Period Of Aerobic Training Research Articles

Brain neuroplasticity in multiple sclerosis patients in functional magnetic resonance imaging studies. Part 2: Effect of aerobic training.

The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of aerobic training on motor cortical areas in multiple sclerosis (MS) patients, based on task-based functional magnetic resonance imaging (t-fMRI) as well as on brain activity at rest, according to resting state functional MRI (rs-fMRI) studies. Multiple sclerosis patients were divided into 2 groups consisting of 14 participants each: the MS study group and the MS control group. All MS patients underwent clinical assessment and MRI examination, twice: in the MS study group at the time of inclusion in the study and after a 4-week period of aerobic training, whereas in the MS control group it happened at the time of inclusion and after a period of one month without exercise rehabilitation. The MRI study protocol included rs-fMRI and t-fMRI sequences, which were the grounds for an analysis of resting state networks (RSN) as well as peak level and cluster level parameters within motor cortex areas - the primary motor cortex, premotor area, and supplementary motor area, respectively. In the MS study group, aerobic training improved the clinical condition and decreased the functional correlation between the sensorimotor network and the salience network. Also, significant decreases of the mean cluster level (72.42 vs. 38.35) and peak level values (10.89 vs. 7.64) were observed in the contralateral primary motor cortex in this group of patients between examinations. Aerobic training not only improves physical performance but also contributes to changes in brain activity - both within RSN and motor cortex areas in MS patients.

The Effect of a Short Period of Aerobic Training on Serum Asprosin, Glycemic Control, and Lipid Profile in Women with Type 2 Diabetes

Introduction: Asprosin is an adipokine related to glucose homeostasis and type 2 diabetes (T2D). It has also been stated that exercise is one of the main pillars in the management of T2D, along with drug therapy. The aim of this study was to determine the effect of a short period of aerobic exercise on serum asprosin, glycemic control, and lipid profile in women with T2D. Methods: In this semi-experimental study, 30 women with T2D from Zabol were selected by purposive sampling and divided into the training (3 weeks of aerobic exercises, 3 sessions per week) and control (no training) groups. Fasting blood sugar (FBS), fructosamine, asprosin, and lipid profiles were measured at the beginning of the intervention and 48 hours after the last session of the intervention. Results: The findings of the present study showed that after 3 weeks of intervention, there was a significant decrease in FBS (P=0.011), fructosamine (P<0.001), and serum asprosin (P=0.038) and a significant increase in the high-density lipoprotein level (P=0.002) in the training group compared to the control group. However, no significant difference was observed in triglyceride, total cholesterol, or low-density lipoprotein (P>0.05). Conclusion: Based on the findings, 3 weeks of aerobic training had positive effects on the adjustment of serum asprosin, which was related to glycemic control and the improvement of the lipid profile.

BLOOD PRESSURE VARIABILITY AT REST AND DURING AEROBIC EXERCISES IN WOMEN WITH ISCHEMIC CARDIAC DISESES

Objective: High visit-to-visit blood pressure (BP) variability increases the risk of cardiovascular disease in hypertension. In some earlier studies there was the hypothesis that exact same doses of exercise evokes the same response of BP and heart rate (HR). The aim of the study was to compare auscultatory measurements of SBP and DBP during cardiac aerobic exercise training twice a week, lasting three weeks in women with ischemic heart disease. Design and method: We examined 12 women with ischemic heart diseases, the age 60 ± 8.9 years, height 166 ± 6.7 cm, weight 78 ± 11.7 kg, ejection fraction was 46 ± 6 %. The cardiac patients were under therapy of betablockers. ACE inhibitors and statins. The intensity of aerobic training was determined individually according spiroergometric examination of the first ventilatory anaerobic threshold. BP measurements were provided using auscultatory measurement of BP at resting values, after warm-up period (10 minutes), at the peak of aerobic training period (40 minutes), at the cool-down period (10 minutes) twice a week, the training lasted 3 weeks. Results: Resting average values in the whole group of SBP were 129.0 ± 11.7 mmHg, of DBP 77.7 ± 8.5 mmHg, HR 71.7 ± 7.1 beat per minute. After warm-up period average values in the whole group of SBP were 126.7 ± 10.4 mmHg, of DBP 76.5 ± 7.0 mmHg, HR 84.4 ± 9.0 beat per minute. At aerobic peak - average values in the whole group of SBP were 135.1 ± 15.4 mmHg, of DBP 86.7 ± 10.9 mmHg, HR 86.6 ± 10.0 beat per minute. After cool-down period - average values in the whole group of SBP were 135.6 ± 13.3 mmHg, of DBP 87.8 ± 9.8 mmHg, HR 85.3 ± 11.6 beat per minute. Our results showed that SBP and DBP varies in resting values before exercise, after warm-up period, at the peak of aerobic exercise on the individual aerobic threshold value of load and after cool-down period from twenty mmHg to less mmHg. Conclusions: Aerobic exercise did not influence the values of this BP variability. Variability of the HR is also present at period of aerobic exercise training.

Anti-Inflammatory Effects of a Period of Aerobic Training and Vitamin D Supplementation in Postmenopausal Women with Metabolic Syndrome

Background:Inflammatory markers of blood are critical predictors of chronic diseases as well as exacerbating risk factors. Exercise is a well-known strategy to reduce the risk of inflammation and chronic disease. The present study aimed to investigate the anti-inflammatory effects of a period of aerobic training and vitamin D supplementation (AT + Vit D) in postmenopausal women with metabolic syndrome.Methods:This quasi-experimental research was performed on forty-six patients with metabolic syndrome who were selected according to the available sampling method, and were randomly divided into four groups: AT + Vit D (50,000 IU), AT, Vit D (50,000 IU), and control (C). The training protocol consisted of 40–60 min of AT 60–75% of maximal heart rate, three times a week, for 8 weeks. One-way Analysis of variance (ANOVA) and t-test were used to compare the between and within groups; the Bonferroni post hoc test was used if significant differences were found.Results:The combination of exercise and vitamin D significantly reduced C-reactive protein (CRP) (P = 0.001), interleukin-6 (IL-6) (P = 0.001), and improved the metabolic syndrome indices (P = 0.001 in all indices). The results also show that the improvement in the metabolic syndrome indices, CRP, and IL-6 was more significant in AT + Vit D, compared to AT or Vit D alone.Conclusions:The findings from the present study suggested that a sedentary lifestyle and vitamin D deficiency accelerated the occurrence of metabolic syndrome probably by increasing the anti-inflammatory. Additionally, adequate levels of plasma vitamin D are necessary to achieve the beneficial metabolic effects of AT.

692-P: Hyperglycemia Impairs Aerobic Adaptation to Exercise

Improved aerobic exercise capacity (VO2max) has emerged as one of the most important health benefits of aerobic exercise training. However, hyperglycemia is associated with low VO2max in humans, even when physical activity levels are matched. To determine how glycemia influences aerobic adaptations with exercise training, we induced moderate hyperglycemia (+50-70 mg/dL vs. control) in mouse models that mimic the pathologies of type 1 or type 2 diabetes: 1) Low-dose Streptozotocin treatment (STZ), or 2) Western diet (WD) feeding. Normoglycemic mice acted as controls (CON). All mice completed ∼500 km of voluntary wheel running over an 8-wk aerobic training period, and achieved the expected metabolic benefits from exercise training. However, metabolic improvements were uncoupled from aerobic adaptation in hyperglycemic WD and STZ mice, who failed to improve VO2max beyond the level of sedentary controls. In contrast, CON mice had a 2-fold increase in VO2max in response to the same training intervention. In hyperglycemic models, blunted improvements in VO2max were associated with structural changes to muscle, including glucose-induced modifications to the extracellular matrix (e.g., glycation and collagen accretion), and reduced exercise-induced angiogenesis and oxidative fiber-type shifts. Thus, our data provide evidence that aerobic muscle remodeling, which is critical for augmenting VO2max, is impaired by hyperglycemia. In addition, we show that chronic hyperglycemia causes hyper-activation of a JNK/SMAD2 signaling network in muscle with acute aerobic exercise, which is a known molecular mechanism that inhibits aerobic adaptation. Accordingly, in human subjects, we show that impaired glucose tolerance strongly predicts hyper-activation of this inhibitory signaling network in conjunction with low VO2max. Taken together, we demonstrate that hyperglycemia, regardless of etiology, may interfere with fundamental adaptations to aerobic exercise training and negatively regulate improvements in VO2max. Disclosure T. MacDonald: None. P. Pathak: None. N.M. Fernandez: None. E.C. Freitas: None. S. Hafida: None. J. Mitri: Consultant; Spouse/Partner; Janssen Pharmaceuticals, Inc., kymera. Consultant; Self; national dairy council/local dairy council. Research Support; Spouse/Partner; AbbVie Inc., beigene, Janssen Pharmaceuticals, Inc. Research Support; Self; Kowa Pharmaceuticals America, Inc., national dairy council. Research Support; Spouse/Partner; pharma cyclic, TG therapeutics. S.J. Lessard: None. Funding American Heart Association (19POST34381036)

The effect of aerobic exercise training on leptin and pulmonary function tests during weight loss in men with visceral obesity

Background and aims: It has recently been documented that obesity is a global problem in all age groups, so that it affects about 250 million people in the world, accounting for 7% of the world’s population. Adipose tissue has an important role in inducing lung dysfunction through production and secretion of adipokines such as leptin. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of a period of aerobic training on lung function indices and serum leptin levels in obese men. Methods: A total of 23 untrained obese men in Arak were recruited voluntarily for the study and randomly assigned to obese aerobic training group (Ob-AT, n=12) (45.26±2.45 years, body mass index (BMI) of 31.81±0.77 kg/m2 ) and obese control group (Ob-Cnt, n=11) (47.03±3.36 years, BMI of 31.45±0.96 kg/m2). Another normal control group (No-Cnt, n = 9) was sampled from individuals with normal weight to compare at the base level (45.1±4.1 years, BMI of 24.63±0.45 kg/m2 ). The obese exercise group participated in 12 weeks of progressive aerobic training, 3 sessions a week, 1.5 hours per session. Body composition (CT scan), leptin levels and lung function were measured before and after exercise protocol. Results: The participants with normal weight had significantly lower leptin concentration (P=0.01) and a higher lung function (P=0.016) compared to the obese participants. Moreover, the results indicated that leptin and obesity had an inverse correlation with lung function indices (forced vital capacity [FVC] and forced expiratory volume in one second [FEV1 ]) (P≤0.05). After the aerobic activity, obesity (BMI, WHR, body fat) and lung function indices (FVC and FEV1 ) significantly decreased in the obese aerobic training group compared to the obese control group (P≤0.05). In contrast, leptin concentration significantly decreased after the aerobic exercise protocol (P=0.018). Conclusion: We found that leptin level decreased after 12 weeks of aerobic exercise in obese men and this decrease was associated with the increased lung function and profound changes in body fat. The obtained data suggest that 12-week aerobic exercise causes alterations in leptin level that plays a key role in improving lung function.

Serum and urinary concentrations of arsenic, beryllium, cadmium and lead after an aerobic training period of six months in aerobic athletes and sedentary people

AimThe aim of the present study was to evaluate the possible effect of a period of 6 months of aerobic physical training on serum and urinary concentrations of arsenic (As), beryllium (Be), cadmium (Cd) and lead (Pb), potentially toxic minerals.MethodsTwenty-four well-trained, long distance runners (AG), were recruited at the start of their training period. They had been performing training regularly for the previous 2 years, recording an average volume of 120 km per week of rigorous aerobic exercise aimed at high-level competitions (1500 and 5000 m race modalities). Twenty-six untrained, sedentary participants constituted the control group (CG). All participants had been living in the same geographic area for at least 2 years before the start of the survey. Serum and urine samples were obtained from each participant at the beginning and at the end of the 6 months of the training program. The values of each mineral were determined by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS). Additionally, the daily intake of each mineral was evaluated at both moments in time.ResultsThe daily concentrations of trace elements in the diet were similar at the start and the end of the training period without differences between groups. In serum, significant differences between groups were observed in As, Cd and Pb (p < 0.05). Attending to time effects, a significant difference was obtained in Pb (p < 0.05). In urine, significant differences between groups were obtained in all minerals (p < 0.05). According to training period, significant differences were observed in As, Be and Pb (p < 0.05). Finally, the group x time interaction revealed significant differences in As and Be (p < 0.05).ConclusionsAerobic training may constitute a possibly effective method for increasing the elimination of Cd and Pb potentially toxic minerals from the body, especially among highly trained individuals.

NERVOUS EVALUATION CONDUCTED BY THE CHANGES OF GHRELIN AND OBESTATIN EXECUTED BY AEROBIC EXERCISE

Background: Ghrelin and obestatin are an effective peptides for regulating energy balance, which investigating them change caused by physical activity are important. The objective of this research was to evaluate the effect of eight weeks of aerobic exercise on plasma ghrelin and obestatin of obese and overweight women. Material and Methods: This quasi-experimental research was conducted in Rasht in 2018. In this research, 24 obese and overweight subjects were selected and randomly divided into two groups of aerobic exercise (N = 12) and control (N = 12). The aerobic exercise group performed an aerobic exercise program for 8 weeks in three sessions of 60 to 70 minutes. Acylated ghrelin, obestatin and body composition of the subjects were measured before and after 8 weeks. Data were analyzed by using SPSS software and T test. Independent t-test revealed no significant difference between the levels of plasma ghrelin, Results: The results showed that after an aerobic training period there was no significant difference between the two groups in the levels of ghrelin and obstatin (p > 0.05), However, BMI showed a significant decrease in aerobic training group (p < 0. 05). Conclusion: In conclusion, this exercise regimen had a positive effect on reducing BMI which is related to Slight changed ghrelin and obstatin responses over time. This finding lends support for a role of exercise in Nervous systems that stimulated some anabolic hormones such as ghrelin and abstatin and it can change relationship between ghrelin, obestatin and some body composition indexes.

The Effect of Aerobic Exercise on Body Composition and Muscle Strength of Female Students at Elementary Schools of Ali Abad Katoul in 2018

Background: Physical activity stimulates the growth rate and reduces the risk factors of human health. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of aerobic exercise on the body composition and muscle strength of elementary school female students. Methods: This quasi-experimental study was conducted on 42 elementary school female students at Ali Abad Katoul city of Golestan Province, Iran in 2018. The samples were randomly divided in two groups including intervention and control. Data collection tool included body composition, and leg and chest pressing device. The exercise protocol contained various aerobic exercises for four weeks, three sessions per week, each session takes 45 minutes. Pre-test and post-test measurements were made by body composition, and leg and chest pressing device in both control and intervention groups. Data were analyzed by SPSS software version 16 using descriptive statistics (mean and standard deviation) and inferential statistics (independent and paired t-test). Results: The results of the test group indicated the average height of 152.79, standard deviation of 10.25, and so average weight of 49.28 and standard deviation of 12.86. The results showed that a four-week aerobic training period had no significant effect on the body composition and upper body muscle strength of female students (P=0.83), but this training course significantly increased the lower body muscle strength of female students in the intervention group (P=0.01). Conclusion: Considering the effect of a four-week aerobic training course on lower body muscle strength of students, it is suggested that sport teachers use these types of exercises to increase the muscle strength of students.

Training-induced changes in daily energy expenditure: Methodological evaluation using wrist-worn accelerometer, heart rate monitor, and doubly labeled water technique.

IntroductionWrist-mounted motion sensors can quantify the volume and intensity of physical activities, but little is known about their long-term validity. Our aim was to validate a wrist motion sensor in estimating daily energy expenditure, including any change induced by long-term participation in endurance and strength training. Supplemental heart rate monitoring during weekly exercise was also investigated.MethodsA 13-day doubly labeled water (DLW) measurement of total energy expenditure (TEE) was performed twice in healthy male subjects: during two last weeks of a 12-week Control period (n = 15) and during two last weeks of a 12-week combined strength and aerobic Training period (n = 13). Resting energy expenditure was estimated using two equations: one with body weight and age, and another one with fat-free mass. TEE and activity induced energy expenditure (AEE) were determined from motion sensor alone, and from motions sensor combined with heart rate monitor, the latter being worn during exercise only.ResultsWhen body weight and age were used in the calculation of resting energy expenditure, the motion sensor data alone explained 78% and 62% of the variation in TEE assessed by DLW at the end of Control and Training periods, respectively, with a bias of +1.75 (p <.001) and +1.19 MJ/day (p = .002). When exercise heart rate data was added to the model, the combined wearable device approach explained 85% and 70% of the variation in TEE assessed by DLW with a bias of +1.89 and +1.75 MJ/day (p <.001 for both). While significant increases in TEE and AEE were detected by all methods as a result of participation in regular training, motion sensor approach underestimated the change measured by DLW: +1.13±0.66 by DLW, +0.59±0.69 (p = .004) by motion sensor, and +0.98±0.70 MJ/day by combination of motion sensor and heart rate. Use of fat-free mass in the estimation of resting energy expenditure removed the biases between the wearable device estimations and the golden standard reference method of TEE and demonstrated a training-induced increase in resting energy expenditure by +0.18±0.13 MJ/day (p <.001).ConclusionsWrist motion sensor combined with a heart rate monitor during exercise sessions, showed high agreement with the golden standard measurement of daily TEE and its change induced by participation in a long-term training protocol. The positive findings concerning the validity, especially the ability to follow-up the change associated with a lifestyle modification, can be considered significant because they partially determine the feasibility of wearable devices as quantifiers of health-related behavior.

Toxicity Effects of Intraperitoneal Injection of Biochemical Nanosilver on Cardiac Tissue Structure Following Aerobic Training in Male Wistar Rats

Aims Silver nanoparticles are among the most valuable products of nanoscale technology, widely used in various sciences. The present study investigated the effects of biochemical silver nanoparticles on the structure of the heart tissue of non-observatory rats in the course of aerobic training. Methods &amp; Materials In this experimental study, 30 male Wistar rats aged 8 to 12 weeks and weighing 34.9±202 g were studied. The rats were randomly divided into 6 groups of control, aerobic training, aerobic training, and nanobiological injection, aerobic and-nanochemical injection, nanobiological injection, and nanochemical injection. Chemical and biological silver was injected intraperitoneally after a period of aerobic training. The specimens were discarded after 48 hours, and the heart tissue was removed. Findings The obtained results revealed the tissue changes, including irregularities and the convergence of chemical nanosilver group significantly increased, compared to the controls. Additionally, in the biological group, there was a slight dispersion of blood in some areas. Following the aerobic training and injection of toxic nanosilver, there was no irregularities, detachment, and hypertension. Only in some areas, sporadically, the accumulation of blood cells was observed in the aerobic training and nanochemical groups. Conclusion More tissue damage occurred in chemical silver nanoparticles, than the biological nanoparticle. Possibly, aerobic training can be highly predictive of these effects.

Aerobic Training in Young Men Increases the Transfer of Cholesterol to High Density Lipoprotein In Vitro: Impact of High Density Lipoprotein Size.

Exercise training not only improves the plasma lipid profile but also reduces risk of developing coronary heart disease. We investigate whether plasma lipids and high density lipoprotein (HDL) metabolism are affected by aerobic training and whether the high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) levels at baseline influence exercise-induced changes in HDL. Seventy-one male sedentary volunteers were evaluated and allocated in two subgroups, according to the HLD-C levels (< or >40 mg/dL). Participants underwent an 18-week aerobic training period. Blood was sampled before and after training for biochemical analysis. Plasma lipids, apolipoproteins, HDL diameter, and VO2 peak were determined. Lipid transfers to HDL were determined in vitro by incubating plasma samples with a donor lipid artificial nanoemulsion. After the 18-week period of aerobic training, the VO2 peak increased, while the mean body mass index (BMI) decreased. HDL-C concentration was higher after the training period, but low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) and non-HDL-C did not change. The transfer of esterified cholesterol and phospholipids was greater after exercise training, but the triacylglycerol and unesterified cholesterol transfers were unchanged. The HDL particle diameter increased after aerobic training in all participants. When the participants were separated in low-HDL and normal-HDL groups, the postaerobic exercise increment in HDL-C was higher in the low-HDL group, while the transfer of esterified cholesterol was lower. In conclusion, aerobic exercise training increases the lipid transfers to HDL, as measured by an in vitro method, which possibly contributes to the classical elevation of the HDL-C associated with training.

Robot-assisted training for heart failure patients - a small pilot study.

The objective of this study was assess robot-assisted gait therapy with the Lokomat® system in heart failure patients. Patients (n = 5) with stable heart failure and a left ventricular ejection fraction of less than 45% completed a four-week aerobic training period with three trainings per week and an integrated dynamic resistance training of the lower limbs. Patients underwent testing of cardiac and inflammatory biomarkers. A cardiopulmonary exercise test, a quality of life score and an evaluation of the muscular strength by measuring the peak quadriceps force was performed. No adverse events occurred. The combined training resulted in an improvement in peak work rate (range: 6% to 36%) and peak quadriceps force (range: 3% to 80%) in all participants. Peak oxygen consumption (range: –3% to + 61%) increased in three, and oxygen pulse (range: –7% to + 44%) in four of five patients. The quality of life assessment indicated better well-being in all participants. NT-ProBNP (+233 to –733 ng/ml) and the inflammatory biomarkers (hsCRP and IL6) decreased in four of five patients (IL 6: +0.5 to –2 mg/l, hsCRP: +0.2 to –6.5 mg/l). Robot-assisted gait therapy with the Lokomat® System is feasible in heart failure patients and was safe in this trial. The combined aerobic and resistance training intervention with augmented feedback resulted in benefits in exercise capacity, muscle strength and quality of life, as well as an improvement of cardiac (NT-ProBNP) and inflammatory (IL6, hsCRP) biomarkers. Results can only be considered as preliminary and need further validation in larger studies. (ClinicalTrials.gov number, NCT 02146196)

Aerobic Swim Training Restores Aortic Endothelial Function by Decreasing Superoxide Levels in Spontaneously Hypertensive Rats

OBJECTIVE:We aimed to determine whether aerobic training decreases superoxide levels, increases nitric oxide levels, and improves endothelium-dependent vasodilation in the aortas of spontaneously hypertensive rats.METHODS:Spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR) and Wistar Kyoto rats (WKY) were distributed into 2 groups: sedentary (SHRsd and WKYsd, n=10 each) and swimming-trained (SHRtr, n=10 and WKYtr, n=10, respectively). The trained group participated in training sessions 5 days/week for 1 h/day with an additional work load of 4% of the animal’s body weight. After a 10-week sedentary or aerobic training period, the rats were euthanized. The thoracic aortas were removed to evaluate the vasodilator response to acetylcholine (10-10 to 10-4 M) with or without preincubation with L-NG-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester hydrochloride (L-NAME; 10-4 M) in vitro. The aortic tissue was also used to assess the levels of the endothelial nitric oxide synthase and nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide oxidase subunit isoforms 1 and 4 proteins, as well as the superoxide and nitrite contents. Blood pressure was measured using a computerized tail-cuff system.RESULTS:Aerobic training significantly increased the acetylcholine-induced maximum vasodilation observed in the SHRtr group compared with the SHRsd group (85.9±4.3 vs. 71.6±5.2%). Additionally, in the SHRtr group, superoxide levels were significantly decreased, nitric oxide bioavailability was improved, and the levels of the nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide oxidase subunit isoform 4 protein were decreased compared to the SHRsd group. Moreover, after training, the blood pressure of the SHRtr group decreased compared to the SHRsd group. Exercise training had no effect on the blood pressure of the WKYtr group.CONCLUSIONS:In SHR, aerobic swim training decreased vascular superoxide generation by nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide oxidase subunit isoform 4 and increased nitric oxide bioavailability, thereby improving endothelial function.

Robot-assisted training for heart failure patients - a small pilot study

Objective The objective of this study was assess robot-assisted gait therapy with the Lokomat® system in heart failure patients.Methods Patients (n = 5) with stable heart failure and a left ventricular ejection fraction of less than 45% completed a four-week aerobic training period with three trainings per week and an integrated dynamic resistance training of the lower limbs. Patients underwent testing of cardiac and inflammatory biomarkers. A cardiopulmonary exercise test, a quality of life score and an evaluation of the muscular strength by measuring the peak quadriceps force was performed.Results No adverse events occurred. The combined training resulted in an improvement in peak work rate (range: 6% to 36%) and peak quadriceps force (range: 3% to 80%) in all participants. Peak oxygen consumption (range: –3% to + 61%) increased in three, and oxygen pulse (range: –7% to + 44%) in four of five patients. The quality of life assessment indicated better well-being in all participants. NT-ProBNP (+233 to –733 ng/ml) and the inflammatory biomarkers (hsCRP and IL6) decreased in four of five patients (IL 6: +0.5 to –2 mg/l, hsCRP: +0.2 to –6.5 mg/l).Conclusions Robot-assisted gait therapy with the Lokomat® System is feasible in heart failure patients and was safe in this trial. The combined aerobic and resistance training intervention with augmented feedback resulted in benefits in exercise capacity, muscle strength and quality of life, as well as an improvement of cardiac (NT-ProBNP) and inflammatory (IL6, hsCRP) biomarkers. Results can only be considered as preliminary and need further validation in larger studies. (ClinicalTrials.gov number, NCT 02146196)

Comparison the Effect of Two Periods of Aerobic Training and One Period of Detraining on the Quality of Life and Mental Health of Women with Diabetes Type 2

Aims: Type 2 diabetes is a metabolic disorder that affects the quality of life and mental health of the patients. There are different recommendations about doing effective exercise for diabetic patients. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of two aerobic trainings and a detraining periods on quality of life and mental health in women with type 2 diabetes. Materials & Methods: In this Semi-experimental research in 2011 in Sabzevar City, Iran, 33 women with type 2 diabetes in 40-60 years age range were selected purposefully and were divided into 3 groups each contain 11 samples; control, daily 5-week aerobic exercise and every other day 10-week aerobic exercise. Aerobic training was conduct with an intensity of 60-70% of maximum heart rate for 30-60min per session. The research instruments were the Quality of Life and Mental Health questionnaires. Data analyses were done in SPSS 18 software by repeated measures ANOVA, one-way ANOVA and Tukey post hoc tests. Findings: There were significant differences between quality of life (p=0.002) and mental health (p=0.04) of training groups and control group, but two training groups were not significantly different. There were also significant differences in physical (p=0.004) and psychosocial (p=0.004) domains of quality of life between the three groups at 5- and 10-weeks after the start of the exercises. Conclusion: Daily 5-week and every other day 10-week aerobic exercises improves mental health and quality of life in women with type 2 diabetes, but the benefits are not maintained after 2 months of detraining.

EFFECT OF 8 WEEKS OF AEROBIC ON BODY COMPOSITION AND BLOOD PRESSURE IN POSTMENOPAUSAL WOMEN

Aim: Nowadays increasing blood pressure is the most important risk factor of coronary, cerebral and renal vessel diseases. Epidemiological studies indicate that Physical inactivity adversely affects the blood pressure in postmenopausal women. The purpose of this study was to determine the impact of aerobic on body composition and blood pressure in postmenopausal women. Methods: 20 healthy postmenopausal women with similar age and weight were randomly devided in intervention and control groups. Subjects completed an informed consent form and health history questionnaire. The intervention group was trained in an aerobic exercise program for 8 weeks (3 sessions weekly). Weight, body fat percentage (BF%), body mass index (BMI), waist to hip ratio (WHR), Lean body mass and blood pressure (BP) were measured in the beginning and the end of the study for all of the subjects. Data were analyzed by the Paired t-test and independent t- test. Results: The results showed that BF% , WHR, BMI decreased and Lean body mass increased significantly in training group after 8 weeks training (P0.05). Conclusions: It seems that a period of aerobic training for 8 weeks can be effective as a non-pharmacological treatment strategy for improvement some physical fitness and body composition indexes, blood pressure in postmenopausal women.

The effect of aerobic training on serum adiponectin and leptin levels and inflammatory markers of coronary heart disease in obese men.

The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of 12 weeks of aerobic training on the serum levels of adiponectin and leptin and on inflammatory markers of coronary heart disease in obese men. Sixteen non-athlete obese men were randomly assigned to one of two experimental groups. The experimental group underwent aerobic training consisting of three sessions per week for 12 weeks, while the control group did not participate in the training programme during the study period. Five millilitres of venous blood was taken from each participant at the beginning of the study, during week six and at the end of week 12 to measure the levels of leptin, adiponectin, C-reactive protein, interleukin-6 and tumour necrosis factor-α. The findings showed that aerobic training led to decreases in the levels of CRP (P = 0.002), IL-6 (P = 0.001) and leptin (P = 0.003) and an increase in the level of adiponectin (P = 0.002) in the experimental group relative to the control group. In addition, the level of TNF-α decreased in the experimental group after the 12-week aerobic training period, although this change was not statistically significant. According to the results of this study, regular aerobic exercise decreases the potential risk of coronary heart disease by improving the plasma levels of IL-6, adiponectin, leptin and CRP. Additionally, aerobic exercise can be used as effective non-pharmacological treatment to prevent diseases.

Six weeks of aerobic training improves VO2max and MLSS but does not improve the time to fatigue at the MLSS

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of a 6-week aerobic training period on the time to fatigue (t lim) during exercise performed at the maximal lactate steady state (MLSS). Thirteen untrained male subjects (TG; age 22.5 ± 2.4 years, body mass 72.9 ± 6.7 kg and VO2max 44.9 ± 4.8 mL kg(-1) min(-1)) performed a cycle ergometer test until fatigue at the MLSS power output before and after 6 weeks of aerobic training. A group of eight control subjects (CG; age 25.1 ± 2.4 years, body mass 70.1 ± 9.8 kg and VO2max 45.2 ± 4.1 mL kg(-1) min(-1)) also performed the two tests but did not train during the 6-week period. There were no differences between the groups with respect to the VO2max or MLSS power output (MLSSw) before the treatment period. The VO2max and the MLSSw of the TG increased by 11.2 ± 7.2 % (pre-treatment = 44.9 ± 4.8 vs. post-treatment = 49.8 ± 4.5 mL kg(-1) min(-1)) and 14.7 ± 8.9 % (pre-treatment = 150 ± 27 vs. post-treatment = 171 ± 26 W), respectively, after 6 weeks of training. The results of the CG were unchanged. There were no differences in t lim between the groups or within groups before and after training. Six weeks of aerobic training increases MLSSw and VO2max, but it does not alter the t lim at the MLSS.

The adenosine system in skeletal muscle of individuals with essential hypertension and the effect of physical training

The study examined vascular function and the adenosine (ADO) system in skeletal muscle of individuals diagnosed with essential hypertension (EH; N=10) and normotensive (N; N=11) individuals, before and after a period of aerobic training. Before and after the training period, the subjects participated in two experiments in which a) leg blood flow was determined during arterial infusion of ADO, acetylcholine (ACh) or during exercise, and b) interstitial fluid was sampled from v. lateralis muscle during exercise and ADO infusion. Leg vascular conductance (LVC) in response to arterial ADO infusion was similar in the EH and N group. Interstitial ADO formation during exercise was lower in the EH than the N group. In EH, the period of training did not affect vasodilator responsiveness to arterially infused ADO but improved the formation of interstitial ADO and prostacyclin. In the N group, training resulted in a lower LVC in response to arterial ADO infusion, which was paralleled by a lower leg blood flow during submaximal exercise. In conclusion, whereas the responsiveness to circulating ADO in individuals with essential hypertension remained unaltered with training, the capacity to form ADO and prostacyclin at the microcirculatory level was enhanced, suggesting an improvement in microvascular blood flow regulation. In normotensive individuals, aerobic training reduced the vasodilatory response to intraluminal ADO.