Perfluorooctane Sulfonates Research Articles

Real-time PCR array to study the effects of chemicals on the growth hormone/insulin-like growth factors (GH/IGFs) axis of zebrafish embryos/larvae

Growth hormone/insulin-like growth factors (GH/IGFs) axis PCR array of zebrafish (Danio rerio) larvae was developed based on the quantification of mRNA expressions of 19 genes that were confirmed to play vital roles in the regulation of fish growth. Zebrafish embryos were exposed to each of four concentrations of the six representative chemicals, bisphenol A (BPA), perfluorooctane sulfonates (PFOS), tris (1,3-dichloroisopropyl) phosphate (TDCIPP), cadmium chloride (CdCl2), mercury (II) chloride (HgCl2) and lead (II) acetate (PbAc) from 2 h post fertilization (hpf) to 96 hpf. Developmental endpoints and transcriptional profiles of the genes involved in GH/IGFs axis of zebrafish larvae were examined at 96 hpf. Body length of zebrfish larvae was found to be a more susceptible endpoint in zebrafish embryo toxicity test than other endpoints, including survival rate, hatching rate, malformation incidence and heart rate after exposure to each of those representative chemicals selected. Perturbation of mRNA expressions of GH/IGF axis genes accompanied by decreased body length indicated that indicated that the growth inhibition observed might be attributed to the dysregulation of GH/IGFs axis. Therefore, GH/IGF axis PCR array of zebrafish larvae could be used to evaluate the effects of chemicals on GH/IGF endocrine system.

Protection of Taurine Against PFOS-Induced Neurotoxicity in PC12 Cells.

As a new member of persistent organic pollutants, the potent neurotoxicity of perfluorooctane sulfonates (PFOS) found in epidemiological studies and laboratory research has drawn increasing attention around the world. Previous studies showed that apoptosis driven by oxidative stress and autophagy were both observed in PFOS-induced toxicity. Taurine has been demonstrated to exert potent protections against oxidative stress as an efficient antioxidant. Whether taurine could protect against the PFOS neurotoxicity is not known. In the present study, PC12 cells were treated with several concentrations of PFOS (31.25, 250 μM) for 24 h. 3-(4,5-Dimethyl-thiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyl-tetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay was applied to assess the cell viability. DCFH-DA detector was used to explore the production of ROS. Caspase 3 activity was used to reflect the possible apoptosis pathway. The lyso-tracker red dying was invited to evaluate the autophagy. Our data showed that taurine could significantly reverse the decreased viability and the increased ROS production in PC12 cells treated with PFOS. Moreover, the increased autophagy and apoptosis elicited by PFOS in PC12 cells could also be attenuated by taurine. Collectively, our results indicate that taurine may be an effective antioxidant in fighting against PFOS cytotoxicity and therefore could potentially serve as a preventative and therapeutic agent for environmental pollution-related toxicities.

Removal of perfluorooctane sulfonates from water by a hybrid coagulation–nanofiltration process

Perfluorooctane sulfonates (PFOS) as a persistent, bioaccumulative and toxic pollutant has been detected in surface water around the world and attracted great attention in recent years. It’s important and urgent to develop effective technology to remove PFOS. The effect of coagulation pretreatment on the removal efficiency of PFOS by nanofiltration (NF) was investigated. Two types of NF membranes were used to test the PFOS rejections in three different solutions including DI water, humic acid (HA) solution and coagulation solution. The characterizations such as HA and PFOS accumulation on the membranes, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and surface ζ potential analysis of virgin and fouled membranes were conducted to study the separation mechanism. The experimental results showed that PFOS can be partly removed by coagulation. The NF270 membrane exhibited a higher PFOS rejection (>95%) than the HYDRACORE membrane (40–60%) in single NF process. The surface negative charge density of both NF membranes reached a minimum value after filtering coagulation effluent, which might be a result of floc adsorption on the membrane surface. Coagulation pretreatment was effective to enhance the PFOS rejection of the NF membranes. In particular, the rejection efficiency of the HYDRACORE membrane increased from 55% to 86% at a trans-membrane pressure of 0.4MPa. The SEM images showed that the fouling layer formed by flocs was loose and highly permeable.

Risk Assessment and Management of Perfluorinated Alkyl Acid-Contaminated Drinking Water

In Sweden municipal drinking water with perfluorohexane and perfluorooctane sulfonates (PFHxS and PFOS) levels >1000 ng/L has been supplied to over 5,000 consumers. As a scientific basis for risk m...

Analysis of apoptosis induced by perfluorooctane sulfonates (PFOS) in mouse Leydig cells in vitro

To explore the possible mechanism of perfluorooctane sulfonates (PFOS’s) reproductive toxicity, mouse Leydig cells cultured in vitro were exposed to a serial concentration of PFOS for four more days of culture. Apoptosis during the process was checked. After 24 h, apoptosis occurred to all of the groups ≥ 50 μg/mL PFOS. After 72 h, 37.5 μg/mL dose also showed apoptosis, and the most apoptosis signals, averagely 18 per well, were observed in 62.5 μg/mL dose group. An increase in ROS (p < 0.05) and a decrease of mitochondrial membrane potential (p < 0.01) was confirmed in those groups with ≥ 12.5 μg/mL dose. ROS levels peaked in 50 μg/mL and 62.5 μg/mL groups, nearly two-folds higher than control. PFOS was also observed to down-regulate the protein expression of Bcl-2 and to up-regulate that of Bax. The apoptosis induced by PFOS in mouse Leydig cells was shown to be related to mitochondrially mediated pathways and to involve oxidative stress.

A Study on the Test of Trace POPs Used in Foam Concentrates

The study offers a detailed explanation of performance, origin and classification of persistent organic pollutants (POPs). The paper also overviews the current status in applying POPs in foam concentrates and its test method in China. The author indicates that to test perfluorooctane sulfonates (PFOS) in foam concentrates involves two steps, pretreatment and test. Provided the test equipment is of high reliability and validity, test result solely depends on the result of pretreatment.

DNA Damage Detection by Electrochemiluminescence Sensor of CdS Quantum Dots

Abstract Electrochemiluminescence assay integrates the advantages of electrochemical potential controllability and high sensitivity of luminescence analysis. The electrochemiluminescence sensor was fabricated to detect the DNA damage. CdS quantum dots were deposited on the surface of glass carbon electrode in 0.1 M CdCl 2 and 0.02 M Na 2 S 2 O 3 (0.1 M HCl, pH 2–3, 50 °C) by cyclic voltammetry, and then the amino-modified single strand DNA was immobilized on CdS modified electrode by the –CONH– bond using cysteine as linker agent. The electrochemiluminescence was used to study the interaction between perfluorooctane sulfonates and DNA, and H 2 O 2 was used as the common reactant. The results demonstrated that the intensity of electrochemiluminescence signal increased with the increasing of perfluorooctane sulfonates concentration. Meanwhile, the electrochemical impedance spectroscopy indicated that the DNA charge transfer attenuated with the incubation of perfluorooctane sulfonates. These results reveal that perfluorooctane sulfonates can induce the distortion and change of DNA chain.

Determination of Perfluorooctane Sulfonates (PFOS) in Four Chemical Materials by HPLC/MS/MS

A rapid method based on high performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (HPLC/MS/MS) with accelerated solvent extraction (ASE) or solid phase extraction (SPE) was developed for quantitative determination of perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) in the coatings of nonstick pot, food packaging materials, waterborne coatings containing fluoride and fire-fighting foams. The linear calibration curve was obtained in the range of 0.002 - 0.1 μg/mL with a linear correlation coefficient (R2) of 0.998 or 0.999. The recovery for PFOS was in the range of 93.4 - 103% with relative standard deviation of 0.48 - 3.59%. The detection limit for PFOS was 0.4 μg/m2 with a signal-to-noise ratio of 10 for the coatings of nonstick pot and the food packaging materials, and 0.0002% for waterborne coatings containing fluoride and fire-fighting foams, both of which meet the restriction requirement for PFOS content in these chemical materials and consumer products in the EU directives.

Effects of Coexisting Anions on Adsorption of Perfluorooctane Sulfonates in Road Runoff

Effects of Coexisting Anions on Adsorption of Perfluorooctane Sulfonates in Road Runoff

Thyroid disruption effects of environmental level perfluorooctane sulfonates (PFOS) in Xenopus laevis

Perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS), one of the emerging persistent organic pollutants (POPs), has caused growing international concern especially related to the potential disruption in the development and function of thyroid system. Xenopus laevis is an amphibian species widely used as a suitable amphibian model for thyroid disruption research. To study the thyroid disruption effects related to PFOS exposure at environmental low levels, X. laevis tadpoles were exposed to 0.1, 1, 10 and 100 μg/l PFOS in water respectively from stage 46/47 to stage 62. The results showed that the time to metamorphosis (presented by forelimb emergence, FLE) did not significantly change with PFOS exposure, but exhibited an increasing trend (except for 10 μg/l exposure). Partial colloid depletion was observed for PFOS exposure, but no significant histological abnormality was observed in treatment groups. In addition, PFOS exposure resulted in up-regulation of thyroid hormone-regulated genes-thyroid receptor beta A (TRβA), basic transcription element-binding protein (BTEB) and type II deiodinase (DI2) mRNA expression, presented as an inverted U-shaped dose response pattern. However, the mRNA expression of type III deiodinase (DI3) remained unaffected compared with the control. These results demonstrated that PFOS might disrupt the thyroid system in X. laevis tadpoles regarding FLE changes and regulation alternation of thyroid hormone-regulated genes. Our study has raised new concerns for possible thyroid disruption of PFOS in amphibians at environmental relevant levels.

Determination of perfluorooctane sulfonates in fire-fighting foam and other materials by high performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry

A novel method based on high performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (HPLC-MS/MS) was developed for the determination of perfluorooctane sulfonates (PFOS) in the fire-fighting foam, detergents and fabric finishing agents. The PFOS residue was extracted with water at first by ultrasonic, then separated by high-speed centrifugation. The supernatant was purified by pre-conditioned solid phase extraction (SPE) micro-column, and the extract was filtrated through a membrane with 0.2 microm diameter. The filtrated liquid was analyzed by HPLC using acetonitrile-10 mmol/L ammonium acetate solution (80 : 20, v/v) as mobile phase. The PFOS was detected by using negative electrospray ionization (ESI) on a tandem mass spectrometer in multiple reaction monitoring (MRM) mode. The qualitative analysis of the PFOS can be performed by using the relative abundance of two daughter ions of PFOS, and the quantitative analysis was performed by external standard method. The linear calibration curve was obtained in the range of 0.002 - 0.1 mg/L with a linear correlation coefficient (r2 ) of 0.998. The spiked recoveries for PFOS in the fire-fighting foam, detergents and fabric finishing agents were 93.4% - 103%, 93.2% - 102% and 91.8% - 102% with the relative standard deviation of 0.48% - 3.52%, 0.78% - 1.79% and 0.47% - 3.47%, respectively. And the detection limit for PFOS was 2 mg/kg (S/N > or = 10), which can meet the requirement for the PFOS restriction in fire-fighting foam, detergents and fabric finishing agents in the EU directives. With high accuracy and sensitivity, the method is simple and rapid, and can be used for PFOS inspection in fire-fighting foam, detergents and fabric finishing agents.

3D-QSAR study of the endocrine disrupting effect of perfluorooctane sulfonates (PFOS) and perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) on human estrogen, androgen and thyroid receptors

Perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) and perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) have become emerging persistent organic pollutants (POPs), but their health effects on humans remain controversial because of contradictory experimental and epidemiological studies. In this study, we used three-dimensional quantitative structure–activity relationship (3D-QSAR) method by applying Surflex-dock to study and compare the binding modes between PFOS, PFOA and eight other endocrine disrupting chemicals, and human estrogen receptor (hERα), human androgen receptor (hAR) and human thyroid receptor (hTRβ). Molecular docking and hydrogen bond studies indicated that PFOS and PFOA had high affinity potency toward hERα, hAR and hTRβ due to low free binding energies, while the highest value was obtained toward hTRβ. This means that PFOS and PFOA might have more disrupting effects on thyroid than on estrogen and androgen receptors. Hydrogen bonding interactions revealed that Met313 in hTRβ might act as the critical amino acid residue in the binding of ligand–receptor complex, which would provide an explanation for the interaction mechanisms. Our results provide an important reference and direction for the interaction mode and mechanism study between PFOS/PFOA and human endocrine systems.

Mannich‐Type Reactions of Aromatic Aldehydes, Anilines, and Methyl Ketones in Fluorous Biphase Systems Created by Rare Earth (III) Perfluorooctane Sulfonates Catalysts in Fluorous Media.

AbstractChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.

Ytterbium perfluorooctanesulfonates catalyzed synthesis of benzimidazole derivatives in fluorous solvents

Catalytic condensation of o-phenylenediamine and aldehydes was accomplished using rare earth(III)perfluorooctane sulfonates (RE(OPf) 3), RE = Sc, Y, La ∼ Lu) as catalysts in fluorous solvents. Ytterbium perfluorooctanesulfonates (Yb(OPf) 3) catalyzes the high-efficient synthesis of benzimidazole derivatives in fluorous solvents. By simple separation, fluorous phase containing only catalyst can be reused several times.

Fluorochemical Mass Flows in a Municipal Wastewater Treatment Facility

Fluorochemicals have widespread applications and are released into municipal wastewater treatment plants via domestic wastewater. A field study was conducted at a full-scale municipal wastewater treatment plant to determine the mass flows of selected fluorochemicals. Flow-proportional, 24 h samples of raw influent, primary effluent, trickling filter effluent, secondary effluent, and final effluent and grab samples of primary, thickened, activated, and anaerobically digested sludge were collected over 10 days and analyzed by liquid chromatography electrospray-ionization tandem mass spectrometry. Significant decreases in the mass flows of perfluorohexane sulfonate and perfluorodecanoate occurred during trickling filtration and primary clarification, while activated sludge treatment decreased the mass flow of perfluorohexanoate. Mass flows of the 6:2 fluorotelomer sulfonate and perfluorooctanoate were unchanged as a result of wastewater treatment, which indicates that conventional wastewater treatment is not effective for removal of these compounds. A net increase in the mass flows for perfluorooctane and perfluorodecane sulfonates occurred from trickling filtration and activated sludge treatment. Mass flows for perfluoroalkylsulfonamides and perfluorononanoate also increased during activated sludge treatment and are attributed to degradation of precursor molecules.

Mannich-type reactions of aromatic aldehydes, anilines, and methyl ketones in fluorous biphase systems created by rare earth (III) perfluorooctane sulfonates catalysts in fluorous media

Rare earth (III) perfluorooctane sulfonates (RE(OPf) 3) catalyze the three-component Mannich-type reactions of different ketones with various aromatic aldehydes and aromatic amines in fluorous media to give various β-arylamino ketones in good yields. By simple separation of the fluorous phase containing only catalyst, reaction can be repeated several times.

Aldol Condensations of Aldehydes and Ketones Catalyzed by Rare Earth(III) Perfluorooctane Sulfonates in Fluorous Solvents.

AbstractChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.

Rare Earth(III) Perfluorooctane Sulfonates and Perfluorooctanesulfonic Acid in Fluorous Solvents: Novel and Recyclable Catalytic Systems for Friedel—Crafts Acylation of Unactivated Benzenes.

AbstractFor Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.

Aldol condensations of aldehydes and ketones catalyzed by rare earth(III) perfluorooctane sulfonates in fluorous solvents

Rare earth(III) perfluorooctane sulfonates (RE(OPf) 3) catalyze the efficient aldol condensation of different ketones with various aromatic aldehydes in fluorous solvents without the occurrence of any self-condensations. By simple separation of the fluorous phase containing only catalyst, reaction can be repeated several times.

Rare earth(III) perfluorooctane sulfonates and perfluorooctanesulfonic acid in fluorous solvents: Novel and recyclable catalytic systems for Friedel-Crafts acylation of unactivated benzenes

Catalytic Friedel-Crafts acylation of benzene and unactivated benzenes, such as chlorobenzene and fluorobenzene, was successfully accomplished using rare earth(III) perfluorooctane sulfonates (RE(OPf) 3), RE = Sc, Y, La ∼ Lu) and perfluorooctanesulfonic acid (PfOH) as catalysts in fluorous solvents. Solutions of Yb(OPf) 3 and PfOH in perfluorodecalin (C 10F 18, cis and trans-mixture) are the most suitable catalytic system, with catalyst loading as low as 0.4%mol leading to clean, high-yielding benzoylation of a variety of unactivated benzenes. By simple separation of the fluorous phase containing only catalyst, acylation can be repeated several times.