Cell Performance Research Articles

Performance of Dye-sensitized Solar Cells Using Titanium Dioxide and Silver Nanowire Composite Film

Performance of Dye-sensitized Solar Cells Using Titanium Dioxide and Silver Nanowire Composite Film

Abstract A017: Enhanced efficacy of anti-mesothelin CAR T cells in ovarian cancer through drug combinations: Impact of treatment kinetics, co-stimulatory domain, and donor variability

Abstract Introduction: Clinical trials of mesothelin (MSLN) chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T-cell therapy have shown limited efficacy in solid tumors like ovarian cancer (OVCA), emphasizing the need to enhance CAR T cell performance. This study evaluated whether combining MSLN-CAR T cells with drugs, either sequentially or concurrently, could achieve synergistic anti-tumor effects. Methods :MSLN-directed CAR T cells were generated using two constructs with CD28 (M28z) or 4-1BB (MBBz) co-stimulatory domains. A high-throughput drug screen of 528 compounds was conducted on MSLN-expressing OVCA cells in combination with CAR T cells, assessing three conditions: (1) simultaneous drug and CAR T exposure, (2) short drug pre-treatment of OVCA, and (3) extended drug pre-treatment before CAR T cell introduction. Drug-induced modulation of CAR T cell cytotoxicity was assessed by comparing CAR T cell-mediated killing, drug-only effects, and drug-CAR T cell combination effects on OVCA cells. Results: Synergy between drugs and CAR T cells depended on treatment timing and co-stimulatory domains. Chemotherapeutics enhanced CAR T cell cytotoxicity when administered as a pre-treatment, while epigenetic modulators and kinase inhibitors were more effective with concurrent CAR T cell application. Cisplatin and cytarabine significantly boosted MBBz CAR T activity, while idarubicin enhanced M28z CAR T cells. Certain agents, like vinflunine, gemcitabine, and the PARP inhibitor rucaparib, enhanced efficacy across both constructs. Donor-specific responses revealed two distinct donor clusters: one showed synergy with chemotherapeutics, and the other with targeted agents Conclusions: Combining drugs with CAR T cell therapy could improve the treatment efficacy in ovarian cancer. Pre-treatment with specific chemotherapeutics enhanced CAR T cell cytotoxicity, while simultaneous treatment with certain targeted therapies was also effective. The effects of CAR construct type and inter-donor variability highlight the potential for precision medicine approaches. These findings support further exploration of personalized therapeutic combinations to optimize CAR T cell efficacy in ovarian cancer and improve patient outcomes. Citation Format: Lucía Rico Pizarro, Thomas Poiret, Greta Gudoitytė, Olli Kallioniemi, Brinton Seashore-Ludlow, Isabelle Magalhaes, Tom Erkers. Enhanced efficacy of anti-mesothelin CAR T cells in ovarian cancer through drug combinations: Impact of treatment kinetics, co-stimulatory domain, and donor variability [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the AACR Special Conference in Cancer Research: Functional and Genomic Precision Medicine in Cancer: Different Perspectives, Common Goals; 2025 Mar 11-13; Boston, MA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2025;85(5 Suppl):Abstract nr A017.

Surface morphology, electronic defects and passivation strategies at the p–n junction of Cu(In,Ga)(S,Se)2 solar cells

Abstract Based on the high power conversion efficiencies and compatibility toward large-area deposition techniques, Cu(In,Ga)(S,Se)2 (CIGSSe) phototvoltaic absorbers are currently at the forefront of chalcopyrite thin-film solar cell technology. The performance of these solar cells is critically dependent on the properties of the interface between the p-type chalcopyrite absorber and the n-type buffer and window layers. Due to the complex defect physics of the chalcopyrites in general, the defect-electronic properties of the absorber surface is of particular concern. In this regard, the CIGSSe surfaces are considerably less understood compared with their S-free counterparts (e.g. Cu(In,Ga)Se2). In the present work, by applying high-resolution scanning probe techniques such as atomic force microscopy and scanning tunneling spectroscopy (STS), combined with electron backscatter diffraction, the morphology, the crystallographic orientation, and the defect electronic properties of CIGSSe thin-film surfaces were investigated. Our work highlights distinct differences as well as similarities between S-containing and S-free chalcopyrite thin films. Three types of features were found on the CIGSSe surface, which were found to be exclusively made of polar facets. This is different from S-free absorbers that are known to facet in both, polar and non-polar planes with distinct electronic properties. Defect density mapping using STS revealed a highly defective surface with significant lateral inhomogeneities. Furthermore, grain boundary band bending detected in S-free absorber surfaces was absent. However, similar to S-free absorbers, annealing under ultra-high vacuum conditions was found to electronically passivate the CIGSSe surface. Our results shed light on the fundamental properties of these S-containing chalcopyrite-type surfaces and demonstrate a valuable platform for further optimization of this promising solar cell technology.

Precise Control Over Crystallization Kinetics by Combining Nucleating Agents and Plasticizers for 20.1% Efficiency Organic Solar Cells

AbstractObtaining controllable active layer morphology plays a significant role in boosting the device performance of organic solar cells (OSCs). Herein, a quaternary strategy, which incorporates polymer donor D18‐Cl and small molecule acceptor AITC into the host D18:N3, is employed to precisely modulate crystallization kinetics for favorable morphology evolution within the active layer. In situ spectroscopic measurements during film‐formation demonstrate that while D18‐Cl works as a nucleator to promote aggregation of D18 and foster donor/acceptor intermixing, AITC has exactly the opposite impact on aggregation of N3 and intermixing kinetics of donor and acceptor, working as a plasticizer. The mutually compensational effect of the dual‐guests, as a result, enables synergistic control over fibrillar networks, multi‐length scale morphology, and vertical phase distribution, leading to optimized 3D morphology for greatly enhanced exciton dissociation and charge transfer, suppressed charge recombination, and reduced energy loss. Consequently, the quaternary OSCs based on D18:D18‐Cl:N3:AITC achieved an excellent power conversion efficiency of 20.1%, which represents one of the highest efficiencies for single‐junction OSCs. This work presents an effective strategy to precisely regulate crystallization kinetics toward advanced morphology control for high‐performance OSCs.

Porous Agglomerate Model for Battery Electrodes and Application to the Lithium-Silicon System

Abstract A treatment is developed for porous electrodes consisting of porous agglomerates, with the porous agglomerates consisting of solid (primary) particles of active material. With the use of the multi-site, multi-reaction formulation, gradients of the chemical potential of Li are the driving force for solid-state diffusion, and the different Li species and reaction sites are employed in the electrochemical kinetics equations. The method is applied to the Li-Si electrode system, including the impact of protective coatings over the active materials. The numerical analysis treats the full pseudo-three-dimensional problem, and histories and profiles of the potentials and concentrations are elucidated. The overall procedure can facilitate rational battery design and construction, including attendant trade-offs for selection of key physical dimensions and material alternatives that govern the cell performance.

Bile acid derivatives as novel co-adsorbents for enhanced performance of blue dye-sensitized solar cells

Diketopyrrolopyrrole-based blue dyes in dye-sensitized solar cells (DSCs) exhibit promise for building-integrated photovoltaics, but their efficiency is compromised by dye aggregation-induced charge recombination. Novel bile acid derivative co-adsorbents featuring bulky hydrophobic substituents at the 3-β position were synthesized to address this challenge. These molecules, designed to modulate intermolecular electronic interactions, effectively altered the TiO2 surface coverage dynamics, as evidenced by UV-Vis spectroscopy and dye-loading kinetics. Systematic variation of hydrophilic substituents revealed structure-function relationships in dye separation efficacy. Devices incorporating these co-adsorbers achieved power conversion efficiencies (PCE) of 7.6%, surpassing reference devices (5.2%) and those using conventional chenodeoxycholic acid co-adsorbers (6.4%). The optimized devices exhibited a 30% increase in short-circuit current density, 30 mV enhancement in open-circuit voltage, and 60% peak external quantum efficiency at 550 nm. Time-resolved photoluminescence spectroscopy confirmed suppressed non-radiative recombination, while transient absorption spectroscopy revealed accelerated electron injection rates from 6.4 ps to 4.6 ps. Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy elucidated the mechanism of reduced interfacial recombination. These findings present a molecular engineering strategy for mitigating lateral charge transfer in planar dye systems, advancing semi-transparent hybrid photovoltaics.

Enhanced Electrocatalytic Performance of Nickel-Cobalt-Titanium Dioxide-Embedded Carbon Nanofibers for Direct Alcohol Fuel Cells

This study focuses on making non-precious electrocatalysts for improving the performance of Direct Alcohol Fuel Cells (DAFCs). Specifically, it examines the oxidation of ethanol and methanol. Conventional platinum-based catalysts are expensive and suffer from problems such as degradation and poisoning. To overcome these challenges, we fabricated tri-metallic catalysts composed of nickel, cobalt, and titanium dioxide (TiO2) embedded in carbon nanofibers (CNFs). The synthesis included electrospinning and subsequent carbonization as well as optimization of parameters to achieve uniform nanofiber morphology and high surface area. Electrochemical characterization revealed that the incorporation of TiO2 significantly improved electrocatalytic activity for ethanol and methanol oxidation, with current densities increasing from 57.8 mA/cm2 to 74.2 mA/cm2 for ethanol and from 38.69 mA/cm2 to 60.39 mA/cm2 for methanol as the TiO2 content increased. The catalysts showed excellent stability, with the TiO2-enriched sample (T2) showing superior performance during longer cycling tests. Chronoamperometry and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy are used to examine the stability of the catalysts and the dynamics of the charge carriers. Impedance spectroscopy indicated reduced charge transfer resistance, confirming enhanced activities. These findings suggest that the synthesized non-precious electrocatalysts can serve as effective alternatives to platinum-based materials, offering a promising pathway for the development of cost-efficient and durable fuel cells. Research highlights non-precious metal catalysts for sustainable fuel cell technologies.

Improving the Morphological and Optical Properties of the CsPbBr3 Films by PbI2 Substitution for Efficient All-inorganic Perovskite Solar Cells

Wide band gap CsPbBr3 perovskite solar cells are becoming one of the ideal candidates for top cells in tandem solar cells. Nevertheless, the defects in CsPbBr3 film prepared by solution deposition method restrict the optoelectronic performance of perovskite solar cells. To solve this problem, a strategy of doping a trace amount of PbI2 into CsPbBr3 film synthesized by solution deposition is adopted, effectively increasing the average grain size of CsPbBr3 film, decreasing its optical band gap, number of surface grain boundary defects and carrier recombination probability. Simultaneously, the PbI2-doped CsPbBr3 perovskite solar cells have been successfully prepared. The best conversion efficiency of the CsPbBr3 cells with doping PbI2 is 6.46 %, which is higher than the efficiency of the undoped CsPbBr3 devices (5.00 %). This study offers a method for manufacturing highly efficient all-inorganic perovskite solar cells.

Performance Enhancement of NH3(CH2)4NH3CoCl4‐Based Perovskite Solar Cell via DFT‐Guided SCAPS‐1D Simulations

AbstractThis work provides an investigation into enhancing the performance of solar cells based , using a unique combination of density functional theory (DFT) calculations and SCAPS‐1D device modeling. Through DFT, we determine that has an indirect bandgap of 1.84 eV, closely matching the experimental value of 1.80 eV. The material's electronic structure is largely influenced by cobalt and chlorine atoms, while nitrogen and hydrogen contribute to lattice stability. Optical analysis reveals an initial absorption peak at 5.11 eV, along with effective absorption in the visible spectrum (1.6–3.2 eV). To ensure that SCAPS simulations produce realistic results, we benchmarked SCAPS against a reference device (FTO///Spiro‐OMeTAD/Au) and found close agreement with experimental data. With confidence in SCAPS, we utilized DFT‐derived parameters for , including bandgap, effective masses, density of states, mobilities, and permittivity, as inputs for further simulation. In the optimization phase, parameters such as the thicknesses of the hole and electron transport layers, defect densities, doping concentrations, and temperature effects are systematically adjusted. These optimizations result in a notable power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 19.71% at room temperature.

Twisted Molecular Core Conjugated Oxo-Ether as a Fluorescent Probe for Lipid-Droplets Bioimaging and Live Cancer Cell Discrimination.

In quest of a new working design for a photostable lipid-droplets (LDs) bioimaging probe, we herein unveil and demonstrate a twisted donor(naphthalene)-π-acceptor(dicyano) architecture linked with oxo/thioether functionality, where the probes' emission, hydrophobicity, cytotoxicity, and cell permeability are altered by replacing the present chalcogen/s. In this class of molecules, an "oxanthrene"-based compound, "OXNCN", was realized as the noncytotoxic and cell-permeable probe, displaying intense fluorescence in a nonpolar solvent, aggregates, and viscous medium. Time-dependent density functional theory (TD-DFT) investigations revealed that OXNCN holds a favorable extent of excited-state planarity to bring out considerable emission only in a nonpolar solvent, resulting in polarity-dependent emission. Outcomes of the concentration- and time-dependent colocalization investigations, cholesterol depletion/repletion studies, and oleic acid treatment-based experiments validated its LD specificity. Strong twisted intramolecular charge transfer (TICT) culminated in weak emission in the polar medium, which helped the probe reduce the cytoplasmic signal. Moreover, the results of time-dependent kinetic acquisitional photophysical studies, fluorescence recovery after photobleaching (FRAP), and intracellular emission investigations testified to the probe's photostability. Assiduous analysis and quantification of confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM) images by two-way analysis of variance (ANOVA), followed by Sidak's multiple comparison statistics, could provide insights into the probe's better performance in robust cancer cells (FaDu) than in normal ones (HEK-293). A precise discrimination between oral and normal cancer cells could be established by quantifying the deposited lipid droplets from the CLSM-captured cellular images and applying Student's t test with the quantified values.

Impact of Channel Geometry and Operating Temperature on the Performance of Solid Oxide Electrolyzer Cells: A Study of Uniform and Non-Uniform Temperature Effects

This study investigates the effects of channel geometry and operating temperature on the performance of Solid Oxide Electrolyzer Cells (SOECs), a promising technology for efficient hydrogen production. Through computational simulations and experimental analysis, we explore the impact of different channel designs—rectangular, triangular, and semicircular—on system efficiency. Among the geometries, rectangular channels deliver the highest performance, with a 10% efficiency improvement over the others. Additionally, increasing the operating temperature from 1073 K to 1273 K accelerates reaction kinetics, yielding a 15% efficiency gain. The study identifies the optimization of both channel design and temperature as crucial for maximizing hydrogen production. Furthermore, the research finds that non-uniform temperature distribution has minimal impact on performance for the small-scale fuel cell configuration used. These findings emphasize the importance of understanding the interplay between geometry and operating conditions in SOEC design and contribute to the advancement of sustainable hydrogen production technologies.

Performance of Solid Oxide Fuel Cells Based on Liquid Hydrocarbon Fuel Reforming Gas: Effect of Cell Structure and Gas Composition.

This work comprehensively analyzed how the thickness of the anode and the fuel gas compositions can alter the durability and electrochemical performance of solid oxide fuel cells (SOFCs) when they are operated on steam-reformed gas of hydrocarbons. The electrochemical tests and surface characterizations on the tested cells indicate that cell performance degradation is primarily associated with anode carbon deposition, which increases with a higher C2 gas content in the reforming gas. Additionally, the gas flow field simulation verified that reducing the anode thickness can effectively increase the surface steam content, thereby reducing carbon deposition and improving the stability of the fuel cell. The electrochemical performance of the cell is improved by the C1 composition in the reformed gas. The presence of CO and CO2 gases promotes the adsorption of H2 on the Ni metal surface, thereby reducing the polarization resistance of the anode. Meanwhile, CH4 can release more energy during electrochemical oxidation, reducing the concentration of polarization. These results underscore the potential of utilizing reformed gases consisting of 70 vol % H2, nearly 30 vol % CO, CO2, and trace alkanes to function SOFCs. This approach may enhance power density, broaden fuel options, and provide practical solutions for the advancement and commercialization of SOFC technology.

A Modeling Technique for High-Efficiency Battery Packs in Battery-Powered Railway System

Battery modules in eco-friendly mobility are composed of series and parallel connections of multiple lithium-ion battery cells. As the number of lithium-ion cells in the battery module increases, the cell connection configuration becomes a critical factor affecting the module’s usable capacity efficiency. Therefore, careful consideration of this factor is essential in battery module design. Various design elements have been studied to optimize the performance of battery modules. Among these elements, the method of terminal connection affects the distribution of resistance components in each cell, causing DOD (Depth of Discharge) variation. Previous research has focused on determining the optimal terminal placement and cell connection method to minimize DOD variation between cells. However, these studies did not consider temperature effects. Since temperature acts as a major variable affecting the DOD of each cell, comprehensive research that includes this factor is necessary. This research performed 3D thermal flow analysis using Ansys Fluent 2024 R2 and validated the simulation environment by comparing actual experimental and simulation results for a single cell. Based on the validated simulation environment, this research analyzed the impact of temperature distribution on cell performance in a 4S3P module and proposed a method of terminal connection, which achieved a 70% reduction in SOC deviation compared to conventional methods. Additionally, this research suggests that when the module configuration changes, a new design approach specific to that configuration is necessary to minimize SOC deviation.

Enhanced perovskite solar cells performance with TiOx and SnOx thin films as electron transport layers

We report on the potential application of crystalline thin metal oxide films (TiOx, SnOx) with varying stoichiometries in perovskite solar cell devices. The oxides were deposited via reactive e-beam evaporation, involving the sublimation of pure metals under different pressures of pure oxygen, followed by thermal annealing at 200 °C. Variable angle spectroscopic ellipsometry, X-ray diffraction (XRD), contact angle measurements, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS) were used to characterize the films. XRD findings confirmed the crystalline phases of SnOx thin films treated at 200 °C for the most oxygen-rich films (deposited at 2e-4 Torr), while TiOx layers exhibited an amorphous phase. FESEM results confirmed that uniform and dense films were generated across the entire substrate surface. Using the measured refractive indices in a computational model, it was demonstrated that optimizing the device design with these films could result in power conversion efficiencies surpassing 25%.

Amide-Based Cathode Interfacial Layer with Dual-Modification Mechanisms Enables Stable Organic Solar Cells with High Efficiency Achieving 20.

The cathode interfacial layers (CILs) play a critical role in the performance and long-term stability of the organic solar cells (OSCs). While amine-based CILs have been successful in reducing the work function of metal electrodes, they can also promote the decomposition of acceptor materials, compromising the stability of OSCs. To address this challenge and further improve device performance, we have innovatively designed and synthesized amide-functionalized perylene diimide (PDI)-Leu-am as a dopant-free CIL molecule. Notably, PDI-Leu-am effectively mitigates acceptor decomposition, significantly improving the photostability and thermal stability of OSCs. Moreover, it demonstrates dual-modification capabilities at the active layer/cathode interface, facilitating electron extraction from the active layer while lowering the electrode's work function. Encouragingly, this dual modification mechanism effectively refined the Ohmic contact, leading to a remarkable power conversion efficiency (PCE) up to 20%. This breakthrough opens up promising avenues for the practical deployment of OSCs and lays a robust foundation for the development of high-performance, enduring, and cost-efficient interface materials.

In Search of Optimal Cell Components for Polyoxometalate-Based Redox Flow Batteries: Effect of the Membrane on Cell Performance

Redox Flow Batteries (RFBs) are promising large-scale Energy Storage Systems, which support the integration of renewable energies into the current electric grid. Emerging chemistries for electrolytes, such as Polyoxometalates (POMs), are being studied. POMs have attracted great interest because of their reversible multi-electron transfers and the possibility of tuning their electrochemical properties. Recently, the cobalt-containing Keggin-type species [CoW12O40]6− (CoW12) has been successfully implemented in a symmetric RFB, and its further implementation calls for new materials for the membrane to enhance its cell performance. In this work, different types of ion exchange membranes (Nafion™-NR212, FAPQ-330 and Amphion™) were tested. The electrolyte uptake, swelling, conductivity and permeability of the membranes in the CoW12 electrolyte, as well as a detailed cell performance study, are reported herein. Better performance results ascribed to the robustness, efficiency and energy density of the system were found for Nafion™-NR212, with 88.5% energy efficiency, 98.9% capacity retention and 3.1 Wh L−1 over 100 cycles at 20 mA cm−2. FAPQ-330 and Amphion membranes showed large capacity fade (up to 0.2%/cycle). Crossover and the low conductivity of these membranes in the mild pH conditions of the electrolyte were revealed to be responsible for the reduced cell performance.

Design and Performance Analysis of a Hybrid Grid-connected PV System: A Case Study of Wakanda Estate's 1.5MWh Solar Installation

Due to technological advancements, there are efforts globally to lessen the generation of carbon dioxide, one of the gases responsible for the greenhouse effect. Renewable energy has seen tremendous growth in recent years. In order to protect the environment from pollution and provide electricity from an endless source for future generations, renewable energy sources, particularly solar energy via photovoltaic systems have come to stay. This paper simplified the process, control mechanism and cost benefit of connecting solar farm (Wakanda estate as case study) for hybrid applications, directly connected to the grid with an inverter during high power demand or as standalone off grid system using batteries for energy storage when supply to the grid is not needed. Due to the intermittent nature of solar irradiance, an MPPT (Maximum Power Point Tracking) is applied to the topology. The MPPT algorithm must strike a compromise between maximizing power extraction and power quality issues, especially harmonic distortion brought on by switching elements, when interacting with the grid to dynamically modify the operating voltage to harness the most power possible under a variety of environmental conditions. The control mechanism commonly adopts a cascaded structure where the MPPT determines appropriate voltage references while an inner current control loop manages grid synchronization. Filters play a dual role in the management of harmonics in solar PV system. Despite its usefulness in removing chopped signals, filter dynamics (usually LCL configurations) must be taken into consideration since they can present resonance issues that have the potential to also destabilize the system if not well managed, particularly when irradiance changes quickly. In order to preserve stability during grid disruptions and guarantee that power quality criteria are fulfilled by adaptive filtering, advanced MPPT implementations and include anti-islanding protection, low-voltage ride-through capabilities, and dynamic impedance matching. The process was investigated by modeling and simulating photovoltaic arrays in MATLAB-Simulink using solar cell block from SimElectronics where influence of variable elements such as solar radiation was checked against performance of photovoltaic cells.

Enhancing the Performance of Cs2TiBr6 Lead-Free Perovskite Solar Cells: A Simulation Study on the Impact of Electron and Hole Transport Layers.

This research explores the capability of Cs2TiBr6 as a substrate for high-performance hybrid perovskite solar cells (HPSCs), incorporating wide-bandgap chalcogenide electron transport layers (ETLs), namely ZnSe, TiO2, SnS2, and ZnO, with a wide selection of hole transport layers (HTLs) including V2O5, CuSbS2, and Cu2O. ZnSe was found to be the best ETL, and the SCAPS-1D simulator was used to adjust the device's thickness in order to maximize efficiency. Key factors such as doping concentration, density of defects, layer thickness, operating temperature, and interface defects were exhaustively examined. Three distinct device configurations were evaluated: Device I (Al/FTO/ZnSe/Cs2TiBr6/V2O5/Os), Device II (Al/FTO/ZnSe/Cs2TiBr6/CuSbS2/Os), and Device III (Al/FTO/ZnSe/Cs2TiBr6/Cu2O/Os). Device I achieved a record power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 31.02%, with a fill factor (FF) of 90.68%, an open-circuit voltage (VOC) of 1.40 V, and a short-circuit current density (JSC) of 24.434 mA/cm2, establishing new performance benchmarks for Cs2TiBr6-based solar cells. Devices II and III demonstrated PCEs of 28.58 and 23.84%, respectively. In-depth analyses of quantum efficiency (QE %), carrier dynamics, generation-recombination rates, and series-shunt resistances further highlighted the robustness of the optimized devices. The findings underscore Device I's exceptional promise for high-efficiency Cs2TiBr6-based hybrid perovskite photocells, offering significant potential for forthcoming sustainable solar energy applications.

Thicker vs Thinner: Impact of Photoanode Thickness on Recombination Dynamics and Indoor Photovoltaic Performance in Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells

Thicker vs Thinner: Impact of Photoanode Thickness on Recombination Dynamics and Indoor Photovoltaic Performance in Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells

Incorporation of Self-Assembled Monolayer with Polyaniline Backbone as Hole-Transporting Layer for Organic Solar Cells.

In addition to the heterojunction layer, the interfacial layers also determine the performance of organic solar cells (OSCs) owing to their great role in promoting the charge extraction. Herein, the study explores the use of rarely reported polyaniline (PANI)-derived polymers as self-assembled hole-transporting layer (HTL) in OSCs. It is observed that the tailoring of either spacer groups or polymerization sites can greatly affect the material aggregation and thus OSC performance. Specifically, the polymer with phenyl spacer (36-Ph-PANI) largely outperforms that with alkyl linkers, which is ascribed to the enhanced aspect ratio and dipole moment of the former molecule that contributes to the substrate coverage and hole extraction. Moreover, the linking of PANI with carbazole at 2,7-sites is much inferior than that at 3,6-positions, attributing to the higher hole mobility of the latter induced by the formation of radical cation. The combined merits of 36-Ph-PANI, including high transmittance, appropriate doping, and efficient charge extraction, enable a decent efficiency of 15.08% in OSCs. This work provides a subtle strategy for developing hole-transporting polymers that can self-assemble into monolayers, paving the way for more efficient and stable OSCs.