Reform Period Research Articles

The Existence of Islamic Politics Against Heterodox of Islamic Movements in Indonesia: Post-Independence Rifa'iyah Sect

This research explains the relationship between politics and Islamic movements which influence each other with their respective roles in society. Political discussions include power, ideology, legitimacy, government, state, nation and others. The political consequences have had a huge impact on the orthodoxy and heterodoxy of the Islamic movement in Indonesia. This study focuses on the Rifa'iyah case in the 20th century AD. The Rifa'iyah group is heterodox because it is considered to deviate from Islamic teachings in general. This causes heterodox groups to experience discrimination and prohibitions from the Central Java Prosecutor's Decree. The uniqueness of Rifa'iyah's living pattern is in groups and in rural areas. This minority group received political asylum and blended into society until their struggle succeeded in revoking the prohibition decree. Especially the emergence of reform which has become the political aspirations of the Islamic community. This research is a qualitative type using a social-historical approach. The data collection method is library research, while the data analysis method is descriptive analysis. The research results show that politics has a role as accommodative, hegemonic and power. Rifa'iyah's strategy is to adjust its political role to regain its legality by collaborating with political parties, studying academically by holding seminars, and taking advantage of the reform period. The existence of politics can dissolve or maintain heterodox.

Relationship between profitability and financial factors of hospitals after a period of austerity and health care reforms: evidence from Greece

PurposeThe reduction of government expenditure in the healthcare system, the difficulty of finding new sources of funding and the reduction in disposable income per capita are the most important problems of the healthcare system in Greece over the last decade. Therefore, studying the profitability of health structures is a crucial factor in making decisions about their solvency and corporate sustainability. The aim of this study is to investigate the effect of economic liquidity, debt and business size on profitability for the Greek general hospitals (GHs) during the period 2016–2018.Design/methodology/approachFinancial statements (balance sheets and income statements) of 84 general hospitals (GHs), 52 public and 32 private, over a three-year period (2016–2018), were analyzed. Spearman’s Rs correlation was carried out on two samples.FindingsThe results revealed that there is a positive relationship between the investigated determinants (liquidity, size) and profitability for both public and private GHs. It was also shown that debt has a negative effect on profitability only for private GHs.Practical implicationsIncreasing the turnover of private hospitals through interventions such as expanding private health insurance and adopting modern financial management techniques in public hospitals would have a positive effect both on profitability and the efficient use of limited resources.Originality/valueThese results, in conjunction with the findings of the low profitability of private hospitals and the excess liquidity of public hospitals, can shape the appropriate framework to guide hospital administrators and government policymakers.

“Every Cord that Binds together the People to the Government”: Local Magistracy and the Making of an Adjudicatory State in Early New York

Abstract: Focusing on early New York, this essay suggests that local magistracy was a contentious but foundational site of state formation in early America. Throughout an extended period of legal reform and partisan state-building spanning the mid-eighteenth to early-nineteenth centuries, state authorities struggled to grapple with the autonomy of on-the-ground local governance centered on justices of the peace. By the early nineteenth century, however, it became increasingly clear that controlling the appointment of justices and directly disciplining them were ineffectual and politically unfeasible means of curbing local autonomy. Ultimately it was the state supreme court that provided the cornerstone for central authority’s influence on local governance, by gradually shaping a stable jurisprudence of local governance through careful and selective exercise of its appellate power. The resulting formulation was what may be described as an adjudicatory state, in which state power expressed itself less through direct coercion than by inducing officials and inhabitants to conduct matters of local governance within the bounds of a statewide judicial framework.

The local and ethnic specifics of Yunnan in the work of modern Chinese artists: an "inside" and "outside" view

The article is devoted to the reflection of local and ethnic specifics (mainly Yunnan Province and the Tibetan borderland) in the works of Chinese artists of the Reform and Opening Up period – Jin Shangyi, Wang Yidong, Zhang Jian Jun, Yuan Yunsheng, Ai Xuan, Zeng Xiaofeng, Ma Yun, Mao Xuhui, Zhang Xiaogang, Liao Xinxue and Liu Ziming. Various cultural codes within which ethnic and local culture is interpreted in the paintings of visiting and local artists are identified. These differences in the perception and display of ethno-local specifics are especially evident when artists paint the same ethno-local object – for example, the life of Tibetan ethnic minorities. The glamorous characters of the Tibetan cycle of Zhang Jian Jun and Ai Xuan are strikingly different from the stern Tibetan women in the paintings of Zhang Xiaogang. The main conclusion of the study is that artists of various trends have their own ideological and aesthetic intentions, so they select individual figurative dominants from the whole variety of phenomena of tradition and everyday life of the ethnic group and build them into a new cultural code. It can be argued that the exotic cultural code (the view from the outside, characteristic mainly of visiting artists) presupposes “estrangement” and the dominance of aesthetic form to the detriment of ethno-cultural specifics, while the archaic code (the view from the inside) complements modern ethno-local elements with historical-cultural (folklore) examples. Artists of the esoteric type of coding possess “double vision”: they accurately reproduce the cultural landscape of Yunnan and the “life world” of ethnic minorities, but interpret it through individual optics, using world artistic experience.

Utilising VSM insights to address health system disconnects: introducing three novel organisational pathologies

PurposeHealth systems worldwide are hampered by disconnects between governance, management, and operations, which negatively impact on their ability to deliver efficient, effective, and safe healthcare services. This paper shows how insights from the Viable System Model (VSM) can help us to conceptualise health system disconnects impacting specialist clinical services and develop solutions to address organisational fragmentation.Design/methodology/approachA case study of a specialist clinical service was undertaken, where the VSM was used to guide semi-structured interviews and workshops with clinicians and managers and analysis of findings.FindingsThe VSM provides a coherent way to conceptualise the disconnects and identify their structural underpinnings. Three novel organisational pathologies emerged from the study.Research limitations/implicationsThis New Zealand-based study was undertaken during the COVID-19 pandemic and a period of major health system reform, introducing uncertainty into service provision that may have impacted stakeholders’ views.Practical implicationsThe three novel pathologies affect how health systems define their services, their understanding of the management function, and the importance of coordination. The resulting clarity of functioning could improve service quality, staff and patient satisfaction, and the effectiveness and efficiency of healthcare service delivery.Originality/valueThis study contributes to the VSM literature on organisational pathologies by providing three novel pathologies for a perspective that may be useful beyond healthcare and invites consideration of health system disconnects as a coherent field of study.

Building a research-focused academic practice partnership: A stepwise approach

The 20th century began a period of reform in nursing education and practice, with more nurses receiving advanced degrees and serving in key leadership roles throughout healthcare organizations. During this period, the transformation of the healthcare delivery system encouraged innovation and collaboration between academic nursing programs and other healthcare entities to develop partnerships based on a shared vision and goals. As a result, nurses are negotiating academic-practice partnership agreements and leading interprofessional teams to meet the needs of collaborating organizations. This article describes a stepwise approach to building a research-focused academic practice partnership, from a needs assessment to an evaluation of the partnership.

LITERATUR REVIEW: REFORMASI ANGGARAN DAERAH DAN AKUNTANSI KEUANGAN DAERAH

This literature study was carried out with the aim of knowing the implementation and analyzing budget and financial accounting reforms in regional government. This research uses a literature review or what is also known as a literature review. Based on the results of research conducted on the Google Scholar site, 15 articles were determined that met the criteria determined by researchers from a total review of 15,400 articles published on the Google Scholar site in the 2014-2024 period. The findings obtained from the results of the literature review are that in this post-reform era, regional budget management is required to be transparent and accountable. The financial accounting system during the reform period applies the accrual principle which is expected to produce specific, complete and informative descriptions of regional government financial reporting.

Записки, резолюции и штаты в системе нормативных правовых актов Российской империи в начале XIX века

In the early XIX century, the legal practice of the Russian Empire used several forms of normative legal acts. The legalized forms were provided for by Article 53 of the Code of Laws of the Russian Empire. The list included manifestos, decrees, instructions, etc. The author matched normative legal acts with the legal prescriptions that implemented them, as well as identified the forms of normative acts that were not provided for by the Code of Laws. The Complete Collection of Laws of the Russian Empire also contained some other forms of normative acts, not mentioned in the Code. These other forms included timesheets, posters, plans, journals, etc., approved by the Emperor. States, resolutions, and notes were the most popular variants. States determined the composition of a specific business entity or element of a state mechanism, e.g., a ministry, an office, a police or military unit, etc. Sometimes, they indicated positions and corresponding salaries. Resolutions were Emperor’s written responses to an action (message or act) of a government representative. Notes were proposals of specific measures and actions sent to the Emperor by a government representative. The Emperor gave them legal force with certain formulas, e.g., To Execute or So Be It. These forms of acts were quite wide-spread during the reform period. The article describes the place of states, resolutions, and notes in the system of normative acts, as well as provides their quantitative analysis.

Criminal Behavior Politician During Reform in Indonesia

Criminal behavior politician during reform in Indonesia perspective white-collar crime is a crime committed by respectable men in corporation and government environments. This study aims to assess and analyze the behavior of white-collar criminals involving an individual of state officials, parliament or political parties politicians and the ruling government in Indonesia during the reform period. This study is qualitative research based on the literature, journals and reporting publications of Indonesian white-collar crime. The result of study concluded that white-collar crime in Indonesia has reached a very alarming level. This crime could even can be called state organized crime in a corrupt government. This crime is based on the achievement of individual interests, group or political party and retains the power. The lack of success of Indonesian government in resolving the case of state officials or politicians involved in corruption, collusion and nepotism rapidly, lightly court decisions, many cases delayed in its prosecution process, even termination of the case of important officials state to be indication the weakness of law enforcement against white-collar criminals in Indonesia. This happens due to the severity of conflict of interest so the solution is often based on the interests or political bargaining and abuse of power. This situation reinforces Hobbes’ theory that a crime act, and fault can be assessed otherwise when the ruling government decided that the action was not malicious and wrong. This means that a value either good or evil depending on the assessments decision committed by the authorities.

Judicial Autonomy of Vilnius and 16 January 1566 Privilege of Sigismund Augustus – Guaranteeing the Rights of Self-Government in the Context of Judicial Reform

In 1387, Jogaila’s privilege granted Vilnius the Magdeburg law and guaranteed the judicial autonomy of its citizens. Vilnius citizens had the right and the obligation to conduct their legal affairs in the courts of the Vaitas, the Bench judges and the Council, which started to function from the moment the privilege of self-governance was granted or shortly afterwards, and to be governed by Magdeburg law. The preservation of judicial autonomy had to be constantly taken care of, and the Vilnius city authorities did this by securing confirmatory privileges of self-governance and, if necessary, the ruler’s injunctions against their violation by the Vilnius Palatine and Bishop, whose courts some times violated the judicial autonomy of Vilnius. In this respect, one of the critical moments was the reform of the courts of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania and the renewal of the Statute of Lithuania in the pre-union period (the 1560s). During the reign of Sigismund Augustus, King of Poland and Grand Duke of Lithuania, the City of Vilnius was granted as many as three Confirmation privileges, which renewed the rights of self-governance and ensured the inviolability of the city’s legal autonomy during the period of judicial reform and the adoption of the Second Lithuanian Statute. The last one, on 16 January 1566, crowned the intense struggle of Vilnius citizens during the years of great changes in the Grand Duchy of Lithuania.

An Overview of Study of Foreigners in China during the 40 Years of Reforms Period (1978–2018)

This article examines the processes of Study of foreigners in China during the period from 1978 to 2018 historically and comparatively. The achievements of Study of foreigners in China during this time mainly manifested in four aspects, with four weaknesses present. The major characteristics of Study of foreigners in China are shown in the overall scale, degree education and the number of self-funded students. The review of the policy documents related to Study of foreigners in China during the 40 years especially help to better understand the development of Study of foreigners in China. The resulting conclusion of this study shows that it is necessary to upgrade the quality and efficiency of Study of foreigners in China for better competitiveness of Chinese education in the world.

Prospects for the Formation of an Educational Ecosystem

During the period of higher education reform, there is an increasing need to identify new approaches and develop the discussed models of interaction between the university and students, employers and authorities, which makes it relevant to study the prospects of university structures from the perspective of the ecosystem approach. The purpose of this study is to determine the main characteristics of the ecosystem as a socio-economic phenomenon, the projection of which onto the higher education system gives an idea of the strategically significant directions of its development. Among the research methods, content analysis of scientific publications, methods of paired comparisons and aggregation of keywords for constructing verbal models, as well as methods of logical analysis and synthesis of information within the subject area of research were used. The work identifies the main parameters of educational ecosystems in terms of prospects for the development of higher education in modern Russian conditions. As a result, an integral definition of such a concept as “ecosystem” is given, and in relation to the higher education system, the possibility of building a network structure of a university system using innovative platforms aimed at realizing synergistic effects for all participants in the educational ecosystem being formed is shown.

Dependence of the strong metal-support interactions of Ni/TiO2 and the induction period of glycerol steam reforming on the dynamic crystal phase evolution

The dynamic relationship of TiO2 crystal phase and strong metal-support interactions (SMSI) of Ni/TiO2 catalyst was investigated to reveal the induction period of glycerol steam reforming. Comprehensive investigations confirmed that the SMSI between Ni0 and anatase TiO2 was formed by anatase TiO2 encapsulated Ni0 after H2 reduction at 500 °C for the Ni/TiO2 catalyst calcined at 500 °C (Ni/Ti-500R), which inhibited the contact of Ni0 active sites with reactants and led to the low hydrogen yield in the initial stage of the reaction. Interestingly, the dynamic conversion of anatase to rutile during the GSR process at 600 °C caused the TiO2 overlayers on the Ni0 particles to gradually fade, exposing more Ni0 sites, resulting in a gradual increase in hydrogen yield to 5.93 molH2/molglycerol. In addition, Ni/Ti-500R with a dynamic SMSI inhibited Ni0 particles sintering and encapsulated carbon deposition, resulting in relatively better stability (21 h) after induction period. In comparison, the designed Ni/TiO2 catalyst calcined at 600 °C (Ni/Ti-600R) with rutile TiO2 as the main component inhibited the formation of the classical SMSI, even after 600 °C H2 reduction, and no excessive TiO2 encapsulated Ni0 particles were observed, so no obvious induction period occurred. This study provides new insights into the relationship of SMSI with crystal phases and the induction period in multiphase catalysis, also a new strategy for designing efficient catalysts.

Review on the materials of a comprehensive study of pedagogical activity in the context of innovative changes

A review of the materials of a comprehensive study of the factors of successful teaching activity during the period of reform and modernization of Russian education is presented. At a round table meeting dedicated to the twentieth anniversary of scientific heritage of the Department of Theory and Methods of Vocational Education, Samara National Research University (February 28, 2024), its results were discussed. Theoretical significance of the results for the development of pedagogical science is noted, the patterns of which serve as the basis for determining means of solving pressing problems for the development of modern education in Russia. The authors pay special attention to the practical significance of scientific materials containing evidence of the implementation of the developed didactic systems in educational institutions by participants in a comprehensive study.

HISTORICAL STAGES OF POLITIZATION OF RUSSIAN LITERATURE DURING THE GREAT REFORMS

This article presents the stages of politicization of Russian literature in the era of the Great Reforms. The first stage is the end of the reign of Nicholas I (1848-1855), the second is the period of preparation for the Great Reforms (1855-1861), the third is the period of the Great Reforms (1861-1866), the fourth is the period of the end of the Great Reforms (1866-1881). The first period can be characterized as the period of the emergence of political literature, as yet without a pronounced social ideal. Censorship increased during this period, but important features of the liberal ideal were articulated in the literature. The second period was characterized by the weakening of censorship, the emergence of a number of new newspapers and magazines. Then literary criticism begins to play an important social role and the maximum politicization of the literary process takes place. At the same time, a patriarchal social ideal was formulated in a number of works of art. The third period was distinguished by the fact that raznochintsy authors began to play an important role in literature. This led to the emergence of opposing parties of “nihilists” and “anti-nihilists”, as well as to the emergence of the phenomenon of the anti-nihilist novel. First half of 1860 became the time of the formation of a social ideal of raznochintsy. The fourth period can be characterized as a period of reflection on the results of the Great Reforms, as a time for writers to rethink their views and develop new ideas about the social ideal.

Unintended Perinatal Health Consequences Associated With a Swedish Family Policy

The 1980 and 1986 Swedish so-called speed premium policies aimed at protecting parents' income-based parental leave benefits for birth intervals shorter than 24 and 30 months, respectively, but indirectly encouraged shorter birth spacing and childbearing at older ages, both risk factors for several perinatal health outcomes. Whether those policy changes are associated with perinatal health remains unknown. To evaluate the association between the 1980 and 1986 speed premium policies and perinatal health outcomes. This cross-sectional study investigated data from 1 762 784 singleton births in the Swedish Medical Birth Register from January 1, 1974, through December 31, 1991. Data were analyzed from October 11, 2022, to December 12, 2023. Speed premium policy introduction (January 1, 1980) and extension (January 1, 1986). Total population register data were used in an interrupted time series analysis with segmented logistic regression to calculate the odds of preterm birth, low birth weight, small for gestational age (SGA) at preterm, and stillbirth measured before and after the speed premium policy reforms. Subgroup analyses by maternal origin were conducted to evaluate changes by different policy responses. Among 1 762 784 births analyzed, 4.8% were preterm (of which 12.0% were SGA), 3.2% had low birth weight, and 0.3% were stillbirths. The 1980 speed premium policy was associated with a 0.3% monthly increase in the odds of preterm birth compared with the period before the reform (odds ratio [OR], 1.0029 [95% CI, 1.002-1.004]), equivalent to a 26.4% increase from January 1, 1980, to December 31, 1985. After the 1986 relaxation of the policy, preterm birth odds decreased 0.5% per month (OR, 0.9951 [95% CI, 0.994-0.996]), equivalent to an 11.1% decrease across the next 6 years. Low birth weight displayed a similar pattern for both reform periods, that is, increased 0.2% (OR, 1.0021; 95% CI, 1.001-1.003) per month in 1980 through 1985 compared with baseline, and decreased 0.3% (OR, 0.9975; 95% CI, 0.996-0.998) per month in the following period, but was attenuated when considering low birth weight at term. Odds of SGA at preterm were decreased after 1980 (OR, 0.9965; 95% CI, 0.994-0.999) but not in 1986 (OR, 1.0009; 95% CI, 0.998-1.003), whereas stillbirths did not change following either reform (1980: OR, 1.0020 [95% CI, 0.999-1.005]; 1986: OR, 1.0002 [95% CI, 0.997-1.003]). Subgroup analyses suggested that perinatal health changes were restricted to births to Swedish- and Nordic-born mothers, the primary groups to adjust their fertility behaviors to the reforms. Despite its economic advantages for couples, especially for mothers, the introduction of the speed premium policy was associated with adverse perinatal health consequences, particularly for preterm births. Family policies should be carefully designed with a "Health in All Policies" lens to avoid possible unintended repercussions for fertility behaviors and, in turn, perinatal health.

A Comparative Study of Regional Disparities in the Districts of West Bengal

In the post-economic reform period, the overall economic growth of West Bengal has been increasing. However, agricultural growth has become sluggish since the 1990s. The relatively low contribution of the secondary sector reveals an absence of a strong manufacturing base in the state. The high contribution of the tertiary sector indicates diversification and expansion of services. The time dimension for district-level analysis has been constricted by data availability. The inequality among the district is increasing, with a divergence of growth. Three development indices and a composite index reveal a significant disparity in development outcomes across districts between 2001 and 2013. The developmental gap between districts in the southern and northern parts of West Bengal has become prominent. JEL Codes: R11, 047, D63

India's Import Values of Raw Cotton and Raw Jute in Post Reform Period: A Study of Stability

India's Import Values of Raw Cotton and Raw Jute in Post Reform Period: A Study of Stability

Development and Dilemmas of Mass Democratic Identity Construction in the Context of the Myanmar Coup: An Analysis of Political Narratives

This study examines the process of mass democratic identity construction in Myanmar and delineates the distinct characteristics of the government's political narratives during the period of Myanmar's democratic reform. The research finds that Myanmar managed to establish a democratic identity that continues to exhibit resilience in the aftermath of the coup. This resilience, observed at the level of political narratives, can be attributed to the transcultural features of ideological construction and the prominent influence of Buddhism, both well-suited to Myanmar's deep-seated social and religious foundations. However, following the coup, the loss of agency by the original narrative source, combined with the long-standing issues within Burmese society, has resulted in several political dilemmas hampering the development of democratic consciousness. These dilemmas are characterized by an immature democratic political culture, underdeveloped civil society, and frequent ethnic conflicts. The underlying reasons for these challenges can be traced back to the limitations of democratic political culture during Myanmar's democratic reform period and the absence of historical and cultural foundations in the country's democratic political system, which may constrain the long-term development of democratic consciousness following changes in the power structure.

PEDAGOGICAL CONDITIONS OF DEVELOPING A SENSE OF SOCIAL-PROFESSIONAL RESPONSIBILITY IN STUDENTS

In this article, through the pedagogical conditions for the development of a sense of social and professional responsibility in students, during the period of social development reforms, the issues of increasing the professional responsibility and skills of students and young people , revealing their potential, educating them as competent personnel, moral education of students and young people, science, Discipline, spiritual maturity, enlightened through the means of pedagogical influence.