Period Pn Research Articles

Kaolin treatments on Tonda Giffoni hazelnut (Corylus avellana L.) for the control of heat stress damages

The aim of the study was to verify if a new kaolin formulation, which contains 100% aluminium silicate, can reduce the negative effects of high summer temperatures and heat stress on canopy physiological processes, yield and fruit quality in hazelnut (Corylus avellana L.). Kaolin was applied on young Tonda Giffoni plants three times in 2018 summer at 3% concentration: sprays were carried out when the maximum air temperature exceeded 35 °C for 2–3 consecutive days. Kaolin coating increased light albedo, reducing leaf temperature from 2.9 °C up to 6.9 °C and the consequent heat stress, without significant negative effects on photosynthetic activity (Pn), stomatal conductance (gs) and water use efficiency (WUE). Occasionally kaolin significantly reduced leaf transpiration (E). Under water shortage stomatal resistance increased, independent of leaf temperature, therefore in kaolin treated plants (KL plants) the Pn, gs, E and WUE were less than those in control, whereas in post-harvest period Pn and WUE were significantly higher. At re - watering the KL plants have greater Pn and WUE values and less water loss due to transpiration. Moreover, summer rainfall is not able to wash out the whole kaolin covering, allowing an average foliar coverage of the kaolin sufficient to protect the photochemical efficiency of PSII (Fv/Fm). At harvest, the KL plants showed a higher kernel yield and oil content. Kaolin application is a viable strategy to contrast the increase of anomalous high temperature due to actual global warming and can allow to extend hazelnut growing in areas where summer heat stress are limiting.

Autocorrelation Values of Generalized Cyclotomic Sequences with Period pn+1

Recently Edemskiy proposed a method for computing the linear complexity of generalized cyclotomic binary sequences of period p n + 1 , where p = d R + 1 is an odd prime, d , R are two non-negative integers, and n > 0 is a positive integer. In this paper we determine the exact values of autocorrelation of these sequences of period p n + 1 ( n ≥ 0 ) with special subsets. The method is based on certain identities involving character sums. Our results on the autocorrelation values include those of Legendre sequences, prime-square sequences, and prime cube sequences.

Oxygen Exchange and Primary Production of Zostera japonica Ascherson et Graebner 1907 Community in the Golubinyi Bay (Sea of Japan)

The net primary production per daylight period (Pn, dl) and dark respiration per day (Rd) of the eelgrass Zostera japonica community were measured in situ by the continuous-flow-system method in the Golubinyi Bay (Sea of Japan) in May–June 2008–2012; the obtained values were Pn = 3.37 g О2/(m2 dl) and Rd = 7.21 g О2/(m2 d). The photosynthesis rate of Z. japonica depended on the intensity of photosynthetically active radiation (PAR) and salinity. The gross primary production (Pg) of the Z. japonica community was 6.98 g О2/(m2 d) or 2.62 g С/(m2 d) at the salinity of 34–17‰. With reduction of water salinity to 8–1‰, the Pg of the Z. japonica community decreased to 2.17 g O2/(m2 d) or 0.81 g C/(m2 d), because of a lower rate of photosynthesis in plants. The primary production of Z. japonica was 6.10 g O2/(m2 d) or 87.4% of the gross production of the community. The ratio of gross production to dark respiration (Pg/R) was approximately 1.0, indicating the balance of autotrophic and heterotrophic processes in the community.

A Role for Prolyl 3-Hydroxylase 2 in Post-translational Modification of Fibril-forming Collagens

The fibrillar collagen types I, II, and V/XI have recently been shown to have partially 3-hydroxylated proline (3Hyp) residues at sites other than the established primary Pro-986 site in the collagen triple helical domain. These sites showed tissue specificity in degree of hydroxylation and a pattern of D-periodic spacing. This suggested a contributory role in fibril supramolecular assembly. The sites in clade A fibrillar α1(II), α2(V), and α1(I) collagen chains share common features with known prolyl 3-hydroxylase 2 (P3H2) substrate sites in α1(IV) chains implying a role for this enzyme. We pursued this possibility using the Swarm rat chondrosarcoma cell line (RCS-LTC) found to express high levels of P3H2 mRNA. Mass spectrometry determined that all the additional candidate 3Hyp substrate sites in the pN type II collagen made by these cells were highly hydroxylated. In RNA interference experiments, P3H2 protein synthesis was suppressed coordinately with prolyl 3-hydroxylation at Pro-944, Pro-707, and the C-terminal GPP repeat of the pNα1(II) chain, but Pro-986 remained fully hydroxylated. Furthermore, when P3H2 expression was turned off, as seen naturally in cultured SAOS-2 osteosarcoma cells, full 3Hyp occupancy at Pro-986 in α1(I) chains was unaffected, whereas 3-hydroxylation of residue Pro-944 in the α2(V) chain was largely lost, and 3-hydroxylation of Pro-707 in α2(V) and α2(I) chains were sharply reduced. The results imply that P3H2 has preferred substrate sequences among the classes of 3Hyp sites in clade A collagen chains.

A Construction of a New Family of $M$-ary Sequences With Low Correlation From Sidel'nikov Sequences

In this paper, a new family of <i xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">M</i> -ary sequences of period <i xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">p</i> <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">n</sup> -1 is proposed. The proposed family is constructed by the addition of cyclic shifts of an <i xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">M</i> -ary Sidel'nikov sequence and its reverse sequence. The number of sequences contained in this family is about ( <i xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">M</i> -1) <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sup> times of their period and the maximum magnitude of their correlation values is upper bounded by 4 √( <i xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">p</i> <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">n</sup> <i xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">)</i> +5.

New p-Ary Sequences with Low Correlation and Large Family Size

For an odd prime p, two new families of p-ary sequences of period pn - 1 are constructed for odd n = 2l + 1 = (2m + 1)e and even n = 2l = 2me, respectively. It is shown that, for a given integer ρ with 1 ≤ ρ ≤ m, the proposed sequence families both have maximum correlation magnitude $1+p^{\\frac{n+2( ho-1)e+2}{2}}$, family size (pn - 1)p(ρ-1)n + 1, and maximum linear span $\\frac{n(n+3)}{2}$.

Autocorrelation of New Generalized Cyclotomic Sequences of Period pn

In this paper, we calculate autocorrelation of new generalized cyclotomic sequences of period pn for any n > 0, where p is an odd prime number.

New Families of $M$-Ary Sequences With Low Correlation Constructed From Sidel'nikov Sequences

In this correspondence, for a positive integer <i xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">M</i> and a prime p such that M|p <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">n</sup> - 1, three families of M-ary sequences using the <i xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">M</i> -ary Sidel'nikov sequences with period p <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">n</sup> - 1 are constructed. Two small families contain [(p <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">n</sup> - 1)/2]+ <i xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">M</i> -2 or p <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">n</sup> + <i xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">M</i> -3 <i xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">M</i> -ary sequences, and both of their maximum magnitudes of correlation values are upper bounded by 2 radic{p <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">n</sup> } + 6. The largest family has its maximum magnitude of correlation values upper bounded by 3 radic{p <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">n</sup> }+5 and the family size is ( <i xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">M</i> -1) <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sup> (2 <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">n-1</sup> -1) + <i xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">M</i> -1 for p = 2 or ( <i xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">M</i> -1) <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sup> (p <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">n</sup> - 3)/2 + <i xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">M</i> ( <i xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">M</i> -1)/2 for an odd prime p.

An Algorithm for the k-Error Linear Complexity of Sequences over GF(pm) with Period pn, p a Prime

An algorithm is given for the k-error linear complexity of sequences over GF(pm) with period pn, p a prime. The algorithm is derived by the generalized Games–Chan algorithm for the linear complexity of sequences over GF(pm) with period pn and by using the modified cost different from that used in the Stamp–Martin algorithm for sequences over GF(2) with period 2n. A method is also given for computing an error vector which gives the k-error linear complexity.

Spectral properties and net photosynthesis of Aster tripolium L. and Halimione portulacoides (L.) Aellen leaves under saline and hypoxic conditions

summarySpectral properties of leaves of Aster tripolium L. and Halimione portulacoides (L.) Aellen grown under saline and hypoxic conditions were studied in relation to the net photosynthesis (Pn) of the leaves. Cuttings of A. tripolium and of H. portulacoides were grown in aerated or nitrogen flushed nutrient solution under glasshouse conditions. During a 13 d period both Pn and the directional spectral reflectance and transmittance of the adaxial surface of marked leaves was recorded. At the end of the experiment the water content and total chlorophyll content of the leaves was determined. The chlorophyll content and Pn of the leaves were highly correlated. Between 56 and 67 % of the variation in Pn could be accounted for by changes in chlorophyll content. Light absorption by the plant pigment was negatively correlated to the reflectivity. More than 91 % of the variation in reflectivity could be accounted for by changes in absorption. However, Pn of the two species grown under saline and hypoxic conditions was poorly or not correlated to spectral reflectance (r2= 0.07–0.14), and only 12–14% of the variation in absorptance could be accounted for by changes in Pn. The low correlation between Pn and spectral properties may be due to asymptotic spectral characteristics when chlorophyll content exceeded 2 mg g−1 d. wt and to changes in respiration and stomatal conductance that may influence Pn independent of reflectance.

Effect of Dispersion and Scattering on the Startup of Brass Instrument Tones

A clean attack is favored if the round-trip time Tr for the initial sound from the lips sent down the bore and back is an integral multiple of the playing frequency period Pn. Consider a Bessel horn of length L, radius r, with r(y)=B/yα. For a pulse with spectral center ωn, the group velocity vg=c[1−(c/ωn)2α(α+1)]12, whence Tr=(2/c) [L2−ln2]12, where ln2=(c/ωn)2α(α+1). The oscillation period of the nth mode of this horn is approximately Pn=(4/c) (L−ln)/(2n−1) implying that a Bessel horn does not give a clean attack. A mouthpiece, mouthpipe, cylindrical tube, and Bessel bell can be designed to give good attack plus correct tuning. Short constrictions in a bore give early partial reflections which also damage tone onset. A 10% diam reduction 2 cm long (as in some horn valves) gives a 7% reflected amplitude at 330 Hz. Valves in combination can give considerably larger reflections. Missed notes and burbles are less common in instruments with slight constrictions.