Cell Performance Research Articles

Electrosynthesis reactions with divided cells: unlocking potentials in organic synthesis

Electrosynthesis reactions have become an important field of study due to the increasing demand for sustainable and environmentally friendly chemical processes. Using a divided cell in electrosynthesis has shown promising results in selectivity, efficiency, and scalability. In this review, we discuss the principles and advantages of using divided cells in electrosynthesis reactions, focusing on their application in producing organic compounds. We also consider several factors that influence the performance of divided cells, such as the choice of electrode materials, membrane type, and operating conditions. Furthermore, we evaluate the challenges and limitations associated with divided cell electrosynthesis, including the need for high current densities and the management of gas evolution.

Loss Analysis of P3 Laser Patterning of Perovskite Solar Cells via Hyperspectral Photoluminescence Imaging

Upscaling perovskite solar cells and modules requires precise laser patterning for series interconnection and spatial characterization of cell parameters to understand laser–material interactions and their impact on performance. This study investigates the use of nanosecond (ns) and picosecond (ps) laser pulses at varying fluences for the P3 patterning step of perovskite solar cells. Hyperspectral photoluminescence (PL) imaging was employed to map key parameters such as optical bandgap energy, Urbach energy, and shunt resistance. The mappings were correlated with electrical measurements, revealing that both ns and ps lasers can be utilized for effective series interconnections with minimal performance losses at optimized fluences. Our findings provide a deeper understanding of fluence-dependent effects in P3 patterning. Moreover, the results demonstrate that the process window is robust, allowing for reasonable cell performance even with deviations from optimal parameters. This robustness, coupled with the scalability of the laser patterning process, emphasize its suitability for industrial module production.

Effects of Nuclear Motion on the Photoinduced Interfacial Charge Transfer Dynamics at a NiO/P1 Photocathode.

The performance of dye-sensitized photoelectrochemical cells is presently limited by the photocathode component. Here, we investigate the impact of nuclear dynamics on the photoinduced charge separation of the benchmark NiO/P1 system (P1 = 4-(bis-4-(5-(2,2-dicyano-vinyl)-thiophene-2-yl)-phenyl-amino)-benzoic acid). Transient absorption (TA) studies in aqueous environments with different viscosities show that photoinduced hole injection either proceeds ultrafast (<100 fs) or in a sub-ps time window. We assign the fastest component to a surface species strongly coupled to the NiO. Interestingly, the slower injection component and charge recombination are slowed down considerably in more viscous media. Quantum-classical dynamics simulations of a system with the dye standing perpendicular to the surface yield an injection lifetime remarkably close to the slow component from kinetic modeling of the TA results. Simulations including nuclear thermal motion yield a 2-fold increase in hole transfer rate compared to simulations on fixed nuclei, highlighting the role of nuclear motion and providing new design principles for dye-sensitized photocathodes.

Comparative Electrochemical Performance of Solid Oxide Fuel Cells: Hydrogen vs. Ammonia Fuels—A Mini Review

Solid oxide fuel cells (SOFCs) have garnered significant attention as a promising technology for clean and efficient power generation due to their ability to utilise renewable fuels such as hydrogen and ammonia. As carbon-free energy carriers, hydrogen and ammonia are expected to play a pivotal role in achieving net-zero emissions. However, a critical research question remains: how does the electrochemical performance of SOFCs compare when fuelled by hydrogen vs. ammonia, and what are the implications for their practical application in power generation? This mini-review paper is premised on the hypothesis that while hydrogen-fuelled SOFCs currently demonstrate superior stability and performance at low and high temperatures, ammonia-fuelled SOFCs offer unique advantages, such as higher electrical efficiencies and improved fuel utilisation. These benefits make ammonia a viable alternative fuel source for SOFCs, particularly at elevated temperatures. To address this, the mini-review paper provides a comprehensive comparative analysis of the electrochemical performance of SOFCs under direct hydrogen and ammonia fuels, focusing on key parameters such as open-circuit voltage (OCV), power density, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy, fuel utilisation, stability, and electrical efficiency. Recent advances in electrode materials, electrolytes, fabrication techniques, and cell structures are also highlighted. Through an extensive literature survey, it is found that hydrogen-fuelled SOFCs exhibit higher stability and are less affected by temperature cycling. In contrast, ammonia-fuelled SOFCs achieve higher OCVs (by 7%) and power densities (1880 mW/cm2 vs. 1330 mW/cm2 for hydrogen) at 650 °C, along with 6% higher electrical efficiency. Despite these advantages, ammonia-fuelled SOFCs face challenges such as NOx emissions, nitride formation, environmental impact, and OCV stabilisation, which are discussed alongside potential solutions. This mini review aims to provide insights into the future direction of SOFC research, emphasising the need for further exploration of ammonia as a sustainable fuel alternative.

Decoupling Membrane Electrode Assembly Materials Complexity from Fuel Cell Performance through Image‐Based Multiphase and Multiphysics Modelling

Decoupling Membrane Electrode Assembly Materials Complexity from Fuel Cell Performance through Image‐Based Multiphase and Multiphysics Modelling

CFD analysis of fuel cell performance: Insights into electrochemical and thermal processes

AbstractFuel cells are a pivotal technology in the changes towards sustainable and clean energy methods due to their high energy performance and environmentally aligning functioning. This investigation carried out an overall computational analysis to investigate the influences of these crucial factors on the efficiency of a single fuel cell. This research work measures the influence of parameters on key performance variables like polarization curves, electric potential and current density output. The results show that higher inlet pressures and mass flow rates significantly enhance reactant transport, thereby decreasing concentration losses and improving polarized current outcomes. GDL porosity and electrode exchange coefficients are found to play a significant role in enhancing reactant distribution and electrochemical reaction kinetics leading to good utilization of fuel and higher cell performance. Conversely, higher inlet temperatures negatively impact efficiency due to rises in thermal stresses and reduced reactant concentrations at critical reaction zone. Furthermore, the research identifies optimal ranges for these parameters, offering actionable insights for improving fuel cell design and operation. These results contribute to the broader efforts in advancing fuel cell technologies paving the way for their effective deployment in clean energy applications. This study underscores the importance of integrating computational analysis into the optimization of high-performance and durable fuel cells for the energy demands of the future.

Efficient Semitransparent Organic Solar Modules with Exceptional Diurnal Stability through Asymmetric Interaction Induced by Symmetric Molecular Structure

The symmetry‐breaking design strategy of nonfullerene acceptor can improve the performance of semitransparent organic solar cells (ST‐OSCs). However, no report exists on the ‘asymmetric molecular interaction’ induced by symmetric molecular structure in nonfullerene acceptors. Herein, we showcase that 2D fluorophenyl outer groups in symmetric 4FY promote dipole‐driven self‐assembly through asymmetric molecular interactions, resulting in a tighter packed structure than Y6 with the same symmetric geometry. Such unique properties lead to high‐performance layer‐by‐layer OSCs, accompanied by simultaneously reduced energy and recombination losses and improved charge‐related characteristics. ST‐OSCs based on PCE10‐2F/4FY achieve notable power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 10.81%, average visible transmittance of 45.43%, and light utilization efficiency (LUE) of 4.91%. Moreover, exceptional diurnal cycling stability is observed in the ST‐OSCs based on PCE10‐2F/4FY with much prolonged T80 up to 134 h, which is about 17 times greater than the reference PCE10‐2F/Y6. Lastly, we fabricate highly efficient semitransparent organic solar modules based on PCE10‐2F/4FY (active area of 18 cm2), which shows PCE of 6.78% and the highest LUE of 3.10% to date for all‐narrow bandgap semitransparent organic solar modules. This work demonstrates that asymmetry‐driven molecular interactions can be leveraged to fabricate large‐area ST‐OSCs that are efficient and stable under realistic operating conditions.

Efficient Semitransparent Organic Solar Modules with Exceptional Diurnal Stability Through Asymmetric Interaction Induced by Symmetric Molecular Structure.

The symmetry-breaking design strategy of nonfullerene acceptor can improve the performance of semitransparent organic solar cells (ST-OSCs). However, no report exists on the "asymmetric molecular interaction" induced by symmetric molecular structure in nonfullerene acceptors. Herein, we showcase that 2D fluorophenyl outer groups in symmetric 4FY promote dipole-driven self-assembly through asymmetric molecular interactions, resulting in a tighter packed structure than Y6 with the same symmetric geometry. Such unique properties lead to high-performance layer-by-layer OSCs, accompanied by simultaneously reduced energy and recombination losses and improved charge-related characteristics. ST-OSCs based on PCE10-2F/4FY achieve notable power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 10.81%, average visible transmittance of 45.43%, and light utilization efficiency (LUE) of 4.91%. Moreover, exceptional diurnal cycling stability is observed in the ST-OSCs based on PCE10-2F/4FY with much prolonged T80 up to 134h, which is about 17 times greater than the reference PCE10-2F/Y6. Lastly, we fabricate highly efficient semitransparent organic solar modules based on PCE10-2F/4FY (active area of 18 cm2), which shows PCE of 6.78% and the highest LUE of 3.10% to date for all-narrow bandgap semitransparent organic solar modules. This work demonstrates that asymmetry-driven molecular interactions can be leveraged to fabricate large-area ST-OSCs that are efficient and stable under realistic operating conditions.

Improving the performance of high-efficiency silicon heterojunction solar cells through the synergism of composite passivation with energy-band engineering

Abstract This study demonstrates the critical role of integrating energy band engineering with asymmetric composite passivation structures in enhancing silicon heterojunction (SHJ) solar cells performance. By investigating the effect of deposition pressure on the optical bandgap of pure silane passivation layers, tunable bandgap values ranging from 1.60 eV to 1.89 eV were achieved. This pressure-induced bandgap modulation enabled the implementation of asymmetric energy band engineering at the c-Si/a-Si:H interface, reducing the band offset from 0.61 eV to 0.36 eV and increasing the effective minority carrier lifetime by 29%. The optimized SHJ solar cells exhibited an open-circuit voltage (Voc) of 734.8 mV and a fill factor (FF) of 85.08%, reflecting respective improvements of 3.0% and 3.5%, and a power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 24.2% on G12 half-area wafers. These results confirm that energy band engineering of asymmetric composite passivation layers effectively balances passivation quality and carrier transport, significantly enhancing device performance.

A Novel Heatsink for Optimizing Photovoltaic Cell Performance with Passive Cooling Using Perforated Wave-Shaped Fins

Abstract Photovoltaic (PV) systems convert solar energy into electricity with about 20% efficiency, while the remaining 80% dissipates as heat, reducing performance. Maintaining PV cells near 25 °C is crucial to avoid efficiency losses. This study explores a novel passive cooling design, Photovoltaic Perforated Wavy-Shape Fins (PV-PWSFs), using ANSYS Fluent simulations under solar irradiance (400–1000 W/m2) and airflow speeds (0.5–2.5 m/s). The PV-PWSFs system significantly reduced average PV temperatures, cooling them to 57.8 °C at 1000 W/m2, compared to 64.5 °C for Photovoltaic Perforated Straight-Shape Fins (PV-PSSFs) and 83.3 °C without fins. At higher airflow speeds, the system achieved even lower temperatures, reaching 47.7 °C at 2.5 m/s. This cooling enhanced PV efficiency to 12.79% and boosted power output by 15.6% at 1000 W/m2. The wavy fins increased heat dissipation by enlarging the surface area and promoting turbulent airflow for improved convective cooling. Perforations facilitated better airflow distribution, reducing hotspots and ensuring uniform panel temperatures. Additionally, the study also analyzed the effects of fin wavelength and amplitude on performance. A wavelength of 10 cm and an amplitude of 1.5 cm provided optimal cooling by balancing heat transfer enhancement and flow resistance. These findings demonstrate that the PV-PWSFs design effectively reduces operating temperatures, enhancing both performance and lifespan of PV systems.

Recent advances in additive manufacturing for solar cell based on organic/inorganic hybrid materials

AbstractThe performance of optoelectronic materials has been booming developed. Yet, the traditional solar cell manufacturing techniques, such as spin coating and screen printing, have significant limitations that seem to hinder the further development of solar cell technology. Compared with traditional manufacturing processes, additive manufacturing (AM) boasts advantages such as flexibility in the printing process, precise control over material deposition, and simpler procedures. These features provide a foundation for further enhancing solar cell performance and expanding their applications. This review outlines the superiority of AM compared with traditional solar cell manufacturing methods and highlights how AM has addressed specific challenges currently faced by solar cells. The most widely researched solar cell structures in recent years were briefly reviewed with summarizing their advantages and disadvantages. Then, a comprehensive overview of different manufacturing processes, including traditional printing methods and AM, is presented. Especially, their workflows, characteristics, and impressive innovative applications in solar cell manufacturing were discussed in detail. Finally, based on the current state of research, the review reflects on the future prospects of applying AM technology in space solar energy production, such as integrated printing with protective outer layers together with the solar cells, customized functional structure printing, flexible large‐scale printing, and printing of high‐performance novel materials with nanoscale and microscale structures.image

Regulating three-layer full carbon electrodes to enhance the cell performance of CsPbI3 perovskite solar cells

Carbon-based perovskite solar cells exhibit a promising application prospect due to its cost effective and attractive hydrophobic nature and chemical inertness, but are still limited to unsatisfied device efficiency. Herein, we design a triple-layer full-carbon electrode for n-i-p typed perovskite solar cells, which is comprised of a modified macroporous carbon layer, a highly conductive graphite layer and a thin dense carbon layer, and each layer undertakes different contribution to improving the cell performance. Based on this full-carbon electrode, inorganic CsPbI3 perovskite solar cells exhibit >19% certified efficiency which is the highest result among carbon-based CsPbI3 devices. On one hand, carbon quantum dots decorated on the macro-porous carbon layer can realize better energy alignment of full-carbon electrode/spiro-OMeTAD/CsPbI3 interface, on the other hand, highly conductive graphite layer is advantageous to carrier transporting. Typically, the top dense carbon layer exhibits significant thermal radiation ability, which can reduce the operational temperature of devices by about 10 °C, both from theoretical simulation and experimental testing. Thereby, packaged full-carbon electrode based CsPbI3 cells exhibit much better photothermal stability at ~70°C accompanied by white light emitting diode illumination, which exhibit no efficiency degradation after 2000 h continuous operational tracking.

Enhancing Power Conversion Efficiency Above 17% Through End-group Engineering of thieno[3,2-b]thiophene and 2,4,6-triisopropylphenyl-based Nonfused-ring Electron Acceptors for Organic Photovoltaics: A DFT Insight

Fused-ring electron acceptors (FREAs) have been pivotal in advancing the performance of organic solar cells (OSCs). However, challenges such as high production costs, synthetic complexity and limited scalability hinder their widespread industrial adoption. Nonfused-ring electron acceptors (NFREAs) present a promising alternative, offering more cost-effective and scalable photovoltaic solutions. Despite this, the power conversion efficiencies (PCEs) of NFREA-based OSCs still have significant potential for improvement. In this study, we explore the design of eight novel acceptor–donor–acceptor (A–D–A) NFREAs, referred to as TTS1–TTS8, achieved through end-group engineering of thieno[3,2-b]thiophene (TT) as the primary electron-donating unit, with 2,4,6-triisopropylphenyl (TIP) incorporated to provide steric hindrance. Density functional theory (DFT) and time-dependent DFT (TD-DFT) simulations provide insights into the impact of end-capping modifications on the photovoltaic properties of TTS1–TTS8. The optimization of these compounds through structural modifications has led to notable improvements in their photovoltaic performance. Among the developed series, the TTS8 compound exhibits a remarkable PCE of 17%, surpassing the theoretical limit of the reference molecule TTS-4F (12%). These molecules show increased binding energies ([Formula: see text]0.299 eV), broadened absorption profiles ([Formula: see text] = 702–792 nm), reduced energy gaps (1.98–1.90 eV) and enhanced open-circuit voltages ([Formula: see text] = 1.21–1.53 V). Further characterization through transition dipole moments (TDMs), electron density distributions (EDDs), molecular electrostatic potentials (MEPs), frontier molecular orbitals (FMOs) and reorganization energies ([Formula: see text] = 0.0061–0.0073 [Formula: see text], [Formula: see text] = 0.0064–0.0076 [Formula: see text] corroborates these improvements. Furthermore, the charge transfer analysis of TTS7/PM6 found a significant charge shifting at the HOMO ([Formula: see text] to LUMO (TTS7) interface. TTS8, in particular, stands out with its superior PCE, [Formula: see text] of 1.53 V, 59% fill factor and excellent efficiency, making it a promising candidate for next-generation solar cell applications. These results highlight the potential of the TTS1–TTS8 series in advancing the development of high-performance and sustainable organic solar cells.

Thermoradiative energy conversion in infrared interband cascade InAs/GaSb/AlInSb/GaSb type-II superlattice diodes

Thermoradiative energy conversion presents a means for the direct conversion of thermal energy through radiative transfer to a cold scene. However, much of the study of thermoradiative principles has been based on theory and simulations, with only sparse reports on the experimental demonstration of the concept. This work studies thermoradiative energy conversion in InAs/GaSb/AlInSb/GaSb type-II superlattice cascade devices. The devices exhibit a cutoff wavelength of 3.2 μm at 300 K, corresponding to a bandgap of 0.39 eV. Testing under a temperature-controlled chamber and scene demonstrates a maximum power density of 2.9 mW/m2 at a cell temperature of 121 °C. It is consistent with expected values for device operation limited by Shockley–Read–Hall non-radiative recombination. This result is a significant step in providing an experimental demonstration of thermoradiative energy conversion and a means to characterize cell performance, providing a foundation for further development to achieve practical values for power generation.

Low Pressure Chemical Vapor Deposited Perovskite Enables all Vacuum‐Processed Monolithic Perovskite‐Silicon Tandem Solar Cells

AbstractLow‐pressure chemical vapor deposition (CVD) is a promising technique for metal halide perovskite photovoltaics fabrication due to its low manufacturing cost, conformal coverage, and high scalability for industry‐scale fabrication. However, the lack of knowledge of the reaction kinetics makes the solar cell performance lag behind its solution‐processed counterpart. Herein, the perovskite formation and crystal growth process in the CVD process are studied by unraveling the mechanism of ion diffusion via tracking the vapor–solid reaction with various semi‐in‐situ characterizations. It is found that Cs+ can migrate along the perovskite lattice and uniformly distribute in the vertical direction of the final perovskite film even changing the deposition order of CsBr and PbI2 in the solid source, whereas this order can significantly affect the growth kinetics and the bandgap of the perovskite. Depositing CsBr before PbI2 results in a faster conversion of inorganic precursors to perovskite phase, yielding a wider bandgap perovskite. Finally, we fabricated semi‐transparent perovskite cells using all‐vapor deposition process, which showed a champion efficiency of 18.7% and it retained ≈94% of its initial performance after 200 h of continuous operation. Moreover, using this all‐vapor deposition process, we achieved a champion efficiency of 26.9% for monolithic perovskite‐silicon tandem solar cells.

Research Progress on Preparation and Electrocatalytic Performance of Tin Dioxide Nanomaterials.

In the contemporary era of rapid economic growth, addressing the energy issue constitutes a significant subject. In contrast to traditional fossil energy, fuel cells, through specific transformation routes, can generate more energy and reduce pollution under the same conversion relationship. Direct alcohol fuel cells, as a type of proton exchange membrane fuel cell, exhibit relatively superior performance. During the process of converting chemical energy into electrical energy, the conversion efficiency of the electrode is a crucial aspect of the fuel cell's performance, thereby giving rise to electrode electrocatalysis. Nevertheless, the noble metal catalysts employed in current direct alcohol fuel cells are confronted with issues such as high cost, susceptibility to poisoning, and poor durability. A new approach to these problems is urgently needed. Loading noble metals onto metal oxides has been verified as an effective means. Among them, tin dioxide has attracted the attention of researchers due to its outstanding stability, anti-toxicity, and its positive auxiliary role in electrocatalysis. This article will conduct a review of the research progress in loading noble metals on tin dioxide carriers for the electrocatalytic oxidation of small molecule alcohols from various microstructures and loading methods. Finally, the research on metal dioxide electrocatalysts is prospected.

Exceeding 13% Power Conversion Efficiency of Cu(In,Ga)(S,Se)2 Thin‐Film Solar Cells with AgNWs/TiOx Composite Transparent Conductive Window Layer

Indium tin oxide (ITO) is usually served as the transparent conductive electrode of Cu(In, Ga)(S, ‐Se)2 (CIGSSe) solar cells. However, ITO is fabricated by sputtering method, which will increase the cost of CIGSSe solar cells and prevent its large‐scale market applications in the future. Hence, it is particularly important to develop low‐cost transparent conductive window layers to replace the traditional ITO. Silver nanowires (AgNWs) are considered to be the most promising alternative to ITO. Compared with sputtered ITO, AgNWs have the advantages of high transmittance, low cost, and easy fabrication. Nevertheless, the poor adhesion and stability of AgNWs can prevent the transportation of carriers of CIGSSe solar cells. Here, we select amorphous TiOx as an adjuvant to fabricate AgNWs/TiOx composite transparent conductive layer to substitute the traditional ITO. Under the assistance of TiOx matrix, not only the connection, adhesion, and stability of AgNWs are greatly enhanced, but also the surface roughness of AgNWs is also reduced. The influence of AgNWs concentration on the performance of CIGSSe solar cells is investigated. When the AgNWs concentration is 2.5 mg/mL, the transmittance and sheet resistance of AgNWs thin film are 93.35% and 93 Ω/sq, respectively, and the devices achieved the highest efficiency of 13.59%.

Applications of time-resolved photoluminescence for characterizing silicon photovoltaic materials

Abstract Heavily-doped, amorphous and polycrystalline silicon layers play important roles in silicon solar cell fabrication and performance. Here we demonstrate applications of time-resolved photoluminescence decay to measure recombination lifetimes in such regions, which are generally below 1µs, and difficult to measure with other techniques. Firstly, we demonstrate the measurement of Auger lifetimes in uniformly heavily-doped silicon wafers, and show the impact of surface recombination in samples with phosphorus or boron doping concentrations below 1×1019 cm-3. We also assess the possible impact of high concentrations of iron contamination on the extraction of such Auger lifetimes. We then report recombination lifetimes measured in thin deposited intrinsic amorphous silicon films, and heavily-doped polycrystalline silicon films, as commonly used in passivating contact structures. Interestingly, recombination lifetimes in intrinsic amorphous silicon films can be significantly enhanced by a hydrogenation process. By contrast, recombination lifetimes in heavily-doped polycrystalline silicon films vary with different doping profiles for samples fabricated with different deposition techniques, but are not improved by hydrogenation.&amp;#xD;

Achievements in protective coatings for metallic bipolar plates in proton exchange membrane fuel cells: a comprehensive review

Abstract Pursuing sustainable energy has led to significant achievements in proton-exchange membrane fuel cells (PEMFCs), focusing on developing efficient and durable bipolar plates. This review comprehensively examines the current research on protective coatings for metallic bipolar plates in PEMFCs, which are critical for electron transfer, reactant distribution, and structural support. Traditional graphite plates have been replaced by metallic plates, particularly stainless steel, due to their superior mechanical properties and ease of fabrication. However, metallic plates are prone to corrosion in the acidic PEMFC environment, necessitating the development of protective coatings. The review discusses various coating materials, including metal nitrides, carbides, oxides, and conductive polymers, and their deposition techniques such as magnetron sputtering and electrodeposition. The effectiveness of these coatings is assessed based on their impact on fuel cell performance, focusing on corrosion resistance, interfacial contact resistance, and durability. The review also addresses challenges in long-term stability, high-potential transients, and the economic feasibility of coating processes, emphasizing the need for further research to meet the U.S. Department of Energy’s 2025 performance targets and contribute to the commercialization of PEMFC technology.

Investigating the energetic disorders and charge-carrier mobilities of active layers via simulating the performances of organic solar cells

Abstract The average bandgap, energetic disorder and (effective) charge-carrier mobilities are the three most important optoelectronic parameters of active layer to determine the performance of organic solar cells (OSCs) under 1 sun illumination. Here, the average bandgaps of active layers have been estimated via combing the experimentally measured short-circuit current density and absorptance of device; the energetic disorders and charge-carrier mobilities have been derived from simulations on the performances of OSCs. It is found that the energetic disorder and charge-carrier mobilities of binary active layers depend on the phase mixing of donor and acceptor. Enhancing the phase mixing of donor and acceptor increases the number of the donor and acceptor molecules that form the charge-transfer states, thereby decreasing the energetic disorder. However, it worsens the phase continuity of donor and acceptor at the same time, thereby lowering charge-carrier mobilities. The addition of a third compatible component into binary active layer may decrease the energetic disorder and simultaneously increase the charge-carrier mobility via enhancing the phase mixing of donor and acceptor. The low energetic disorder of active layer is found to underlie the high efficiencies of OSCs; while increasing the charge-carrier mobility of active layer is helpful to improve the efficiencies of devices.