The objectives of this study were to establish, by ultrasonography, values of the width of the penile urethral lumen of Dorper × Santa Ines lambs, verify the effects of age and Dorper cross degree, and compare two types of linear probes. Forty healthy, uncastrated lambs (18 ½ Dorper and 22 ¾ Dorper) kept confined for fattening were studied. Ultrasonographic examinations were performed at 60 (beginning of confinement period), 120, and 150 days of age (end of confinement period). The penile urethra was examined at four sites: the proximal urethra (perineal region), sigmoid flexure (caudal aspect of the base of the scrotum), distal to the sigmoid flexure (cranial aspect of the base of the scrotum), and distal urethra (half the distance between the glans and the base of the scrotum). Images were acquired in B-mode with transcutaneous cross sections using two types of linear probes: for external use (13 MHz) and for transrectal use in large animals (10 MHz). The urethral lumen width was measured at each anatomical site. Data were analyzed using two-way repeated measures ANOVA. Genetic factors did not influence the results. The image definition was lower for the probe for rectal use. The urethra was identified as a circular or elliptical structure with an anechoic lumen and slightly hyperechoic wall. Urethral width increased with age in the proximal urethra (P = 0.038), distal to the sigmoid flexure (P = 0.013), and in the distal urethra (P < 0.001), but not in the sigmoid flexure (P = 0.056). The effect of the type of probe used was confirmed at the four anatomical sites examined (P < 0.001), with higher values measured using the probe for rectal use. With the probe for external use, the lumen width ranged 0.5‒2.0 mm in the proximal urethra, 0.6‒1.9 mm in the sigmoid flexure, 0.7‒2.0 mm distal to the sigmoid flexure, and 0.7‒2.1 mm in the distal urethra. With the probe for rectal use, the values were 0.6‒2.3, 0.8‒2.2, 0.7‒2.1, and 0.8‒2.5 mm, respectively. Ultrasound examination of the penile urethra of Dorper × Santa Ines lambs is feasible, and the values obtained for lumen width can be accepted as a parameter for comparison. This examination can be performed using a linear probe for rectal use in large animals.

Background: Contact dermatitis due to food exposure is underrecognized.Objectives: To characterize relevant allergens associated with food sources and analyze patient and clinical characteristics associated with food-related allergen exposure in patients with a currently relevant positive patch test reaction (PPTR).Methods: We retrospectively analyzed North American Contact Dermatitis Group data from 2001 to 2018, identifying relevant allergens linked to food sources. Patients with currently relevant PPTRs were divided into food-related and non-food-related exposure groups for comparison.Results: Among 43,722 patients, 867 (2.0%) had at least one currently relevant food-related PPTR, accounting for 936 PPTR reactions. The most common allergens were nickel (411, 43.9%), Balsam of Peru (BOP, 287, 30.7%), and fragrance mix 1 (FM1, 60, 6.4%). Carvone (24/139 [17.3%]) and sodium metabisulfite (10/87 [11.5%]) showed the highest food-related proportions. Among 867 food-related patients, the most commonly affected areas were generalized (30.22%) and the hand (19.26%). Patients having food-related PPTR were significantly less likely to involve the hand (OR, 0.59; P < 0.0001) and face (OR, 0.43; P < 0.0001) as compared with nonfood-related patients. Food exposure was associated with a higher likelihood of anogenital dermatitis (P ≤ 0.01 for nickel sulfate, BOP or FM1).Conclusion: Nickel, BOP, and FM1 were the most common food-related allergens. Common sites of dermatitis in patients with food-related PPTR were generalized, anogenital areas, and hands, although involvement of the hands and face was significantly less likely compared with nonfood-related cases.

Introduction and importance: Ectopic testis is a rare congenital condition where the testicles are located outside the normal scrotal area. Only about 1% of ectopic testes are found in the perineal region. Case presentation: A 21-year-old male from Debre Tabor, Ethiopia, presented with a right-sided perineal swelling since childhood and associated pain in the same area for 6 months prior to presentation. Physical examination was unremarkable, except for the genitourinary examination, which revealed an underdeveloped right scrotum with no palpable testis. A 3 cm × 4 cm soft, non-tender, mobile mass was palpated in the right perineal area. The left scrotal testis was normal. Diagnostic perineal ultrasound showed an atrophied ectopic right testicle in the perineal area, with a normal left scrotal testis. Consequently, a right orchiectomy with left-sided testicular fixation was performed. The surgery was uneventful. Clinical discussion: Perineal ectopic testis is a rare congenital anomaly. Testicular development and descent is a complex, multi-stage process influenced by mechanical and hormonal factors. Cryptorchidism refers to the testis descending outside the scrotum, but remaining within the normal pathway. In contrast, descent outside the normal pathway is defined as ectopic testis. Ectopic testes can be found in various locations, the superficial inguinal pouch being the most common and rarely in perineal area. Surgical management depends on the condition of the ectopic testis. Conclusion: Perineal ectopic testis, though rare, should remain in the differential diagnosis for any perineal mass. Early diagnosis and prompt management are paramount to prevent potential complications such as testicular atrophy.

Summary This case report describes the surgical excision of large perianal and perineal melanomas, and reconstruction of the anus in 11 grey horses. Four horses had a history of painful defaecation or urination due to extensive tumours. Seven horses had no clinical signs at the time of admission but had rapidly growing nodules around the anus with infiltration of the surrounding musculature. All horses had melanomas in remote parts of the body. The surgical procedure involving removal of the external anal sphincter followed by reconstruction of the anus, and the pre‐ and postoperative surgical considerations for performing the operations in standing horses were described. In six cases, reconstruction of the vulva and perineal region was also performed, and large perirectal melanomas were removed in five cases. All horses had a good outcome characterised by resolution of clinical signs, marked improvement in quality of life and a high owner satisfaction level. Our results show that, while early intervention is crucial in treating equine melanoma, a good outcome can be achieved even in seemingly hopeless situations.

Background:To investigate the efficacy and safety of methylene blue infiltrating injection (MBI) in alleviating postoperative pain following hemorrhoidectomy.Methods:In a randomized clinical trial, 60 patients with mixed hemorrhoids undergoing Milligan–Morgan surgery were divided into 2 groups: a study group (n = 30) and a control group (n = 30). Upon surgical completion, patients in the study group received an intraoperative MBI to the surgical incisions. All patients, in both groups, then received the same standard postoperative on-demand intravenous lornoxicam protocol. The primary outcome was anal pain intensity assessed by the visual analog scale scores at 6, 24, 48, and 72 hours. Secondary outcomes included limb movement score, incision edema, duration of the first postoperative defecation, supplemental analgesic consumption, length of hospital stay, hospitalization costs, and serum levels of substance P, 5-hydroxytryptamine, and prostaglandin E2.Results:No significant differences were observed in baseline characteristics. The study group exhibited significantly lower visual analog scale scores at all time points (all P < .001) and required substantially less supplemental lornoxicam (22.67 ± 17.01 mg vs 56.80 ± 9.32 mg, P < .001). Patients in the study group also had better limb movement scores, less incision edema, a shorter duration of the first postoperative defecation, a reduced hospital stay, and lower medical costs (P < .01). Serum levels of substance P, 5-hydroxytryptamine, and prostaglandin E2 were significantly lower in the study group (all P < .05). No perianal cellulitis, skin necrosis, or thrombosis occurred in either group.Conclusion:MBI provides effective and safe analgesia after Milligan–Morgan surgery, significantly reducing pain, analgesic consumption, hospital stay, and cost.

The 2022 global Mpox outbreak was characterised byprominent cutaneous and mucocutaneous findings, often with significant associated pain, that posed uniquechallenges for clinicians. To date, there are no known effective treatments that reduce time to lesion resolution. Although clade IIb Mpox is generally milder than endemic forms, this outbreak was notable for localized lesions to head, genital or perianal skin as a result of direct inoculation, often with co-infection of other sexually transmitted infections. Bacterial superinfection is among the most common complications of Mpox infection, and can increase the risk of long-term scarring. Complications and more severe illness are more frequent in patients with advanced HIV and low CD4+ T cell count. Excellent supportive care for the diverse cutaneous lesions of Mpox is critical to reducethe risk of complications and long-term sequelae of infection. The identification of therapeutics that lead to rapidlesion resolution and reduce local pain and inflammation associated with infection could further improve outcomes.

The purpose of this study is to provide a comprehensive and individualized approach to perianal wound care and improve wound healing outcomes, enhance patient satisfaction, and promote overall well-being for patients with perianal wounds. From January 2020 to July 2023, a total of 32 patients with perianal skin defects were treated, ranging in age from 20 to 84 years old. A thorough assessment was conducted to gather information about the patients' wound characteristics, medical history, underlying conditions, lifestyle factors, and personal preferences. A comprehensive and individualized wound care approach based on these assessments was then developed. Multiple indicators of patients, including wound healing, pain levels, nursing satisfaction, and skin integrity, were observed. All 32 patients experienced either cure or improvement, with some patients showing wound reduction and subsequent healing through postdischarge dressing changes. The pain score decreased from 4.7 before treatment to 1.7 posttreatment. Further, nursing satisfaction increased from 90% before treatment to 99.8%. Individualized comprehensive nursing plans were found to be effective in alleviating pain and resulting in high nursing satisfaction. Individualized comprehensive perianal wound care can provide tailored and holistic nursing interventions to promote optimal healing, prevent complications, alleviate symptoms, improve patient comfort, and enhance overall well-being.

Pruritis Ani.

Radio-induced dermatitis, a frequent adverse effect of radiation therapy, is particularly prevalent in patients treated for anal margin carcinoma. It may present with varying severity, causing significant pain and impairment of daily mobility, influenced by both patient-related factors and treatment regimens. The standard management is challenging, largely topical and supportive, often insufficient to adequately address morbidity in severe or refractory cases. Photobiomodulation therapy using red-light and near-infrared light has been increasingly recognized in oncology supportive care; however, evidence remains limited for perianal radiation-induced skin toxicity and use prior to re-irradiation. We report the case of a 79-year-old woman treated for epidermoid carcinoma of the anal margin who developed grade 2 radiation-induced epithelitis during chemoradiotherapy, refractory to conventional topical treatments. Red-light photobiomodulation therapy (RL-PBMT, 632 nm, 67 mW/cm2, 15 min per session) was initiated as supportive care. The patient experienced rapid and clinically meaningful pain reduction from the first session, followed by progressive epithelial healing over four sessions. Notably, two additional RL-PBMT sessions administered prior to a second radiotherapy cycle were associated with the complete absence of further skin toxicity. Assessment was based on clinical examination and patient-reported outcomes. This single-patient case suggests that RL-PBMT was well tolerated and may represent a useful noninvasive adjunct for managing radiation-induced dermatitis in anatomically sensitive regions. These findings are preliminary and warrant confirmation in controlled clinical studies.

Research on the reproductive tract microbiology of broodmares has primarily focused on the uterus, with a limited set of tools for the rapid detection of pathogenic bacteria in the perineal region. Accurate, real-time identification of bacterial contamination could improve the diagnosis and management of post-breeding infectious endometritis. In this proof-of-concept study, we evaluated the ability of a portable MolecuLight i:X fluorescence imaging device for the rapid, non-invasive detection of potentially pathogenic perineal bacteria in healthy broodmares, comparing results with microbiological culture as the gold standard. Using ultraviolet-induced fluorescence imaging guided for swabbing and microbiological culture, the device demonstrated 80% sensitivity, 96% specificity, and 91% accuracy in differentiating potential pathogenic from commensal bacteria in clinically healthy broodmares. These preliminary findings may represent the basis for further assessment of the real-time, fluorescence-based technology in diseased or symptomatic broodmares, potentially aiding timely clinical decision-making. Further multicentred studies with larger inclusion of mares with confirmed endometritis are needed to strengthen the relevance of this technology and to expand the device’s application in equine reproductive health.

Vaginal deliveries are frequently associated with perineal trauma, including severe tearing in some cases. Understanding of pelvic floor muscle damage and perineal tearing during childbirth is of great clinical relevance. However, the knowledge of these complex phenomena is incomplete. The objective of the present study is to explore the multifactorial view of pelvic floor muscle damage and perineal tearing during childbirth. Using nonlinear finite element modeling coupled to statistical surrogate modeling, we modeled fetal descent with imposed displacement and used active maternal for muscle contraction to estimate the pelvic floor muscle damage and perineal tearing indicators under different influencing factors such as fetal head deformability and biometry, as well as constitutive behaviors. The obtained results show that fetal head deformability reduces stress and strain concentrations in the pelvic floor muscles (PFM) and perineal region, while increasing fetal head size leads to heightened internal tissue responses. Linear regression analysis demonstrated strong model performance (R² = 0.782-0.981) and statistically predictive relationships between fetal biometric parameters, soft tissue constitutive behaviors, and associated mechanical responses. By integrating advanced finite element modeling with statistical modeling and regression, this work provides new quantitative insights into the biomechanical factors, highlighting tissue deformation patterns and indicating potential risk of tissue damage in highly strained areas due to localized mechanical stress. This approach offers a predictive and non-invasive strategy for assessing maternal tissue vulnerability during childbirth.

Lymphatic-venous anastomosis (LVA) is an effective surgical treatment for lymphedema, which requires accurate identification of lymphatic vessels. Indocyanine Green (ICG) lymphography, the most common method for lymphatic mapping, cannot always successfully identify lymphatic vessels. We aimed to explore high-frequency ultrasound (HFUS) and contrast-enhanced ultrasound (CEUS) as a reliable alternative for lymphatic mapping when ICG lymphography is not feasible. We performed combined HFUS and CEUS for lymphatic mapping on the patients who exhibited no obvious linear pattern on ICG lymphography. The inner and outer diameters and depths of the lymphatic vessels were measured. We subsequently evaluated the accuracy of US lymphatic mapping by comparing it with the operative results. And the postoperative volume and circumference of the affected limbs were compared with the preoperative measurements. We recruited 111 patients with lymphedema, including 96 limbs and 24 perineal areas affected. Three hundred forty-five lymphatics in the limbs and 52 in the perineum underwent anastomosis and were analyzed. Comparable lymphatic vessel diameter (inner: 0.5-0.9 mm; outer: 0.8-0.9 mm) and depth (9-10 mm) measurements across HFUS, CEUS, and combined HFUS + CEUS. However, HFUS + CEUS significantly improved detection sensitivity, identifying 313 vessels (91.1% accuracy) vs 114 (88.6%) for HFUS and 22 (90.9%) for CEUS. Significant postoperative reductions in limb circumference (39.3 ± 7.4 cm to 37.8 ± 7.1 cm) and volume (81.1 ± 35.8 L to 74.2 ± 33.4 L, p < 0.001). All ultrasound methods consistently showed volume reduction (HFUS: 93.3 ± 25.4 L to 89.6 ± 24.1 L; CEUS: 92.4 ± 28.9 L to 83.4 ± 19.8 L; HFUS + CEUS: 91.2 ± 31.8 L to 84.2 ± 21.5 L, p < 0.001-0.002). High-frequency US combined with CEUS serves as a reliable pre-op lymphatic mapping alternative when ICG lymphography fails. Question In over 40% of lymphedema patients, preoperative ICG lymphangiography fails to show a linear pattern; can HFUS and CEUS provide complementary information? Findings ICG failed to visualize in 42.53% of patients; HFUS and CEUS identified lymphatics in all and achieved 94.5% accuracy. Clinical relevance This study confirmed that HFUS combined with CEUS improves the detection of lymphatic vessels and the success of LVA in ICG-negative cases.

To evaluate the anatomical outcomes of transobturator tension-free sling combined with posterior pelvic reconstruction in patients with stress urinary incontinence and pelvic organ prolapse using high-resolution magnetic resonance imaging. This study included 50 women with stage II POP and SUI who underwent the combined surgery, along with 10 matched healthy controls. Preoperative and postoperative pelvic floor morphology was assessed via MRI, measuring parameters including perineal body area, urethral length, levator hiatus dimensions, vaginal angles, and spatial coordinates of key anatomical landmarks. Postoperative MRI demonstrated significant restoration of pelvic floor anatomy: perineal body area increased (572.84 ± 90.42mm² vs. preoperative 306.24 ± 90.33mm², P < 0.001), urethral length extended (37.89 ± 4.70mm vs. 31.58 ± 4.12mm, P < 0.001), and levator hiatus parameters normalized. Vaginal axial deviations and landmark coordinates were effectively corrected, showing statistical improvement compared to preoperative values (P < 0.05) and restoration to levels comparable with controls. The TOT combined with posterior pelvic reconstruction effectively restores pelvic floor anatomy and biomechanical balance, providing an objective imaging basis for the anatomical restoration achieved by this procedure in treating SUI with POP.

Melon (Cucumis melo L.) is a vegetable of high economic importance in Brazil, with an average annual production of 862,387 tons (IBGE 2023). However, phytosanitary problems associated with soilborne pathogens have limited the productive potential of this crop. In October 2024, plants with stunted growth, yellowed leaves, and wilting symptoms during the hottest periods of the day were observed in commercial yellow melon production areas located in Ribeira do Amparo, Bahia (11°02'18.7"S 38°25'51.4"W). Complete plant mortality was recorded in a 2-hectare area fifty days after planting. Galls and egg masses, typical symptoms of root-knot nematode (Meloidogyne spp.) infection, were observed on the roots. Egg masses were collected and inoculated, one mass per plant of tomato cv. Santa Cruz Kada Gigante, for the purpose of obtaining a pure culture, identification, and pathogenicity tests. Morphological characterization was determined using perineal region cuts on females, revealing typical characteristics of Meloidogyne enterolobii, including an oval shape and a moderately high dorsal arch with smooth ventral striations. For molecular characterization, genomic DNA (n = 50) was extracted from females using Worm Lysis Buffer (WLB), as described by Carvalho et al. (2019). Molecular identification was performed by PCR using species-specific primers for Meloidogyne enterolobii (Long et al. 2006). Amplification of a 256 bp fragment was observed and visualized under UV light using a transilluminator (Major Science). The amplified product was subjected to Sanger sequencing (ABI 3500, Applied Biosystems). The obtained sequence was aligned in Geneious Prime version 2024.1 (Biomatters Ltd.) and compared with the GenBank database, showing 99% similarity to Meloidogyne enterolobii (accession number PV929444). To fulfill Koch’s postulates, an experiment was conducted with yellow melon (Cucumis melo var. inodorus) under greenhouse conditions. Fifteen-day-old seedlings were transplanted into 7 L pots containing autoclaved soil, sand, and substrate in a 1:1:1 ratio. Nematode extraction was performed according to the methodology described by Coolen and D’Herde (1972). Subsequently, 2,000 J2 were inoculated per pot, and the plants were maintained for 60 days. The inoculated plants exhibited characteristic symptoms similar to those observed under field conditions, whereas the control plants remained asymptomatic. According to the methodology of Oostenbrink (1966), the final J2 population was quantified by counting in a Peters chamber under a light microscope, resulting in a reproduction factor (final population/initial population) of 10.1. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report of Meloidogyne enterolobii on melon plants in Brazil, highlighting the need for management strategies to reduce the pathogen's impact on crop production.

Extramammary Paget disease (EMPD) is an intraepidermal carcinoma that typically involves the urogenital, perineal and perianal skin. EMPD is classified as primary if arising directly in the skin, or secondary if spreading from another malignancy, most commonly urothelial carcinoma and colorectal adenocarcinoma. Prostein (p501s) immunoreactivity was initially described as sensitive and specific for prostatic epithelial cells including prostatic adenocarcinoma. Herein, we investigated the expression of prostein in primary EMPD of the external genitalia, secondary EMPD involving the external genitalia or perineum, and mammary Paget disease (MPD). Prostein was negative by immunohistochemistry in all cases of MPD (n = 0/11) and secondary EMPD (n = 0/5). Conversely, prostein was positive in all cases of primary EMPD (n = 11/11), including non-invasive and invasive components and including one nodal metastasis. Among these cases, 5/11 (45%) showed non-focal moderate-to-strong staining, 3/11 (27%) showed focal weak staining, and 3/11 (27%) cases showed weak diffuse staining. All cases of primary EMPD additionally showed diffuse 2-3+ staining for GATA3, and 10/11 cases of primary EMPD showed diffuse 2-3+ staining for androgen receptor (AR). These findings suggest that prostein may be a promising immunohistochemical marker for the diagnosis of primary EMPD.

The aim of this report was to describe a clinical case of cutaneous and mucocutaneous epitheliotropic lymphoma with an atypical presentation pattern in an adult mixed-breed male dog. The patient presented with solitary and disseminated erythematous, ulcerated nodules in the inguinal, abdominal, and scrotal regions, along with involvement of mucocutaneous areas such as the perineal and labial regions. The disease showed rapid progression, with aggressive tumor growth, bloody discharge, ulceration, and intense pain. Biopsies of the lesions were obtained, and histopathological and immunohistochemical analyses confirmed a cutaneous and mucocutaneous epitheliotropic lymphoma of T-cell origin. Chemotherapy following the CHOP protocol—comprising cyclophosphamide, doxorubicin, vincristine, and prednisone, was initiated, together with clinical and medical supportive care. However, the patient died before the second chemotherapy session. Considering the rapid tumor progression, high neoplastic burden, and acute clinical deterioration after treatment initiation, tumor lysis syndrome was regarded as the most probable outcome. This syndrome results from massive destruction of neoplastic cells with the release of intracellular contents, leading to metabolic disturbances, renal injury, and systemic instability. It may occur spontaneously or following the onset of chemotherapy, as in this case. Although well documented in human medicine, tumor lysis syndrome remains poorly recognized in veterinary medicine, underscoring the importance of post-mortem examination. This case highlights the relevance of recognizing unusual clinical presentations of cutaneous and mucocutaneous epitheliotropic lymphoma for inclusion in the differential diagnosis.

Abstract Background Perianal fistulizing Crohn’s disease (PFCD) involves breakdown of mucosal surfaces and tunneling with transitions of epithelium from the internal opening through stroma and to the perianal skin. EMT is widely-accepted to be involved in the process of fistulization and has most commonly been studied in rectal epithelium. However, due to challenges in sampling these often millimeter-wide tracts, the identity of perianal fistula tract epithelium in patients with Crohn’s disease remains incompletely characterized. Methods We screened 130 proctectomies performed at our institution for patients with PFCD from 2009 through 2021. Of these, 81 proctectomies had formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded tissue available stored by our pathology department. Sections were scored for presence of fistula, quality of fistula tract sections (i.e. with the least fragmentation), and presence of internal and/or external openings. We performed spatial transcriptomics (Visium 10X) on formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded sections from three representative patients with PFCD. Space-ranger output files, including the H5 file and relevant sequencing outputs, were used to compile objects in R software according to the Seurat spatial workflow. Data was normalized using SC-Transform before UMAP clustering and PCA analysis. Anatomy was carefully reviewed and regions containing epithelia were selected for using the 10X Genomics Loupe browser v.4.0. The barcodes of the aggregate areas and non-aggregate areas were extracted as csv files and used for comparison by the SetIdent function in Seurat. Results We annotated fistula tract lining, anal epithelium, rectal epithelium, and perianal skin in proctectomy specimens of patients with inflamed and non-inflamed perianal fistula tracts (Figure 1B and 1D). Fistula tract epithelium clusters with anal squamous epithelium (Figure 1A). Rectal epithelium, on the other hand, was transcriptionally distant (Figure 1A). Anal transitional zone keratin KRT13 is upregulated in perianal fistula tract lining, whereas rectal keratin KRT8 was not present (Figure 1C). This was true for both inflamed and non-inflamed tracts. Conclusion Our data show that the epithelium of perianal fistula tracts are more closely related anal squamous epithelium than rectal columnar cells. These findings suggest that, in addition to rectal transition, anal squamous cell transition may play a role in perianal fistula pathogenesis.

ABSTRACT This study investigated the foraging behaviours, host species utilisation, and spatial attachment preferences of Red‐billed Oxpecker ( Buphagus erythrorhynchus ) and Yellow‐billed Oxpecker ( Buphagus africanus ) in Salambala Conservancy, northeastern Namibia, from May to September 2023. A total of 1252 potential host animals were observed, including African buffalo ( Syncerus caffer ), cattle ( Bos taurus ), giraffe ( Giraffa camelopardalis ), and plains zebra ( Equus quagga ). Oxpecker‐host interactions were recorded for 234 Red‐billed Oxpecker and 69 Yellow‐billed Oxpecker. Red‐billed Oxpecker primarily exhibited perching and tick‐feeding behaviours, particularly on buffalo and cattle, while Yellow‐billed Oxpecker showed a stronger reliance on tick‐feeding, especially on buffalo. Other feeding behaviours, such as the consumption of ear wax, mucus, and saliva, were mainly recorded on giraffe, suggesting resource diversification strategies. Host rejection and tolerance behaviours also differed among species, with buffalo and giraffe demonstrating higher tolerance levels compared to cattle and zebra, which exhibited elevated rejection responses. Oxpecker attachment patterns differed across host species and body regions. Preferred foraging regions included the back, head, and anogenital areas that are typically difficult for hosts to self‐groom. These findings provide dry‐season baseline data on oxpecker‐host interactions in a mixed‐use conservancy landscape and highlight behavioural flexibility in response to host species and tolerance. Interpretation of interspecific differences, particularly for Yellow‐billed Oxpeckers, should be viewed as preliminary due to uneven sampling across hosts.

Flap reconstruction following Fournier's gangrene: A systematic review of techniques and outcomes.

Background: The posterior cutaneous nerve of the thigh (PCNT), also known as the posterior femoral cutaneous nerve, is a sensory branch of the sacral roots derived from S1–S3 nerve roots. It supplies the gluteal, perineal, and posterior thigh regions. Anatomical variations in the origin or course are uncommon but clinically significant, as they may impact outcomes in gluteal and posterior thigh procedures such as hip replacements, hamstring repairs, and nerve blocks. Case Description: During the dissection of a well-preserved 63-year-old male cadaver, a unique variation of the PCNT was found on the right side. The nerve exhibited a dual origin from the sciatic as well as pudendal roots and was pierced by the inferior gluteal vessels below the piriformis muscle and contributed fibers to the sciatic nerve. Several oblique communicating fibers were also observed between S1, S2, and S3. The left side showed normal anatomy. Methods: Dissection of the gluteal region was conducted as per the steps mentioned in Cunningham’s manual of dissection. Morphometric measurements were obtained with digital calipers, referenced from the inferior border of the piriformis muscle. Conclusion: Anatomical variations may have significant clinical consequences, particularly during surgical or anaesthetic interventions in the gluteal or thigh areas. This unique variation, pierced by the inferior gluteal vessels, may predispose the PCNT to vascular compression or iatrogenic injury. This could result in neuralgia, hypoesthesia, or sensory loss in its distribution areas. Embryological factors such as anomalies in neural crest cell migration or neurotrophic signaling may contribute to such variations. Understanding such variants is crucial for surgeons to minimize complications during regional procedures.