Induction Period Research Articles

Boosting the cold flow properties and oxidation stability of diesel-biodiesel blends by novel polymethacrylate graft copolymer nanocomposites

The applications and development of biodiesel fuels are restricted by the poor low-temperature fluidity and oxidation stability. Meanwhile, typical antioxidants are usually compounds containing phenyl groups, which have the disadvantages of high toxicity and carcinogenicity. To address these defects, our study originally synthesized a multifunctional additive using both post grafting and nanocomposite technology, as well as apply a biofuel antioxidant free of benzene ring group, 4-Amino-2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidine. Our findings reveal that the delayed crystallization behavior of B20 (20 vol%. biodiesel +80 vol%. diesel) is strongly dependent on the additive structure and amount, which the pour point (PP) and cold filter plugging point (CFPP) are decreased by 20 and 16 °C respectively at 1000 ppm. The post grafting technology enhanced additive antioxidant properties, which extend the induction period of B20 from 2.0 to 6.9 h. Our study confirmed the synthesized additives through possess synergistic enhancement effects on both cold flow properties and oxidation stability. In addition, DFT calculations simulating the potential energy changes of B20 solutions forecast copolymer structure affects the low-temperature fluidity. Hence this study pioneered the proposal for developing multifunctional additives through both post grafting and nanocomposite technology of methacrylate copolymer for biofuels, and provide a theoretical prediction strategy for exploring optimum copolymer pour point depressant for fuels.

Effect of different growth hormone pretreatment times in assisted reproductive therapy for patients with diminished ovarian reserve: A retrospective pilot cohort study.

This study aimed to evaluate the effect of different growth hormone (GH) pretreatment times in assisted reproductive therapy in patients with diminished ovarian reserve (DOR). A retrospective pilot cohort analysis was performed on patients with DOR receiving GH pretreatment in the Assisted Reproduction Unit of Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital. A total of 1459 patients met the criteria and were divided into four groups according to GH pretreatment time as follows: 53 were in the 2-month pretreatment group (GH1), 400 were in the 1-month pretreatment group (GH2), 414 were in the ovulation induction period pretreatment group (GH3), and 592 were in the non-GH pretreatment group (control group). In addition, GH1, GH2, and GH3 were combined in the GH pretreatment group. Baseline characteristics and treatment outcomes were compared between the groups. The number of oocytes retrieved in the GH pretreatment, GH1, GH2, and GH3 groups was significantly higher than that in the control group (all P < .01). The numbers of oocytes retrieved in the GH1 and GH2 groups were similar but were nominally higher than those in the GH3 group. Estradiol concentrations in the GH pretreatment, GH2, and GH3 groups were significantly higher than those in the control group on the day of human chorionic gonadotropin injection (all P < .01). In the GH1 group, 22 patients had >1 assisted reproductive therapy cycle (non-GH pretreatment) before GH pretreatment, and the number of oocytes retrieved in the GH pretreatment cycle was higher than that in the non-GH pretreatment cycle, but this was not significant. These findings suggest that the GH pretreatment time was appropriately prolonged, and the number of oocytes retrieved nominally increased. In patients with DOR, GH pretreatment improved treatment outcomes. More than 1 month of GH pretreatment did not increase the number of oocytes retrieved.

Improvement Across Dimensions of Disease with Lebrikizumab Use in Atopic Dermatitis: Two Phase 3, Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Monotherapy Trials (ADvocate1 and ADvocate2).

Atopic dermatitis is a complex, chronic, inflammatory skin disease thatrequires long-term control of symptoms like itch and sleep loss and improvement in quality of life, in addition to reduction of clinical signs. Lebrikizumab is a selective interleukin-13 inhibitor approved in the European Union, United Kingdom, United Arab Emirates, Canada, and Japan for treatment of moderate-to-severe atopic dermatitis in adults and adolescents. Here, we assess the magnitude of changes across signs and symptoms of atopic dermatitis with lebrikizumab monotherapy over the 16-week induction period in two phase 3 studies, ADvocate1 and ADvocate2. Eligible adults (aged≥18years) and adolescents (aged 12 to<18years and weighing≥40kg) with moderate-to-severe atopic dermatitis were randomized to receive either 250mg of lebrikizumab or placebo subcutaneously every two weeks. Least squares mean percentage change from baseline through week 16 was compared between lebrikizumab and placebo using mixed model repeated measure analysis for the following endpoints: Eczema Area and Severity Index (EASI), Pruritus Numeric Rating Scale (NRS), Sleep-Loss Scale, Patient-Oriented Eczema Measure (POEM), and Dermatology Life Quality Index (DLQI). In both trials, significant (P<0.05) improvements were observed for lebrikizumab treatment compared with placebo at each 2-week timepoint for EASI, Pruritus NRS, Sleep-Loss Scale, and POEM, and at each 4-week timepoint for DLQI, through week 16. Statistically significant (P<0.001) improvements were observed at 16weeks for lebrikizumab treatment versus placebo in ADvocate1/ADvocate2 for EASI (71.9%/75.0% vs. 35.6%/43.3%), Pruritus NRS (53.3%/46.3% vs. 21.4%/18.0%), Sleep-Loss Scale (57.7%/55.6% vs. 23.9%/25.5%), POEM (54.4%/45.8% vs. 18.8%/16.9%), and DLQI (64.2%/60.5% vs. 28.5%/32.2%). Patient photos show improvements in skin appearance when disease measures improve. Lebrikizumab monotherapy resulted in significant and fast improvements in multiple dimensions of disease (clinical signs, symptoms, and quality of life) over 16weeks in patients with moderate-to-severe atopic dermatitis. ClinicalTrials.gov identifiers, NCT04146363; NCT04178967.

Improvement of margarine shelf-life using alginate-chitosan coated multiple W/O/W nanoemulsions containing sesamol and retinol

Alginate-chitosan (Alg-CH) coated multiple water-in-oil-in-water (W/O/W) nanoemulsion loaded with sesamol and retinol was hypothesized to enhance the oxidative stability of margarine. Total phenol content (TPC), antioxidant activity, acid value (AV), peroxide value (PV), para-anisidine value (pAV), induction period (IP), and residual values of sesamol and retinol by HPLC were determined for 90 days. Margarine with tert-butylhydroquinone (TBHQ) (T3) had the higher TPC and antioxidant activity (8.05 mg gallic acid equivalent (GAE)/g), 53.1 %) than T1 (nanoemulsion, 7.39 mg GAE/g, 38.95 %), T2 (free-sesamol and -retinol, 6.98 mg GAE/g, 31.07 %), and T4 (no antioxidant, 6.46 mg GAE/g, and 14.45 %) while T1 had higher antioxidant activity and TPC than T2 and T4 after 90 days. On day 90, the highest residual values of sesamol (200.10 mg/100 g) and retinol (118.09 μg/100 g) obtained for T1. Overall, T1 contributed to the prolonged oxidative stability of margarine, potentially offering an alternative to synthetic antioxidants.

Расчет параметров теплового взрыва нафтохинондиазидных фоторезистов на основе экспериментальных данных

The study is focused on the applied task of determination of self-ignition (flash) temperature of unstable substances in order to facilitate occupational safety without conducting large-scale experiments. For two representatives of a number of naphthoquinonediazides, semi-products of production of positive photoresists—monosodium salt 1,2- naphthoquinondiazide(2)-5-sulfonic acid (Dye M) and 1,2-naphthoquinondiazide(2)-5-sulfochloride (Dye N2), the applicability of the thermal explosion classic theory has been proved. Using experimental kinetic parameters and the heat of decomposition of dyes, parameters of a thermal explosion in adiabatic conditions and convective heat transfer conditions have been calculated. As the analysis of obtained dependences shows, the linear dependence of slow growth (induction period) with time transforms into exponential dependence for each substance. Notably, the heat resistance of Dyes М and N2 is rather low. It has been shown that the slow decomposition of substances in conditions of the missing heat sink can transform into the stage of thermal explosion. The design temperature of self-ignition (flash) of the substance calculated considering the heat sink and the geometry of process equipment is 135 °C for Dye М and 93 °C for Dye N2, which complies with the experimental data. The recommendations on the selection of safe temperatures for drying modes of the studied compounds have been provided.

Coinhibitory Molecule VISTA Play an Important Negative Regulatory Role in the Immunopathology of Bronchial Asthma.

To investigatethesignificanceofVISTAinbronchialasthma and its impact on the disease. Human peripheral blood of asthma children was gathered. The expressionconcentrationsofVISTA,IL-4,IL-6,CD25,CD40L,andPD-L2 in peripheral blood plasma were detected by ELISA. We established the mouse model of asthma and intervened with agonistic anti-VISTAmAb(4C11) and VISTA fusion protein. ELISA, flow cytometry, and Western blottingwereperformed todetectthe expressionlevels ofTh1,Th2,and Th17 cell subsets and related characteristic cytokines, as well as the protein levels of MAPKs, NF-κB, and TRAF6 in lung tissues. In addition, the infiltration of eosinophils and inflammatory cells, airway mucus secretion, and VISTA protein expression in lung histopathological sections of different groups of mice were analyzed. The concentration of VISTA in human asthma group decreased significantly (p < 0.05); A positive correlation was observed between VISTA and CD40L. The intervention of 4C11mAband fusion protein respectively during the induction period increase the differentiation of Th1cellsandthesecretionofIFN-γ,andinhibitthedifferentiationofTh2 and Th17cells, aswell as the secretion of IL-4, IL-5, IL-13 and IL-17, partially reduce the pathological changes of asthma in mouse lungs and correct the progress of asthma. The MAPK, NF-κB, and TRAF6 protein levels were the middle rangein the4C11mAbandfusion proteingroups (p < 0.05). ThefindingssuggestVISTAmayplayanegativeregulatory role in the occurrence and development of bronchial asthma.

Exploring the effect of self-combustion gangue powder particle distribution on rheological behavior and hydration mechanism in cement-based systems

Solid waste-based mineral admixtures are widely employed as a partial replacement for Portland cement due to their superior performance and minimal carbon and environmental footprint. This study involves the production of self-combustion gangue powder (SCGP) with varying particle sizes achieved through crushing, screening, and grinding. The SCGP is subsequently blended with cement to form a self-combustion gangue powder-cement (SCGP-C) system with diverse particle size distribution. Rheological tests and hydration exothermic tests were conducted to investigate the rheological behavior and degree of hydration of the SCGP-C mixed system. The results show that SCGP enhances the plastic viscosity and thixotropy of the mixed slurry. However, when a finer SCGP (d50=1.36 μm) was used to replace 15 % of the cement for the same mass, the yield stress and rheological index of the slurry were reduced by 28.1 % and 15.4 % respectively compared to the control group, while the closed-packing of the SCGP-C system was obtained. When the cement was replaced by 15 % SCGP (mass substitution), the yield stresses of finer and coarser SCGP (d50=18.24 μm) and pure cement slurries were increased by 289.1 %, 67.3 %, and 29.2 %, respectively, at T=60 min compared to T=0 min. This suggests that the fineness of SCGP has a greater effect on the yield stresses of mixed slurries over time. Mixed slurries with different finenesses of SCGP all prolonged the hydration induction period and reduced the total exothermic heat of hydration. Incorporating 15 % finer SCGP extended the induction period of the mixed slurry by 27 min and increased the peak value of the main hydration curve. Appropriate incorporation of SCGP helps to improve the fluidity and early strength of mortar in the SCGP-C system and promotes the physical filling effect and the positive role of SCGP volcanic ash in the cement system.

Effect of additional Al sources on early-age strength of fly ash-based geopolymer containing calcium carbide residue and Glauber’s salt as activators

Alkali-activated materials are more environmentally friendly than cementitious composites and are used in the construction and building sector. However, their intrinsic low early strength under ambient temperatures hinders their practical applicability. More research is needed on the possibilities of increasing early strength at ambient temperatures. In this study, aluminum sulfate (AS) was used as an additional aluminum source to improve the early-age properties of fly ash (FA)-based geopolymers incorporating calcium carbide residue (CCR) and Glauber’s salt (GS) as activators. XRD, TG, SEM, ICP and isothermal calorimetry analyses were carried out to characterize the phase composition, microstructure and hydration process of the prepared materials. The results showed that the 1d strength of AS1-CCR10 was increased by 260.7 % compared with the control material, and the effect on the late strength was negligible. The relative content of AFt increased by 2.97 %, creating a more compact microstructure. During the extraction process, insufficient dissolved Al3+ in the composite led to a decrease in initial strength. In the hydration process, the induction period of AS1-CCR10 was advanced by 40.92 % and that of t50 was advanced by 57.74 %, which accelerated the early reaction rate. However, the Krstulovic-Dabic model could not accurately describe the initial stage of the hydration reaction of composite materials. This study is helpful to broaden the utilization of geopolymer composites and provide a theoretical basis for the preparation and reaction mechanism of alkali-activated materials.

Insights into the role of slag fineness on the hydration of slag-sulfoaluminate cement

Slag-sulphoaluminate cement (G·SAC), an effective alternative to Portland cement, has garnered significant attention for its low hydration heat, good mechanical properties and durability. However, the role of slag fineness on the hydration of G·SAC remains unclear. To address this, the study employed three levels of slag fineness to evaluate its effects on G·SAC in terms of hydration heat, hydrates, mechanical properties and pore structure. Results indicate that increasing slag fineness from 400 m²/kg to 800 m²/kg shortens the induction period by 2 hours but does not significantly alter the hydration heat ∼ 110 J/g or 3-day strength (around 30 MPa). In contrast, slag with a specific surface area of 1300 m²/kg significantly enhances the hydration of G·SAC, evidenced by an increased hydration heat of 180 J/g and a higher degree of slag hydration from 24 % to 79 %. This leads to greater formation of hydrates and a higher polymerization degree of C-S-H, which in turn improves pore structure density and early strength, reaching 38.8 MPa at 3 days. To sum up, a slag fineness ∼ 400 m²/kg is optimal for engineering applications, offering a balance between performance and economic considerations.

Identification of the oxidation and hydrolysis products content influence on the rapeseed oil oxidation induction period

The object of the study is the dependence of the induction period of rapeseed oil on the content of oxidation and hydrolysis products. A feature of the work is determining the approximation dependence of the induction period of accelerated oxidation of refined rapeseed oil on the content of primary oxidation products and free fatty acids. This is useful when predicting the shelf life of refined rapeseed oil. It was determined that both factors negatively affect the oxidation stability of refined rapeseed oil. An increase in the peroxide value decreases the induction period of model oil samples by 32.8512 units for each additional mmol ½ O/kg. In turn, increasing the acid value of oil samples reduces the induction period by 19.8424 units for each additional mg KOH/g. Different oxidation dynamics of model samples of refined rapeseed oil with tocopherol were revealed, depending on the concentration of primary oxidation and hydrolysis products. The obtained data are explained by the fact that the primary lipid oxidation products are unstable and quickly decompose to form free radicals. These radicals initiate further lipid oxidation, resulting in reduced oil quality. In addition, free fatty acids are more reactive than triglycerides and are more easily oxidized. A feature of the obtained results is the possibility of modeling processes that affect the oxidation stability of refined rapeseed oil. From a practical point of view, the research results allow initiating measures to maintain the safety of oil-containing food products based on refined rapeseed oil. An applied aspect of using the scientific results is the possibility of rationalizing the storage conditions of refined rapeseed oil to maximize its shelf life and increase competitiveness

A Multi-Center, Open-Label, Single-Arm Study to Investigate the Early Effectiveness of Esketamine Nasal Spray in Patients with Treatment-Resistant Depression Using a Mobile Self-Monitoring Application.

This study assesses the early effectiveness of esketamine nasal spray (ESK) in adults with treatment-resistant depression (TRD) 1 day after the first administration, as monitored through self-assessment via the mobile application, Esketamine Continuing Assessment for Relapse Prevention (EsCARe). In this multi-center, open-label, single-arm study, adults aged 18-65 years diagnosed with TRD after failing at least two antidepressant therapies were enrolled from five tertiary hospitals in South Korea. During the induction period, participants self-administered ESK twice weekly and used the EsCARe app daily to record mood, sleep, and somatic symptoms. Key clinical assessments, the Patient Health Questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9), the Hamilton Depression Rating Scale (HAMD), and the Generalized Anxiety Disorder Scale (GAD-7), were measured at baseline and at weeks 2 and 4. The reliability and validity of EsCARe was assessed. The treatment results indicated significant improvements in depressive and anxiety symptoms, with notable reductions in the PHQ-9 and the GAD-7 by week 2, and the HAMD by week 4. The EsCARe app reliably and validly monitored depressive symptoms and demonstrated a significant reduction in depressive symptoms 1 day after the first administration of ESK. Using ESK, complemented by mobile self-monitoring, effectively reduces the symptoms of TRD early in the treatment course. Integrating mobile health technology into the therapeutic regimen highlights a significant advancement in managing TRD, offering patients and clinicians immediate feedback on treatment efficacy.

Achievement of Endoscopic Remission After Induction Reduces Hospitalization Burden in Crohn's Disease: Findings From a Pooled Post Hoc Analysis of Risankizumab and Upadacitinib Phase III Trials.

Endoscopic remission has emerged as an important treatment target in Crohn's disease (CD) and has been associated with improvement in long-term outcomes. We examined the relationship between achievement of endoscopic remission and hospitalizations using pooled 52-week Phase III risankizumab and upadacitinib maintenance trials for patients with moderate-to-severely active CD. Included patients received maintenance therapy after achieving a clinical response following a 12-week induction with risankizumab or upadacitinib. Endoscopic remission defined as a Simple Endoscopic Score for CD no greater than 4 with at least a 2-point reduction versus induction baseline and no subscore greater than 1. All subsequent hospitalization events were recorded until completion of the maintenance trial or discontinuation. Exposure-adjusted negative binomial regression models were estimated to assess the relationship between post-induction endoscopic remission and long-term hospitalization, controlling for demographics, clinical variables, and treatment arm. Post-induction hospitalization rates were lower in patients who achieved endoscopic remission at the end of the induction period. In multivariable models, post-induction endoscopic remission was independently associated with an IRR of 0.45 (95% CI [0.22-0.95], p=0.036) and 0.71 (95% CI [0.44-1.14], p=0.156) for long-term disease-related and all-cause hospitalizations, respectively. Week 12 endoscopic remission is independently associated with reducing 52-week disease-related hospitalizations. However, achieving this stringent endpoint within 12 weeks of therapy may be challenging. Endoscopic response may be a more realistic early endoscopic target in the post-induction timeframe. Additional research is needed to evaluate early achievement of alternative endoscopic endpoints in CD.

Effect of hydrogen concentration, initial pressure and temperature on mechanisms of hydrogen explosion in confined spaces

Hydrogen as a renewable clean energy raises industrial safety and environmental issues. Studying the mechanism of hydrogen explosion in confined space is significant for guiding the risk assessment and efficient use of hydrogen energy. This paper used a 20 L explosion chamber to explore the effect of initial concentration changes on the hydrogen explosion and verify the model, the CHEMKIN simulation software was used to qualitatively and quantitatively evaluate the dynamic behavior characteristics of hydrogen explosion in confined space under different initial conditions, and the variation law of physical process of hydrogen explosion under different influencing factors in confined space was revealed from macro-micro perspectives. This study shows that the maximum explosion temperature and pressure under fuel-rich conditions are generally higher than those under fuel-lean conditions. The induction period of the hydrogen explosion reaction gradually shortens as the initial pressure increases, there is a negative temperature coefficient effect of ignition delay at the initial temperature of 800 K. In addition, compared with the initial pressure, higher explosion temperature and faster reactant mixing speed significantly affect the gas explosion reaction rate. The molar fractions of free radicals H, O, and OH show an inverted V-shaped relationship with the initial hydrogen concentration, and there is a hysteresis phenomenon in the final molar fraction peak of H free radicals; Sensitivity analysis indicates that free radicals are mainly responsive to the intermediate reaction R16 (forward direction) and R9 (reverse direction), thereby affecting parameters such as explosion pressure and temperature. These research findings can provide theoretical support for developing hydrogen explosion suppression technology.

Infliximab (Remsima SC)

Reimbursement reviews are comprehensive assessments of the clinical effectiveness and cost-effectiveness, as well as patient and clinician perspectives, of a drug or drug class. The assessments inform non-binding recommendations that help guide the reimbursement decisions of Canada’s federal, provincial, and territorial governments, with the exception of Quebec. This review assesses Description infliximab (Remsima SC), 120 mg/mL solution for subcutaneous injection. Indication: Maintenance treatment of adults with moderately to severely active Crohn disease who have had an inadequate response to or were intolerant of conventional therapy. Remsima SC should be used only as maintenance therapy after the completion of an induction period with IV infliximab.

An Assessment of Biodegradability and Phytotoxicity of Natural Rubber in a Simulated Soil Condition via CO2 Evolution Measurement.

In this study, the biodegradation of various natural rubber (NR) samples, i.e., neat NR and NR filled with two different curative contents was investigated under a long-term simulated soil condition at a temperature of 25 ± 2 °C in accordance with ISO 17556. Natural clay loam soil, with a pH of 7.2 and a water holding capacity of 57.6%, was employed. Under controlled test condition both unvulcanized and vulcanized NR samples having low curative content, respectively designated as UNRL and VNRL, exhibited similar biodegradation behaviors to the neat NR. They showed fast biodegradation at the early stage, and their biodegradation rate did not significantly change throughout the test period (365 days). However, for the NR samples having high curative content, respectively called UNRH and VNRH for the unvulcanized and vulcanized samples, a biodegradation delay was observed within the first 130 days. Surprisingly, the UNRH showed a relatively high biodegradation rate after the induction period. At the end of the test, most of the rubber samples (the neat NR, UNRL, VNRL, and UNRH) showed a comparable degree of biodegradation, with a value ranging from 54-59%. The VNRH, on the other hand, showed the lowest degree of biodegradation (ca. 28%). The results indicate that the number of curatives does not significantly affect the biodegradability of unvulcanized NR in the long term, despite the fact that a high curative content might retard microorganism activity at the beginning of the biodegradation process. Apparently, crosslink density is one of the key factors governing the biodegradability of NR. The phytotoxicity of the soils after the biodegradation test was also assessed and represented in terms of seedling emergence, survival rate, and plant biomass for Sorghum bicolor. The values of seedling emergence (≥80%), survival rate (100%), and plant biomass of all soil samples were not statistically different from those of the blank soil, indicating the low phytotoxicity of the tested soils subjected to the biodegradation of the rubber samples. Taken as a whole, it can be concluded that the CO2 measurement technique is one of the most effective methods to assess the biodegradability of rubbers. The knowledge obtained from this study can also be applied to formulate more environmentally friendly rubber products.

Enhancing microstructural integrity and mechanical strength of mortar containing incinerated ash using carbon nanotube, graphene nanoplatelet and nano silica reinforcements

Incineration ash contains metallic aluminium that can react with cement alkalis, producing hydrogen gas, which can affect the strength of cementitious materials. In this study, we aimed to improve the technical properties of incinerated ash-based mortar using three different nanomaterials: carbon nanotubes, graphene nanoplatelets, and nano-silica. These nanomaterials were incorporated at concentrations of 0.025 wt%, 0.05 wt%, 0.1 wt%, 0.25 wt%, 0.5 wt%, and 1 wt% of the cement mass, respectively. Comprehensive analysis indicates that the type of nanomaterials and their doses play a significant role in early age hydration, shortening the induction period and promoting the formation of C-S-H. Study results show evidence up to a 45 % enhancement in compressive strength. Sustainability assessment reveals that a dose of 0.025 % graphene nanoplatelets is the most sustainable from an environmental perspective, with approximately a 25 % improvement in compressive strength of incinerated ash mortar. Findings of the study will contribute to the understanding of nanomaterial-reinforced cementitious systems incorporating incinerated ash and offer valuable guidance for improving the performance of incinerated ash-based cementitious materials in construction applications.

Study on interfacial regulation in real food system: Cellulase-induced steady-state reconstruction of flaxseed-based plant milk and its molecular mechanisms

Cellulase is commonly used for the better release of phytonutrients due to its destructive coordinate effect on plant cell walls. In this study, cellulase hydrolysis showed a new feature: it significantly increased the physicochemical stability of flaxseed-based plant milk (FPM) due to interfacial modification of the oil bodies. Multispectroscopy and rheological measurement were performed to evaluate the stability of FPM, while the mechanical and oxidation stability of flaxseed oil bodies (FOBs) were characterized by rheological and induction period analysis, respectively. Additionally, Cryo-SEM, FTIR, and XRD analysis were used to provide structural information of FOBs' interface. Results revealed that cellulase treatment reduced the particle size and TSI of FPM, and significantly increased the adsorption of total polysaccharides at the FOBs’ interface, with an increase of 20.25 ± 3.77% (P < 0.05). Furthermore, FOBs with enzyme treatment (EN-FOBs) possessed higher elastic modulus (G′) and viscous modulus (G″) at 90 °C than untreated ones. Meanwhile, the induction period of the EN-FOBs was prolonged by 10.47 ± 2.10% (P < 0.05). These findings indicated that cellulase promoted steady-state reconstruction of FPM by contributing to formation of complex interfaces with high mechanical strength. These results offer insight into innovation in plant-based milk processing technology towards green, clean labeling, and high-quality.

Evaluation of the Effectiveness of Eugenol and MS-222 as Anesthetics in Zebrafish in Repeated Exposures and Post-Anesthesia Behaviour.

The increasing use of the zebrafish (Danio rerio) in scientific experiments has made it necessary to implement anesthesia protocols guaranteeing minimum pain and suffering for these animals and ensuring the reliability of the results obtained from their research. Therefore, we aimed to compare the effectiveness of two anesthetics, eugenol and MS-222, in consecutive administrations and evaluate the zebrafish behaviour after repeated anesthesia. Thus, several zebrafish were anaesthetized with eugenol, MS-222, and buffered MS-222 three times repeatedly with a 24-h interval between each exposure. The induction and recovery periods were also timed. Their swimming frequency was determined after each exposure to assess their behaviour after the anesthesia. Anesthesia induction was quicker with eugenol compared to MS-222. However, eugenol presented longer recovery times, which were prolonged after each exposure. Also, the swimming frequency was reduced after each anesthesia with eugenol. The buffered version of MS-222 was more efficacious than the non-buffered one. Both versions of MS-222 did not affect the swimming frequency. Based on these findings, we recommend the utilization of MS-222 buffered rather than eugenol when repeated, brief-duration anesthesia is necessitated for a study.

Photorespiratory glycine contributes to photosynthetic induction during low to high light transition

Leaves experience near-constant light fluctuations daily. Past studies have identified many limiting factors of slow photosynthetic induction when leaves transition from low light to high light. However, the contribution of photorespiration in influencing photosynthesis during transient light conditions is largely unknown. This study employs dynamic measurements of gas exchange and metabolic responses to examine the contribution of photorespiration in constraining net rates of carbon assimilation during light induction. This work indicates that photorespiratory glycine accumulation during the early light induction contributes 5–7% to the additional carbon fixed relative to the low light conditions. Mutants with large glycine pools under photorespiratory conditions (5-formyl THF cycloligase and hydroxypyruvate reductase 1) showed a transient spike in net CO2 assimilation during light induction, with glycine buildup accounting for 22–36% of the extra carbon assimilated. Interestingly, levels of many C3 cycle intermediates remained relatively constant in both mutants and wild-type throughout the light induction period where glycine accumulated, indicating that recycling of carbon into the C3 cycle via photorespiration is not needed to maintain C3 cycle activity under transient conditions. Furthermore, our data show that oxygen transient experiments can be used as a proxy to identify the photorespiratory component of light-induced photosynthetic changes.

Analysis of the occurrence and liver function characteristics of arsenic-associated liver injury during the treatment of pediatric patients with acute promyelocytic leukemia.

Liver injury during arsenic treatment for acute promyelocytic leukemia was previously reported in adults, but not comprehensively in children until now. This study aims to investigate liver injury in pediatric patients with APL, changes in liver function during treatment, and compare the effects of Arsenic trioxide (ATO) and Realgar-Indigo naturalis formula (RIF) on liver function. One hundred and eighty-six patients with 3076 patient tests were analyzed, who were enrolled in the Chinese Children's Leukemia Group (CCLG)-APL2016 Protocol database between November 2016 and November 2018 in 38 hospitals across China(ChiCTR-OIN-17011227). Twenty of 164 patients (12.2%) suffered from liver injury after treatment with arsenic. In addition, sixteen (80%) cases of liver injury occurred during the induction period of treatment. What's not disheartening was that 18 (90%) cases of liver injury were transient, occurring at a median time of 17 days after exposure to arsenic. More importantly, the risk of liver injury associated with RIF was not higher than that associated with ATO (RR = 0.854, 95% CI: 0.292-2.495). Otherwise, the ALP of 18 cases of liver injury was not higher than the ULN of ALP. Thus, the incidence of liver injury associated with arsenic in pediatric patients with APL was similar to that in adult patients and the risk of liver injury associated with RIF was not higher than that associated with ATO. Since ALP was not higher in pediatric APL patients with liver injury, further research is needed to explore whether ALP is an index of liver injury in children.