grid. After three months and six months, the probing periodontal pocket depth in mm and level of attachment (RAL) in mm were measured. In category one, mean change at 3 months was 3.21mm accounting for 33.79% change in PPD. On the other hand mean change at 6 months was 3.61mm accounting for 43.79% change in PPD. When there was evaluation in study participants in category two then it was observed that mean change at 3 months was 2.02mm accounting for 34.79% change in PPD. On the other hand mean change at 6 months was 3.62 mm accounting for 44.79% change in PPD. There was reduction of depth of periodontal pocket at both 3 months follow up and 6 months follow in both categories; however there was no statistical significant variation observed between the two categories regarding decrease in the depth of periodontal pocket on analysis of intergroup variations. It was concluded that there was increase in periodontal attachment and decrease in depth of periodontal pocket in both PRF and T-PRF however there was no statistical substantial variation observed between the two categories regarding increase in the attachment level or decrease in depth of periodontal when intergroup variations between PRF and T-PRF were considered.

Contribution of dental health in cardiovascular secondary prevention

Abstract Backgrounds Previous studies have suggested that periodontitis is associated with cardiovascular disease (CVD), partly through exaggerated systematic inflammation through pathogens breaking into the bloodstream and their metabolic products. However, the clinical evidence in the cardiovascular secondary prevention is limited. In addition, there is a paucity of data about the contribution of comprehensively assessed dental health, including dental caries or teeth loss, to CVD incidence. Consequently, current ESC guideline for CVD prevention just briefly refers the contribution of dental health [1]. Objective To investigate the associations between teeth loss, periodontitis, and dental caries and incident major adverse cardiovascular events (MACE) in patients with existing CVD. Methods Patients with known CVD who were admitted to the Department of Cardiology between May 2012 and August 2015 were prospectively, consecutively enrolled. Patients underwent comprehensive dental examinations, including counts of lost teeth, dental caries, and periodontal measurements of clinical attachment loss (CAL), periodontal probing pocket depth (PPD), and bleeding on probing (BOP) by trained periodontists during the hospital stay. We assessed the associations between these dental measures and MACE, defined as a composite of cardiac death, acute myocardial infarction, stroke, and hospital re-admission for worsened congestive heart failure, using multivariate COX proportional hazard models and restricted mean survival time (RMST) analyses. P-values were adjusted by Bonferroni methods. Results Among 888 patients included for the present analyses, the mean age was 63.9 (SD: 13.1) years and there were 242 (27.3%) women. During a median follow-up of 4.6 (IQR: 1.4, 6.7) years, incident MACE was confirmed in 142 patients. In multivariate COX proportional hazard models, one more tooth loss was associated with 3 (95% CI: 1, 5) % higher hazard of MACE (adjusted p=0.020). Kaplan-Meier curves showing survival from MACE according to the quartiles of teeth loss were described in Figure 1. Compared with patients with 0 to ≤4 lost teeth, periods free from MACE (95% CI) by 5-years of follow-up were on average shorter by 0.17 (−0.04, 0.37) years, 0.26 (0.04, 0.49) years, and 0.59 (0.34, 0.85) years in patients with 5 to ≤7, 8 to ≤13, and &amp;gt;13 lost teeth, respectively. The RMST differences with varied cutoff years were shown in Figure 2. There were no significant associations between the number of dental caries, CAL, PPD, and BOP and MACE incidence. Conclusion In hospitalized patients due to existing cardiovascular diseases, total number of lost teeth was associated with incident MACE. Given that teeth loss is an ultimate consequence of periodontitis or dental caries, the present findings imply that efforts to prevent losing teeth by maintaining dental health would be effective measures for cardiovascular secondary prevention. Funding Acknowledgement Type of funding sources: None.

Effect of the application of curcumin (Curcuma Longa) oral gel on periodontal inflammation in patients with type 2 diabetes melitus

Patients with Type 2 Diabetes mellitus (T2DM) were more prone to suffer from periodontitis due to unique alteration in host immune response. Application of curcumin oral gel as adjunctive therapy was expected to improve periodontal condition due to its anti-inflammatory properties. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of curcumin oral gel on periodontal inflammation in patients with T2DM. Sixteen periodontal pockets (n=16) from patients with T2DM were administered with curcumin oral gel using blunt cannula after periodontal curettage. Gingival Index (GI) and Periodontal Pocket Probing Depth (PPD) were evaluated a month after application. GI was assessed using visible sign of inflammation parameters including swelling, redness and bleeding upon probing. PPD was assessed using UNC-15 periodontal probe. The results were analyzed by Wilcoxon test (two related samples). The results showed that GI before treatment decreased by 51.61% a month post application. There was statistically significant difference (Sig 0.003) between GI mean before and after curcumin application. PPD decreased by 42.81% and showed statistically significant difference (Sig 0.000) by Wilcoxon Test. It is concluded that application of curcumin oral gel post curettage could decrease periodontal inflammation in patients with T2DM.

Immediate Autotransplantation of Molars with Closed Apex

The aim of this study was to evaluate clinical features that might be related to success rates of autotransplantation of molars with complete root formation. A group of 60 patients with completely formed third molars autotransplanted to a different molar socket was followed for a medium period of 5 years and 5 months. Extreme care was used in order to preserve the vitality of the periodontal ligament cells. The same technique was applied for all teeth despite different anatomies. Descriptive statistics was performed. The association of the various factors with failures was assessed by using the Fisher's exact test and a p-value of 0.05 was considered as significance threshold. Autotransplantation was found to be a reliable method to replace extracted molar teeth with closed apices. The two major factors that positively influenced the outcomes were fixation with splint and a periodontal probing pocket depth less than 4 mm after the initial healing period. The technique resulted in a suitable well-conserved socket and donor tooth, after the extraction. An accurate case evaluation was critically important in order to identify the risks prior to surgery and to select the right patients for this procedure. Autotransplantation of third molar teeth is a feasible approach to replace compromised mature molars. Proper stabilization of the transplanted tooth is strategical for the success of this procedure. A conservative approach to unerupted wisdom teeth is also recommended. Dental implants and fixed prostheses have been utilized to replace missing teeth, and orthodontic space closure can be sometimes an effective treatment option. Tooth autotransplantation can be a reliable and less invasive clinical alternative when an appropriate donor site is available.

A Comparative Evaluation between the Efficacy of Scaling &amp; Root Planing (SRP) with Local Delivery of Chlorhexidine Gluconate and SRP Alone in Periodontal Pocket Reduction Therapy

Aim: The aim of the present study was to compare the efficacy of locally delivered chlorhexidine as an adjunct to scaling and root planning (SRP) &amp; SRP alone in bringing reduction of pocket depth in the treatment of moderate to severe periodontitis patients. &#x0D; Materials and Methods: A total number of 15 patients both males and females in the age group of 30-55 years were selected with total number of 30 sites with periodontal probing pocket depth measuring 5-8mm in different quadrant of the mouth. A randomized, double blind, controlled clinical trial design was followed for the study. On one side scaling and root planning was done and on the other side scaling and root planning was done along with local delivery of chlorhexidine glugocate then the patient was examined after 0, 45, and 60 days using The clinical parameters the Plaque Index (PI), gingival index (GI), Bleeding on probing (BOP), Clinical attachment level (CAL) and Probing pocket depth (PPD).&#x0D; Statistical Analysis: Student paired T-test has been carried out for this present study.&#x0D; Results: The mean reduction of Plaque Index score between 0-45 day between control site and test site was 1.58±0.11 and the mean reduction of Plaque Index score between 0-60 day between control site and test site was 2.42±0.34 which is found not significant. At the Control site the mean plaque index score on 0 day was 2.2, on 45th day was 1.88 and on 60th day was 1.82. At the test site the mean plaque index score on 0 day was 2.6, on 45th day was 1.82 and on 60thday was 1.59. There was change from the base line values of mean plaque index between the control sites and test sites but was not significant.&#x0D; Conclusion: There was improvement in all the clinical parameters of the test sites in comparison to the control sites from base line to 60 days, but the adjunctive use of chlorhexidine showed a significant improvement only on the clinical attachment level.

Comparison of dental pulp periodontal therapy and conventional simple periodontal therapy as treatment modalities for severe periodontitis.

BACKGROUNDSevere periodontitis is a major oral health concern today as it can lead to loss of teeth. Conventional periodontal therapy has numerous pitfalls as it does not address the pulp-periodontal complex in its entirety.AIMTo investigate the effect of dental pulp periodontal therapy on the levels of interleukin-1β (IL-1β) and IL-10 in gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) in patients with severe periodontitis.METHODSEighty-six patients with severe periodontitis were randomly divided into a research group (n = 43) and a control group (n = 43). The control group was treated with simple periodontal therapy, and the research group was treated with dental pulp periodontal therapy. The total effective rates of the treatments; periodontal status before and after treatment through the measurement of the periodontal pocket probing depth (PPD), gingival sulcus bleeding index (SBI), mobility (MD), and plaque index (PLI); the levels of inflammatory factors IL-1β and IL-10 in the GCF; and the incidence of complications were calculated for both groups and compared using the Student’s t test and the χ2 test.RESULTSThe total effective rate of treatment in the study group (93.02%) was higher than that in the control group (76.74%; P < 0.05). While before treatment, there was no significant difference in the PLI, MD, SBI, or PPD between the two groups, the post-treatment values of PLI, MD, SBI, and PPD (4.71 ± 0.16 mm, 0.61 ± 0.09 mm, 0.96 ± 0.17 mm, and 0.76 ± 0.26 mm, respectively) were significantly lower (P < 0.05) in the research group than in the control group (5.35 ± 0.24 mm, 0.93 ± 0.15 mm, 1.35 ± 0.30 mm, and 1.04 ± 0.41 mm, respectively). There was no significant difference in the level of IL-1β or IL-10 in the GCF before treatment between the two groups; after treatment, the IL-1β level in the research group (139.04 ± 15.54 pg/mL) was significantly lower than that in the control group (156.35 ± 18.10 pg/mL), and the level of IL-10 in the research group (7.98 ± 1.01 ug/L) was higher than that in the control group (5.56 ± 0.96 ug/L) (P < 0.05). The incidence of complications in the study group (4.65%) was significantly lower than that of the control group (18.60%; P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONEndodontic therapy and periodontal treatment for patients with severe periodontitis can effectively reduce the levels of inflammatory factors in the GCF and the inflammatory reaction. In addition, it can improve the periodontal condition and the overall treatment effect, reduce the risk of complications, and ensure the safety of treatment.

Effect of periodontal treatment on oral health-related quality of life – A randomised controlled trial

ObjectivesPeriodontal disease is a chronic, infectious gum disease, which eventually leads to tooth loss, adversely affecting quality of life (QoL). Most of the research in this area focuses on evaluating clinical parameters rather than patient-based outcomes. Currently, these parameters are gaining importance along with treatment outcomes of chronic diseases and QoL. This study evaluates the impact of periodontal disease and its treatment on oral health-related quality of life (OHRQoL). MethodsWe recruited 90 participants who were divided into two groups. One was the test group (n = 45) that underwent non-surgical periodontal therapy (NSPT) followed by periodontal flap surgery (SurgPT). Second was the control group (n = 45) that underwent only NSPT. Clinical parameters, plaque index, gingival index, periodontal/probing pocket depth (PPD), clinical attachment level (CAL), and mobility were recorded. An OHRQoL questionnaire was used to assess the functional, physical, social, and psychological domains at baseline, three, and six months. ResultsThe mean PPD in the test group was 6.9 ± 0.38, 3.2 ± 0.36, 3.5 ± 0.5, and 5.8 ± 0.67, 3.13 ± 0.21, 3.73 ± 0.45 in the NSPT group at baseline, 3, and 6 months, respectively. The mean CAL in the SurgPT group was 7.07 ± 0.41, 3.56 ± 0.27, 3.74 ± 0.30, and 6.08 ± 0.16, 4.02 ± 0.17, 4.16 ± 0.19 in the NSPT group at baseline, 3, and 6 months, respectively. Both treatments resulted in reduction in all clinical parameters and were statistically significant in the SurgPT group (p < 0.001). Oral Health Impact Profile scores substantially decreased in the SurgPT group (mean difference-25.0) compared to the NSPT group (mean difference-5.0) (p-0.001). ConclusionsIn this study, NSPT and SurgPT had a positive impact on OHRQoL by improving clinical parameters, but SurgPT had substantially better outcomes in terms of improved QoL.

Comparison between Integrated and Parallel Interlock Designs of an Extracoronal Attachment-retained Distal Extension Removable Partial Dentures: A Clinical Trial.

ABSTRACTObjective:Precision attachments may exert unfavorable stresses on abutments in distal extension bases. This study compared between two reciprocation designs in attachment removable partial dentures (RPDs).Materials and Methods:Fourteen patients were allocated into two groups. Each patient received an attachment-retained RPD with one of the two types of attachments being studied. Group I received the integrated interlock type of reciprocation and group II received the parallel interlock type. Abutments were examined for modified plaque index, modified bleeding index, periodontal probing pocket depth, clinical attachment level, and modified papillary bleeding Index.Results:Comparisons of periodontal parameters between mesial and distal abutments within each group revealed no statistically significant difference. Means of these parameters were used for the comparisons. There was a significant difference at P < 0.05 in all parameters between the two groups at time of insertion and at 3, 6, and 9 months of follow-up with values of group (II) higher than group (I).Conclusion:RPDs of both designs showed an increase in periodontal parameters. Integrated interlock design showed better scores. It is preferable to use the attachment-retained RPD with integrated interlock instead of parallel interlock design.

Selective Influence of Smoking on Periodontal Treatment Outcomes after 3 Years of Follow-up.

The impact of smoking habits on periodontal treatment has not been clearly elucidated. This study aimed to specify the effects of cigarette consumption and nicotine addiction on periodontal therapy. In this retrospective case-control study, 20 moderate smokers and 20 non-smokers with severe periodontitis were examined after initial diagnosis, and non-surgical active and supportive therapies for 1-6 years (mean follow-up = 3.37 years). Fagerström's test of nicotine dependence (FTND) was evaluated at re-examination. Treatment efficacy was assessed by periodontal pocket probing depth (PPD) changes and number of teeth lost per year (TL). Bayesian multilevel and regression analyses were performed at site, tooth, and patient levels. During the mean follow-up period of > 3 years including active and supportive periodontal therapies, mean PPD, PPD > 3 mm and PPD > 7 mm percentage reductions were 1.03, 1.48 and 2.57 times statistically significantly less pronounced, respectively, in smokers than in non-smokers. Multilevel analysis showed that the variability of PPD > 7 mm reduction was mainly associated with patient-level factors. Smokers presented a higher risk for periodontitis progression. In smokers, periodontal parameter improvement was less pronounced in the maxilla and molars. The mean TL was related to the FTND score, not to cigarette consumption. Regression analysis did not demonstrate other influences of demographic and periodontal treatment characteristics on treatment outcomes, except patient age. Smoking negatively impacted periodontal treatment outcomes at specific tooth sites (deep pockets, maxillary molars) and periodontitis progression, independent of other risk factors.

Does the third molar position influence periodontal status and overall condition of patients with acute pericoronitis? A cross-sectional study.

The teeth positioning may be an important associated factor for the pericoronitis' clinical signs. Our objective was to verify the association between lower third molar position according to the Pell and Gregory classification and clinical variables in patients with pericoronitis. Cross-sectional analysis of panoramic radiographs and medical records of patients with pericoronitis. Primary outcomes: pain and oral health-related quality of life (OHRQoL); secondary outcomes: mouth opening, edema/erythema extension, visible plaque index, bleeding on probing index, periodontal pocket probing depth, and distal alveolar bone crest height of the adjacent second molar. The edema/erythema extension was higher in the IIA position compared with the IA position (p = 0.03). Regarding the OHRQoL, the OHIP-14 score was 21.0 (± 9.26, range from 4 to 44). The most scored domain was physical pain (5.24), followed by psychological discomfort (4.43). Third molars in IIA position are associated with worse OHRQoL than IB and IIB positions (p = 0.03). There was a higher extension of edema/erythema and worse OHRQoL when the third molar was in IIA position. Prophylactic removal of mandibular third molar in position IIA may avoid the onset of mucosal edema/erythema and prevent pericoronitis from promoting impairment of individuals' quality of life.

Childhood Oral Infections Associate with Adulthood Metabolic Syndrome: A Longitudinal Cohort Study

Chronic oral infection/inflammation is cross-sectionally associated with metabolic syndrome (MetS) in adults, but there are few longitudinal studies and studies on childhood oral infections and adult MetS risk. We investigated whether childhood clinical parameters indicative of oral infection/inflammation were associated with adulthood MetS and its components. A total of 755 children aged 6, 9, and 12 y underwent a clinical oral examination in 1980 as part of the Cardiovascular Risk in Young Finns Study. Oral health measures included bleeding on probing (BOP), periodontal probing pocket depth, caries, fillings, and visible plaque. Metabolic parameters were determined at baseline and during follow-up. MetS was diagnosed (n = 588, 77.9%) in the adulthood at 21 y (in 2001), 27 y (in 2007), and 31 y (in 2011) after the oral assessment, when the participants were 27 to 43 y old. Regression analyses were adjusted for childhood age, sex, body mass index, and family income, as well as adulthood smoking and education level. In adulthood, MetS was diagnosed in 11.9% (2001), 18.7% (2007), and 20.7% (2011) of participants at the 3 follow-ups. Childhood caries and fillings were associated with increased risk of adult MetS (risk ratio [95% CI], 1.25 [0.90 to 2.45] and 1.27 [1.02 to 1.99]) and with increased systolic blood pressure (1.78 [1.01 to 4.26] and 2.48 [1.11 to 4.12]) and waist circumference (2.25 [1.02 to 4.99] and 1.56 [1.01 to 3.25]), whereas BOP and visible plaque were associated with plasma glucose (1.97 [1.08 to 3.60] and 1.88 [1.00 to 3.53]). Severity of BOP (P = 0.015) and caries (P = 0.005) and teeth with plaque (P = 0.027) were associated with number of MetS components. No such trends were seen with probing pocket depth. Childhood oral infection/inflammation was associated with adverse metabolic parameters and MetS in adulthood.

Comparative evaluation of the effect of Ozone therapy and Photodynamic therapy in non-surgical management of Chronic periodontitis: A split mouth longitudinal study.

Background:A split-mouth longitudinal study was conducted to compare and evaluate the effect of ozonated water and photodynamic therapy (PDT) in nonsurgical management of chronic periodontitis, along with mechanical debridement procedure.Materials and Methods:Twenty-two patients diagnosed with chronic generalized periodontitis were subjected to the study. Following the assessment of gingival index, periodontal pocket depth, and clinical attachment loss, all patients underwent full-mouth scaling and root planing. Upper right and left quadrants of each patient were considered as sample sites in the study. Among these split-mouth sites, upper right quadrant of each patient was subjected to ozonated water irrigation with a 22-gauge needle and left upper quadrant was treated with PDT, which involved sulcus irrigation with indocyanine green dye (0.05 mg/ml) followed by low-level diode laser light application at 0.5 W and 810 nm (AMD Picasso) through a fiber-optic tip of 10 mm length, default angle of 60°, and fiber core diameter of 400 μm in noncontact continuous wave mode. Patients were recalled at the 2nd and 4th months regularly, and the therapy was repeated at the same sites in the same manner. Clinical parameters recorded before the study were assessed again at the end of the 2nd- and 6th-month period.Results:A statistically significant reduction (P < 0.05) was observed in gingival index scores within both the study groups at all intervals of the study. In Ozone therapy (OT) group, a statistically significant difference was noted for total periodontal pocket depth values between baseline and 2nd month (P = 0.000), baseline and 6th month (P = 0.000), and between 2nd month and 6th month (P = 0.029). In the PDT group, on contrary, a statistically significant difference was noticed in total periodontal pocket probing depth values between baseline and 2nd month (P = 0.000) and baseline to 6th month (P = 0.000), but a similar significant difference was not noticed between 2nd-month and 6th-month periods (P = 0.269). In group OT, a statistically significant difference was noted for total clinical attachment loss between baseline and 2nd month (P = 0.000), baseline and 6 months (P = 0.000), and 2nd month and 6th month (P = 0.019). In group PDT, a statistically significant difference in terms of its improvement was noted at intervals between baseline and 2 months (P = 0.000) and from baseline to 6 months (P = 0.000) but not between 2nd month and 6th month (P = 0.129).Conclusion:Results of the study showed that sub-gingival OT and PDT equally improved the clinical outcomes of treatment drastically following mechanical debridement at the end of first 2 months. Thereafter, it was shown to improve steadily throughout the study period, with slightly better results with OT compared with PDT.

Effect of Menopause on Periodontium - Is There A Link?

Introduction: Menopause is associated with important systemic and oral changes. Many researchers have tried to evaluate the influence of hormonal changes associated with menopause in the periodontium, however results are still contradictory.&#x0D; Objective: The aim of the present study was to evaluate the effect of menopause on the severity of periodontal destruction.&#x0D; Methods: In the present study 25 systemically healthy women age ranges from 30 to 65 with generalised chronic periodontitis were included. They were divided into 2 groups based on their menstrual history. Group I (control group) included 8 women with normal menstrual cycle and Group II (test group) included 17 postmenopausal women. Clinical parameters Plaque Index, Gingival Index, periodontal probing pocket depth (PPD) and DMFT Index was recorded. The level of bone present was evaluated radiographically.&#x0D; Results: There were no significant differences between subjects of both the control and test groups in the percentages of sites for presence of plaque (p &gt; 0.37), gingival index (p &gt; 0.161) and DMFT index (p &gt; 0.099). However deeper pockets (p &lt; 0.001) and reduced bone support (p &lt; 0.00) was observed in Group II as compared to Group I.&#x0D; Conclusion: The findings of the present study suggest, that postmenopausal women have more severe periodontal destruction as compared to premenopausal women.