Emergence Period Research Articles

The Role of Aquatic Ecosystems as a Source of Omega-3Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids for the Sand Lizard Lacerta agilis (Linnaeus, 1758) Inhabiting a Shore Biotope.

The composition and content of fatty acids of the sand lizard (Lacerta agilis) and its potential food objects in the shore and steppe biotopes were studied. For the first time, it was established that the content of long-chain omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids, primarily eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), significantly increases in the tissues of lizards from a shore biotope during the period of emergence of amphibious insects from the nearby saline Lake Shira. Among all the food sources of lizards, the highest EPA content was found in chironomid imago. The content of docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) in the muscles of the lizards was also high, although this acid was not detected in the invertebrates that the lizards consumed. In this regard, it was assumed that the sand lizard is able to biosynthesize DHA from biochemical precursors contained in food.

Genomics-based approach for detection and characterization of SARS-CoV-2 co-infections and diverse viral populations.

We aim to implement an innovative approach to monitor and study the diversity of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus type 2 (SARS-CoV-2) within the human population, particularly during periods of emergence and circulation of VOCs. This approach focused on detecting highly diverse viral samples and co-infection cases, which are known to facilitate viral diversity through recombination and can potentially lead to the emergence of new recombinant lineages with novel characteristics. Monitoring and characterizing co-infection cases during an outbreak is a key strategy for better understanding viral evolution, especially during epidemic periods. However, detecting co-infection cases is challenging, and their prevalence is often highly underestimated. In this study, we developed a strategy to identify highly diverse viral samples that can be implemented in surveillance programs and applied to large datasets. We aim to implement an innovative approach to monitor and study the diversity of SARS-CoV-2 within the human population, particularly during periods of emergence and circulation of Variants of Concern. This approach focused on detecting highly diverse viral samples and co-infection cases, which are known to facilitate viral diversity through recombination and can potentially lead to the emergence of new recombinant lineages with novel characteristics.

Trends in the Cost and Utilization of Publicly Reimbursed Cancer Medications Dispensed as Take-Home Treatments from 2017-2021.

Background: The cost and uptake of cancer medications dispensed as take-home treatments are not well understood. Therefore, in this study, we describe trends and the impact of SARS-CoV-2 on the utilization and cost of take-home cancer medications dispensed through the public payer system in Ontario, Canada. Methods: We conducted a repeated cross-sectional time-series analysis examining monthly and fiscal-year trends in the utilization and cost of take-home cancer medications reimbursed by the public payer between 1 April 2017 and 31 March 2021, in Ontario, Canada. Our primary outcome was per-beneficiary spending. Total public payer spending and the number of unique beneficiaries who were dispensed take-home cancer medications were reported as secondary outcomes. All outcomes were reported overall and stratified by drug class. We used autoregressive integrated moving average (ARIMA) models to assess the impact of the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic on the aforementioned trends. Results: Annual per-beneficiary spending on take-home cancer medications increased by 32.8% (from CAD 4422 in 2017/18 to CAD 6579 in 2020/21) over the study period. The rise in per-beneficiary spending was driven by the cost of medications within the small-molecule targeted therapy and immunotherapy drug classes, which accounted for three-quarters of total public payer spending on take-home cancer medications in 2020/21 despite being dispensed to less than 8% of beneficiaries. Upon the declaration of emergency for SARS-CoV-2, a short-term decline in per-beneficiary spending (CAD -179 per month; p-value < 0.01) was observed between March and June 2020. This temporary decline was driven by an increase in the number of beneficiaries (5582 per month; p-value < 0.01) receiving low-cost take-home cancer medications within the cytotoxic chemotherapy and hormonal therapy drug class without a corresponding rise in public payer spending. Conclusion: Future research should investigate barriers to the widespread uptake of take-home cancer medications during periods of public emergencies, particularly for high-cost drugs.

Organizational climate, leadership, and mental health in crisis: the case of civil servants in Ukraine

Purpose This study aims to examine how workplace dynamics – organizational climate, salary satisfaction and leadership – affect job satisfaction and psychological well-being among civil servants in Ukraine operating under martial law. The research identifies distinct motivational groups based on employees’ perceptions of martial law’s impact, providing a nuanced understanding of workplace adaptation in crisis conditions. Design/methodology/approach A cross-sectional survey was conducted among 1,667 civil servants in Ukraine’s Ministry of Justice. The study used structural equation modeling (SEM), with a multi-group analysis based on motivational differences (Demotivating, Neutral and Motivating groups). Established psychological and organizational behavior scales were used, with reliability testing confirming strong internal consistency. Findings Results indicate that workplace enjoyment mediates the relationship between organizational climate, salary satisfaction and psychological health. Employees in demotivating environments relied heavily on peer support, while those in motivating environments benefited most from leadership engagement. Age and gender also significantly influenced workplace experiences, emphasizing the importance of demographic-sensitive organizational strategies. Research limitations/implications The study’s cross-sectional design limits causal interpretations, and findings are specific to the Ukrainian civil service context. Future research should adopt longitudinal approaches and explore workplace adaptation in diverse cultural and occupational settings. Practical implications The findings inform organizational policies, suggesting that tailored leadership development, financial stability measures and peer support programs can enhance employee resilience during prolonged crises. Strengthening workplace relationships through structured mentorship programs and leadership training will mitigate stress and improve engagement. In addition, financial incentives and transparent salary policies can reinforce job satisfaction, particularly in unstable environments. These strategies can help organizations maintain an effective and psychologically resilient workforce despite external crises. Social implications This study highlights the broader impact of workplace stability on societal resilience during national crises. Effective workplace interventions, including mental health support and leadership training, can enhance public sector efficiency and ensure continued service delivery under extreme conditions. Findings emphasize the need for government policies that prioritize workforce well-being, particularly in sectors critical to public administration. By fostering resilience among civil servants, organizations contribute to broader social stability and institutional continuity, essential for maintaining governance and public trust during periods of national emergency. Originality/value This study is among the first to analyze workplace adaptation under martial law, offering unique insights into how civil servants navigate extreme crises. The multi-group SEM approach provides a novel perspective on workplace motivation and well-being, advancing both theory and practice in organizational psychology.

Obesity Representations: An Analysis of Italian Newspapers' Coverage before and after COVID-19 and the Influence of Political Orientation.

A large body of literature has shown that media representations of obesity influence people's attitudes and contribute to weight stigma and discriminatory behaviors. The present study aimed to identify the representations of obesity in nine main Italian national newspapers and analyze how these representations varied before and after the COVID-19 lockdown (2016-2023), also in relation to the political orientation of the newspapers. The Automated Co-occurrence Analysis for Semantic Mapping procedure (ACASM) was used to identify the themes. A t test and time series analysis were conducted to test the hypotheses. Findings showed that the selected Italian newspapers represented obesity according to five different themes labeled Wellness, Problem, Health, Nutrition, and Disease. It was found that the articles related to obesity increased after the lockdown. The Wellness and Health themes were found to be the more prevalent after the end of the emergency period. This result differed according to the newspapers' political orientation. The findings suggest considering the representations that specific newspapers convey according to their political orientation in order to promote different narratives that could have a relevant impact on obesity.

A new growing degree-day phenology model for wheat stem sawfly (Hymenoptera: Cephidae) in Colorado wheat fields

Wheat stem sawfly (WSS), Cephus cinctus (Hymenoptera: Cephidae), is a native grass-feeding insect and one of the most important pests of wheat in North America. Yield losses from WSS can be due to stem boring and/or stem cutting which causes plants to lodge. Current methods, such as solid stem varieties and insecticides, do not effectively control WSS. A better understanding of WSS emergence, population size, and related environmental factors is critical to building efficient and effective integrated pest management (IPM) strategies for this pest. In this study, wheat fields were sampled for adult WSS from mid-April to the end of June between 2011 and 2023 in several field sites in two locations in Colorado. This multi-year data created a phenology model that predicts adult WSS emergence and population peak based on growing degree-day (GDD). The inter-annual variability in emergence timing based on calendar date was substantially reduced when using a GDD model with a base temperature of 10°C, an upper threshold of 30°C, and a biofix of Jan 1. The model predicted initial WSS emergence at 148 GDD, population peak at 224 GDD, and decline at 354 GDD. We also modeled the effects of environmental factors on mean WSS populations at each field site, finding that higher WSS populations are associated with longer emergence periods, less precipitation before emergence, milder temperatures during emergence, and milder maximum temperatures before and during emergence. By analyzing multiple years of comprehensive phenology data, we provide robust models to guide adult WSS forecasting and monitoring for the first time. Further, this data will aid in decision-making related to timely and effective management strategies to suppress populations of WSS.

Application of DSSAT model to evaluate the effects of tillage methods on soil water balance during drought period

By impeding soil water movement, conventional tillage might exacerbate the impacts of drought in agricultural crop production. A modelling approach was employed in this study to evaluate conservation tillage methods as an alternative drought adaptation strategy. To do so, the Decision Support System for Agrotechnology Transfer (DSSAT) model was validated against in-situ soil moisture measurements by cosmic ray neutron sensor (CRNS) and point based PlantCare sensors. The study was conducted based on soil moisture measurements taken at a farm field in Adenstedt, Lower Saxony, Germany divided into three different sections based on tillage types (moldboard, disk harrow, and chisel plow). Subsequently, DSSAT model simulations were run to assess the effect of tillage methods on soil water balance components during drought. Results showed that the soil moisture at 0–15 cm depth simulated by the DSSAT model showed a better agreement with the CRNS measurement (KGE = 0.73, RMSE = 0.043 cm3/cm3, PBIAS = − 10.7%, r = 0.75 and R2 = 0.58) than PC sensors. Furthermore, using the model to simulate the effect of conservation measures showed that mulching reduces soil evaporation by approximately 40% regardless of the conventional tillage type used. The reduction in soil evaporation by mulching was more pronounced in the emergence period, which is the most drought sensitive stage of sugar beet, implying the benefits of mulching in conserving soil moisture during drought period.

辰韓의 철제무기체계와 전쟁방식

This study undertakes an analysis of iron weapons, which are believed to have been the main weapons of the time, and compares them against supplementary sources such as ethnographies, paintings, and literature to obtain a more concrete understanding of ‘war’, which was an important event in the process of political reorganization in Jinhan (辰韓). In Stage I, the emergence period, iron weapons were produced mainly in the Daegu region. However, the insufficient nature of archaeological data indicating tension and conflict among communities makes it difficult to ascertain the specific war methods that would have been employed. Nevertheless, it is plausible that ‘ritual war’ or ‘symbolic war’, as evidenced in ethnographic examples, may have taken place. In Stage II, the proliferation period, iron weapons were buried in various locations, and personal armaments reached a point where it was feasible for individuals to arm themselves. Furthermore, a weapons system centered on iron spears was established. Consequently, military units composed of spearmen were organized, and close combat, such as that depicted on the bronze wares of the Warring States Period, transformed into ‘war’. In Stage III, the period of diversification, there was a notable increase in the concentration of iron weapons on the southeastern coast. Additionally, the practice of burying iron arrowheads in bundles reached a point where it could be considered a form of mass armament. As weapons were improved and developed, the scale of ‘war’ increased, and the aspects of close combat intensified. In responseto this growing complexity of ‘war’, communities that recognized the importance of pre-emptive strikes may have developed archers into organized units and employed shooting tactics, as evidenced by the relief sculptures of the Han Dynasty. These changes are also reflected in Sanguozhi (三國志) and Samguk sagi (三國史記). The advanced artifacts and war systems brought by the immigrantsof Qin (秦) and Han (漢) were an important trigger for the changes to ‘war’. The articles relating to the subjugation of smaller polities by Saro-guk (斯盧國) indicate that aspects of war had become more intense.

Biocontrol Potential of Streptomyces sp. C2-4 against Ceratobasidium cereale Caused Sharp Eyespot in Wheat

Recently, various fungal diseases have emerged in winter crops, including barley, oats, and wheat, as a consequence of climate change. Among these diseases, sharp eyespot, caused by Ceratobasidium cereale, is a significant concern because it occurs during the ear emergence period and can lead to substantial yield loss. In this study, beneficial microorganisms capable of biologically suppressing the occurrence of C. cereale were identified and their applicability was assessed. A total of 13 isolates, including 11 Streptomyces spp. and two Kitosatospora sp. collected from the National Institute of Biological Resources, were evaluated. The mycelial suppression ability was evaluated using C. cereale strain KACC 49887, which was isolated from sharp eyespot disease in 2020. As a result, Streptomyces sp. C2-4 exhibited the highest mycelial suppression capability, followed by C3-5 and C3-8. Consistent with these results, Streptomyces sp. C2-4 effectively controlled wheat sharp eyespot disease iinfested with C. cereale KACC 49887, highlighting its potential as a biological control agent. Streptomyces sp. C2-4 is a strain isolated from soil, and future research should focus on developing ecofriendly disease control agents through practical field applications.

The Setback of Indonesia Democracy in The Covid-19 Pandemic Era in Law-Making Process

At the beginning of 2020, the world was faced with the COVID-19 Pandemic which had an impact on various fields, from health, economics, education to politics and law, especially in the Law-Making Process, the existence of Large-Scale Social Restriction policies to overcome the Pandemic on the other hand had an impact on limited space for participation. The public takes part in the Law-Making Process due to the policy to reduce meetings involving large crowds in one place, apart from that the issue of transparency worsens the practice of the Law-Making Process during the Covid-19 Pandemic, including the revision of the Mineral and Coal Law and the Law-Making Process of the Job Creation Law, even though the existence of the law is the basis for the government to act and carry out its functions is an essential thing in a civil law based state. A good law must fulfill 2 (two) aspects, including the material and the formal aspects. Several practices that deviate from formal aspects of the Law-Making Process during the Covid-19 Pandemic violate the principles of participation and transparency and threaten democracy. Through a normative juridical approach with conceptual, statutory and comparative approaches, this research aims to explain the symptoms of legislative practices that threaten democracy during the Covid-19 Pandemic. The research results show that participation in the Law-Making Process during the Pandemic was weak and not transparent. In the future, as an effort to maximize public participation in the Law-Making Process during the emergency period, it needs to be supported by the adoption of information technology to comprehensively support the public's role in the Law-Making Process at every stage, coupled with the Constitutional Court Decision No. 91/PUU-XVIII/2020 which orders meaningful public participation in Law-Making Process.

Biobanking in Sub-Saharan Africa: A Review of Data Protection Frameworks.

Introduction: Biobanks are a foundational infrastructure supporting research at scale and contributing to scientific progress. The increasing collection of samples and associated data presents challenges in terms of both physical and digital storage and handling. In North America and Europe health data protection frameworks have been in place for several years, regulating the use of collected personal data, including health care data, as those typically used by human biobanks. Yet, regulatory frameworks for biobanking, particularly in low- and middle-income settings, are highly fragmented, and little is known in this area. Objectives: This review focuses on identifying the health-related data protection frameworks in sub-Saharan African countries, as they are relevant to biobanking. Methods: We used complementary literature review approaches to ensure the completeness of our results for biobanking identified as "African," as well as for "disease-based," "country-based," and artificial intelligence-based approaches. Results: In total, 56 articles were identified and reviewed in full, 31 health-related acts and frameworks relevant to biobanking, and 24 general data protection acts and frameworks from 37 countries. In some countries, such as Kenya and Zambia, these acts were implemented, in some others, they were not. In most cases, as these regulatory frameworks have been recently created and implemented, there are little or no data relating to the impact of their implementation. Conclusion: Our findings confirm that regulatory frameworks for biobanking in sub-Saharan Africa are still in a consistent period of emergence, in an effort by national governments to address the existing fragmented landscape and support the development of research.

Seedling emergence and herbage yield of summer‐active tall fescue sown at different times and sowing depths

AbstractBackgroundTall fescue is sensitive to sowing depth and, in the Pampas region of Argentina, its sowing is often delayed from autumn (average air temperature 18.5°C) to winter (average air temperature 10.0°C). Since tall fescue is sensitive to the sowing depth, and temperature determines the emergence period, this study aimed to evaluate the effect of sowing depth at different times on seedling emergence and herbage yield.MethodsTwo field experiments were carried out in Pergamino, Buenos Aires province, Argentina, to evaluate a summer‐active tall fescue at two sowing times and five sowing depths. The emergence of seedlings and the herbage yield in the year of sowing were determined.ResultsSeedling emergence was maximal when sown at 1.2–1.5 cm depth and at 230 growing degree days (GDD) in early autumn and 257 GDD in winter. In both years and sowing seasons, herbage yield was positively related to the number of seedlings at maximum emergence.ConclusionsNo differences in seedling emergence were observed between the autumn and winter sowings, and the emergence of tall fescue was well explained by the thermal time. The concept of “critical depth” was determined as the sowing depth at which the greatest seedling emergence and forage yield are achieved.

ПРОБЛЕМИ ЗАБЕЗПЕЧЕННЯ ПРАВ І СВОБОД ГРОМАДЯН В УКРАЇНІ В УМОВАХ ВОЄННОГО СТАНУ

This article analyzes the provision of rights and freedoms of Ukrainian citizens under martial law. The full-scale invasion by the Russian Federation in 2022 complicated the human rights situation. Martial law led to restrictions on freedom of movement, strikes, and other civil rights necessary to preserve democratic values. The article emphasizes the importance of international human rights standards for shaping Ukraine’s national legislation. The article identifies several contemporary legal challenges, including legal uncertainty arising from rapid legislative changes, overburdening of state authorities, military structures, and the justice system. The problem of insufficient monitoring of human rights compliance during wartime, which often leads to abuses by law enforcement agencies and other state structures, is highlighted. Particular attention is paid to corruption risks associated with resource utilization during wartime, exemplified by wasteful expenditure of budget funds and misuse of property. The issue of insufficient public awareness about their rights under martial law is also highlighted, which contributes to rights violations and weakens their protection. Insufficient awareness often results in people not understanding their rights in the context of martial law restrictions, such as limitations on freedom of movement or property seizures. The need to intensify state policy to clarify legislative changes, especially those related to rights restrictions and guarantees that remain inviolable even during wartime, is noted. Ways to improve mechanisms for protecting citizens’ rights and increasing the effectiveness of implementing legal norms during emergency periods are proposed. Keywords: ensuring rights and freedoms of citizens, martial law, international human rights standards, restrictions on rights under martial law.

Diagnostic performance of allele-specific RT-qPCR and genomic sequencing in wastewater-based surveillance of SARS-CoV-2.

Clinical genomic surveillance is regarded as the gold standard for monitoring SARS-CoV-2 variants globally. However, as the pandemic wanes, reduced testing poses a risk to effectively tracking the trajectory of these variants within populations. Wastewater-based genomic surveillance that estimates variant frequency based on its defining set of alleles derived from clinical genomic surveillance has been successfully implemented. This method has its challenges, and allele-specific (AS) RT-qPCR or RT-dPCR may instead be used as a complementary method for estimating variant prevalence. Demonstrating equivalent performance of these methods is a prerequisite for their continued application in current and future pandemics. Here, we compared single-allele frequency using AS-RT-qPCR, to single-allele or haplotype frequency estimations derived from amplicon-based sequencing to estimate variant prevalence in wastewater during emergent and prevalent periods of Delta, Omicron, and two sub-lineages of Omicron. We found that all three methods of frequency estimation were concordant and contained sufficient information to describe the trajectory of variant prevalence. We further confirmed the accuracy of these methods by quantifying the diagnostic performance through Youden's index. The Youden's index of AS-RT-qPCR was reduced during the low prevalence period of a particular variant while the same allele in sequencing was negatively influenced due to insufficient read depth. Youden's index of haplotype-based calls was negatively influenced when alleles were common between variants. Coupling AS-RT-qPCR with sequencing can overcome the shortcomings of either platform and provide a comprehensive picture to the stakeholders for public health responses.

Experiences of hospice staff beyond the frontlines during COVID-19: A qualitative secondary analysis study.

The COVID-19 pandemic presented different challenges and work pressures for hospice staff. Staff who continued to work during the emergency public health period had to redefine not only their norms at work, but also the norms of their home and personal lives. Research on hospice staff, and broadly healthcare staff, mainly explores their professional roles and responsibilities, often overlooking the personal experiences and challenges that they encountered outside of this, especially during the first 2 years of the pandemic where their work and commitment persevered amidst unprecedented circumstances. To explore the impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic on the home life of hospice staff and identify opportunities to support staff in the future. Qualitative interpretive secondary analysis study. Reflexive thematic analysis of qualitative in-depth interviews of hospice staff (n = 25), conducted across seven hospices, to explore the impact and implications of the pandemic on hospice care. Three main themes were identified: (1) Blurred margins: Participants discussed facing difficulty separating work and home life and taking stresses and thoughts about work home. (2) Isolation, loneliness and social interactions: Staff described being anxious and lonely during this period, and not feeling like socialising after demanding workdays. (3) Disruption to family and personal commitments: Some staff felt unable to see or support their parents, partners and children during the pandemic subsequently impacting their psychological and emotional well-being. Hospice staff compromised aspects of their personal life and family responsibilities during the pandemic to carry out their role at work. Workplaces and organisations should aim to support hospice staff more broadly to help with managing work-related pressures and balancing personal commitments in future emergency periods.

Exploring the GP-patient relationship: a historical narration

The relationship between patients and their doctor is a fundamental concept—particularly within general practice. Many patients and general practitioners (GPs) have a ‘common-sense’ recognition of the interpersonal connection, usually over...

The Hungarian governments in the decade of crises (2015–2024)

The prime minister, and thus indirectly the government, had a strong position in the Hungarian chancellor-type parliamentary system established at the time of the transition to democracy. Since the 1990s, as a result of the de facto presidentialisation, this initially stronger position has been continuously and systematically strengthened. Since the balance of power between the legislature and the executive has shifted significantly in favour of the later. All these developments make it particularly interesting to describe the extraordinary measures taken in recent years and to assess their impact on the already modified system of separation of powers. Based on the relevant legislation, statistics and practice, the manuscript discusses and analyses how the congestion of legally and politically overlapping periods of emergency and special legal order has affected the already changed balance of power between the government and parliament, to what extent and how it has influenced the instruments used by the government for decision-making, and the dynamics of parliamentary work.

Assessing the Impact of Socio-Economic Indicators on the Emergency Period Pr ogress in Moscow Housing Market

Assessing the Impact of Socio-Economic Indicators on the Emergency Period Pr ogress in Moscow Housing Market

Klf10 Regulates the Emergence of Glial Phenotypes During Hypothalamic Development.

Glial cells play a pivotal role in the Central Nervous System (CNS), constituting most brain cells. Gliogenesis, crucial in CNS development, occurs after neurogenesis. In the hypothalamus, glial progenitors first generate oligodendrocytes and later astrocytes. However, the precise molecular mechanisms governing the emergence of glial lineages in the developing hypothalamus remain incompletely understood. This study reveals the pivotal role of the transcription factor KLF10 in regulating the emergence of both astrocyte and oligodendrocyte lineages during embryonic hypothalamic development. Through transcriptomic and bioinformatic analyses, we identified novel KLF10 putative target genes, which play important roles in the differentiation of neurons, astrocytes, and oligodendrocytes. Notably, in the absence of KLF10, there is an increase in the oligodendrocyte population, while the astrocyte population decreases in the embryonic hypothalamus. Strikingly, this decline in the number of astrocytes persists into adulthood, indicating that the absence of KLF10 leads to an extended period of oligodendrocyte emergence while delaying the appearance of astrocytes. Our findings also unveil a novel signaling pathway for Klf10 gene expression regulation. We demonstrate that Klf10 is a target of CREB and that its expression is upregulated via the BDNF-p38-CREB pathway. Thus, we postulate that KLF10 is an integral part of the hypothalamic developmental program that ensures the correct timing for glial phenotypes' generation. Importantly, we propose that the Klf10-/- mouse model represents a valuable tool for investigating the impact of reduced astrocyte and microglia populations in the homeostasis of the adult hypothalamus.

P-1953. Youden’s Index Ensures the Accuracy of Wastewater-based Surveillance of SARS-CoV-2 Variants by Allele-Specific RT-qPCR or Genomic Sequencing

Abstract Background Clinical genomic surveillance is the gold standard for monitoring SARS-CoV-2 variants globally, but as the pandemic wanes, reduced testing increases the risk of missing the emergence of variants of concern or failing to accurately follow their trajectory in populations. Wastewater-based genomic surveillance (WWS) that estimates variant frequency based on its defining set of alleles derived from clinical genomic surveillance has been successfully implemented. However, this method has its challenges, and allele-specific (AS) RT-qPCR that monitors a single, variant-defining, allele is used as a complementary method for estimating variant prevalence. Demonstrating equivalent performance of the methods is a prerequisite for their continued application of WWS in current and future pandemics.Figure 1:Comparison of AS-RT-qPCR and amplicon-based sequencing methods for estimating SARS-CoV-2 variants frequency in wastewaters; A) N: D63G and B.1.617.2 haplotype, B) N: P13L and B.1.1.529 haplotype, C) S: H69+/V70+ and BA.1 haplotype, and D) S: H69-/V70- and BA.2 haplotype. Methods We compared single-allele frequency estimation using AS-RT-qPCR, to single-allele or haplotype frequency estimations derived from amplicon-based sequencing to estimate variant prevalence in municipal wastewater collected during emergent and prevalent periods of Delta, Omicron, and two of its sub-lineages in Ottawa, Canada.Table 1:Youden index of targeted alleles (N: D63G, N: P13L, S: H69+/V70+ and S: H69-/V70-) in wastewaters using AS-RT-qPCR and sequencing as well as haplotype of each variant. Results We found that all three methods of frequency estimation were concordant and contained sufficient information to describe the trajectory of variant prevalence in wastewater across time (Figure 1). We further evaluated the accuracy of these methods by quantifying the diagnostic performance (i.e., method accuracy expressed as Youden’s index), based on available clinical genomic prevalence data. Youden’s index confirms the accuracy of methods employed for variant frequency estimation in wastewater (Table 1), but accuracy of each method can be influenced by different factors. Conclusion WWS emerges as a crucial epidemiological tool for monitoring infectious disease in the population during the COVID-19 pandemic. This study validates the accuracy of WWS in SARS-CoV-2 variants monitoring using AS-RT-qPCR or sequencing methods and provides comprehensive perspective for implementing public health interventions against infectious diseases. Disclosures All Authors: No reported disclosures