In brain regions featuring ongoing plasticity, the task of quickly encoding new information without overwriting old memories presents a significant challenge. In the rodent olfactory bulb, which is renowned for substantial structural plasticity driven by adult neurogenesis and persistent turnover of dendritic spines, we show that by synergistically combining both types of plasticity, this flexibility-stability dilemma can be overcome. To do so, we develop a computational model for structural plasticity in the olfactory bulb and show that it is the maturation process of adult-born neurons that enables the bulb to learn quickly and forget slowly. Particularly important are the transient enhancement of the plasticity, excitability, and susceptibility to apoptosis that characterizes young neurons. The model captures many experimental observations and makes a number of testable predictions. Overall, it identifies memory consolidation as an important role of adult neurogenesis in olfaction and exemplifies how the brain can maintain stable memories despite ongoing extensive neurogenesis and synaptic plasticity.

In brain regions featuring ongoing plasticity, the task of quickly encoding new information without overwriting old memories presents a significant challenge. In the rodent olfactory bulb, which is renowned for substantial structural plasticity driven by adult neurogenesis and persistent turnover of dendritic spines, we show that by synergistically combining both types of plasticity, this flexibility-stability dilemma can be overcome. To do so, we develop a computational model for structural plasticity in the olfactory bulb and show that it is the maturation process of adult-born neurons that enables the bulb to learn quickly and forget slowly. Particularly important are the transient enhancement of the plasticity, excitability, and susceptibility to apoptosis that characterizes young neurons. The model captures many experimental observations and makes a number of testable predictions. Overall, it identifies memory consolidation as an important role of adult neurogenesis in olfaction and exemplifies how the brain can maintain stable memories despite ongoing extensive neurogenesis and synaptic plasticity.

In brain regions featuring ongoing plasticity, the task of quickly encoding new information without overwriting old memories presents a significant challenge. In the rodent olfactory bulb, which is renowned for substantial structural plasticity driven by adult neurogenesis and persistent turnover of dendritic spines, we show that by synergistically combining both types of plasticity, this flexibility-stability dilemma can be overcome. To do so, we develop a computational model for structural plasticity in the olfactory bulb and show that it is the maturation process of adult-born neurons that enables the bulb to learn quickly and forget slowly. Particularly important are the transient enhancement of the plasticity, excitability, and susceptibility to apoptosis that characterizes young neurons. The model captures many experimental observations and makes a number of testable predictions. Overall, it identifies memory consolidation as an important role of adult neurogenesis in olfaction and exemplifies how the brain can maintain stable memories despite ongoing extensive neurogenesis and synaptic plasticity.

Rapid decay of perceptual memory in dyslexia.

Erratum for the Report "Top-down cortical input during NREM sleep consolidates perceptual memory" by D. Miyamoto et al.

Recent work in vision sciences contends that objects carry an intrinsic property called memorability that describes the likelihood that an object can be successfully encoded and later retrieved from memory. It has been shown that object memorability is supported by semantic information, but the neural correlates of this relationship are largely unexplored. The present study explores these premises and asks whether neural correlates of object memorability can be accounted for by semantic dimensions. We combine three data sets: (1) feature norms for a database of ∼1000 natural object images, (2) normative conceptual and perceptual memory data for those objects, and (3) neuroimaging data from an fMRI study collected using a subset (n = 360) of those objects. We found that object-wise memorability elicits consistent brain activation across participants in key mnemonic regions, including the hippocampus and rhinal cortex, and that the variance in this neural activity is mediated by the semantic factors describing these images. We propose that the features of memorable images may be facilitating memory formation by more deeply engaging encoding processes.

This study employs Lewin’s field theory to analyze the physical and psychological fields of the Table Tennis Museum, specifically examining how it constructs national identity. Through fieldwork and narrative analysis, the study investigates how sports museums construct national identity. Key findings indicate that the physical field consists of four narrative types (historical, heroic, eulogistic, and frustrating), whereas the psychological field encompasses object-based cognitive memories (value cognition, historical cognition, experiential ­cognition, and pavilion memory) and subjective perceptual memories (embodied experiences, spiritual perceptions, and idolatry). Visitors’ practices in the physical space strengthen collective memory and shape meaning through narrative discourse and exhibition design. The interaction between physical and psychological fields fosters three types of national identity: ideal identity, identification, and cultural identity. Recommendations include using diverse and hybrid narratives, integrating new media technologies to enhance field interaction, and encouraging museums to develop unique fields tailored to their characteristics.

In brain regions featuring ongoing plasticity, the task of quickly encoding new information without overwriting old memories presents a significant challenge. In the rodent olfactory bulb, which is renowned for substantial structural plasticity driven by adult neurogenesis and persistent turnover of dendritic spines, we show that by synergistically combining both types of plasticity this flexibility-stability dilemma can be overcome. To do so, we develop a computational model for structural plasticity in the olfactory bulb and show that it is the maturation process of adult-born neurons that enables the bulb to learn quickly and forget slowly. Particularly important are the transient enhancement of the plasticity, excitability, and susceptibility to apoptosis that characterizes young neurons. The model captures many experimental observations and makes a number of testable predictions. Overall, it identifies memory consolidation as an important role of adult neurogenesis in olfaction and exemplifies how the brain can maintain stable memories despite ongoing extensive neurogenesis and synaptic plasticity.

Police officers frequently make decisions under stress and require accurate memories of their perceptions and actions for subsequent investigations. Recognizing that police are frequently called to assist people experiencing a mental health crisis, it is of critical importance to public safety to understand the role of stress on officers' cognition when navigating such encounters. Despite this, how the timing of experiencing stress impacts officer cognition is understudied in applied police contexts and therefore remains unclear. To address this gap in the literature, we analyzed data from a study of 57 police officers who wore heart rate monitors to record physiological arousal before, during, and after two reality-based scenarios (i.e., simulated calls for service) with individuals experiencing mental distress. Scenarios were audio-recorded, transcribed, and coded to measure officers' perceptual memory of important elements in each scene, procedural memory to enact best practices, post-incident memory of their own actions, and higher-level situational understanding. We found a nuanced relationship between the timing of stress and cognitive performance, such that higher heart rate before and during scenarios improved understanding, decision making, and the appropriate choice of use of force option, but at the expense of officers' spatial processing. Increased heart rate during the post-incident debrief was associated with the following: making a lethal force error during the scenario, decreased memory for perceptual aspects of the scenario, and impaired recall of one's own actions. Older and more experienced officers exhibited overall lower physiological arousal, and female officers demonstrated better cognitive performance compared to male officers. These results have practical implications in operational, training, evaluation, and testimonial police contexts and can inform future interventions aimed to improve outcomes when navigating stressful encounters, including crisis intervention.

Perception of a continuous world relies on our ability to integrate discontinuous sensory signals when we make saccadic eye movements, which abruptly change the retinal image. Here we investigate the role of oscillations in integrating pre-saccadic information with the current sensory signals. We presented to participants (N = 24) a brief pre-saccadic Gabor stimulus (termed the inducer) before voluntary 16° saccades, followed by a test Gabor stimulus at various times before or after saccadic onset. Orientation judgments of the test stimulus were biased towards the orientation of both the inducer and previous (1-back) test stimulus, consistent with serial dependence. In addition to the average bias, judgments oscillated in synchrony with saccadic onset at alpha frequencies (~9.5 Hz) towards the orientation of the inducer or 1-back stimulus. There was also a strong bias towards the mean orientation (central tendency): however, that bias was constant over time, not associated with saccade-synched oscillations. Perceptual oscillations in serial dependence (but not central tendency) suggest that alpha rhythms may be instrumental in communicating short-term (but not long-term) perceptual memory across saccades, helping to preserve stability during saccades. The distinction between the modes of communicating short- and long-term memory suggests that the two phenomena are mediated by distinct neuronal circuitry.

Amygdalo-cortical dialogue underlies memory enhancement by emotional association.

Sweet dreams are made of this: How emotions influence sleep-dependent consolidation of perceptual memories.

Abstract The paper has a dual purpose, one historical and one theoretical. It aims to show, first, that Plotinus' notion of perceptual memory heavily draws on Stoic views insofar as both regard memory as a linguistic phenomenon. Furthermore, it aims to answer two questions, both are intimately connected to the Plotinian thesis of the impassibility of the soul. How could it happen that a present tense perceptual judgment changes into a past tense memory judgment and what explains that our judgments on perceived objects change, and occasionally fade, over time, that is, how can we remember in a way different from sense-perception?

The excessive spreading (or generalization) of fear toward safe situations is characteristic of anxiety disorders. Understanding factors that contribute to this is crucial. The current study hypothesized that avoidance leads to increased generalization; relentless avoidance may blur the perceptual memory of the avoided situation, thereby increasing the perceived similarity of this situation with novel situations, increasing generalization. To test this fundamental hypothesis, we conducted a serial fear conditioning experiment, using a convenience sample primarily composed of students. During fear acquisition, a geometric shape (preCS+) predicted a colored lamp (CS+), which was followed by an aversive electrical stimulus (US). Another geometric shape (preCS-) predicted another colored lamp (CS-), which was never followed by the US. Next, one group of participants avoided the CS+ and US by performing a response on the preCS+. Another group could not avoid, but saw a signal indicating no US would follow. During generalization, new lamp colors were presented (GSs); the avoidance group was more likely to identify a stimulus as CS+ during generalization, whereas the control group was more likely to identify a stimulus as GS. Importantly, when a stimulus was identified as CS+, the avoidance group showed higher US-expectancy compared to the control group. When a stimulus was identified as GS however, the avoidance group showed lower US-expectancy. Results thus partially supported that avoidance increases generalization, as this was dependent on stimulus identification. The current study is the first to show that avoidance may contribute to excessive fear through biased memory and perception.

Perception and perceptual memory play crucial roles in fear generalization, yet their dynamic interaction remains understudied. This research (N = 80) explored their relationship through a classical differential conditioning experiment. Results revealed that while fear context perception fluctuates over time with a drift effect, perceptual memory remains stable, creating a disjunction between the two systems. Surprisingly, this disjunction does not significantly impact fear generalization behavior. Although most participants demonstrated generalization aligned with perceptual rather than physical stimulus distances, incorporating perceptual memory data into perceptual distance calculations did not enhance model performance. This suggests a potential shift in the mapping of the perceptual memory component of fear context, occurring alongside perceptual dynamics. Overall, this work provides evidence for understanding fear generalization behavior through different stimulus representational processes. Such mechanistic investigations can enhance our understanding of how individuals behave when facing threats and potentially aid in developing mechanism-specific diagnoses and treatments.

Previous work on visual short-term memory (VSTM) has encompassed various stimulus attributes including spatial frequency, color, and contrast, revealing specific time courses and a dependence on stimulus parameters. This study investigates visual short-term memory for binocular depth, using dynamic random dot stereograms (DRDS) featuring disparity planes in front of or behind the plane of fixation. In a delayed match-to-sample paradigm, we employed four distinct reference disparities (17.5', 28.8' either crossed or uncrossed) at two contrast levels (20%, 80%), spanning interstimulus intervals (ISI) of up to 4 s. Test stimuli represented a range of equally spaced values centered around the reference disparity of the ongoing trial. In addition, the impact of a memory masking stimulus was also tested in a separate experiment. Accuracy and point of subjective equality (PSE) served as performance markers. The performance, indicated by the accuracy of responses, was better for smaller reference disparities (±17.5') compared to larger ones (±28'), but both deteriorated as a function of ISI. The PSE demonstrated a consistent shift with increasing ISIs, irrespective of the magnitude of the initial disparity, converging gradually toward the range of 20-22' and deviating from the reference disparity. Notably, the influence of masking stimuli on the PSE was more marked when the mask disparity diverged from the reference value. The findings from our study indicate that the retention of absolute disparity in memory is imprecise, it deteriorates with retention time or due to perturbation by dissimilar masking stimuli. As a result, the memory trace is gradually replaced by a default depth value. This value could potentially signify an optimal point within low-level perceptual memory, however, our results are better explained by perceptual averaging whereby the visual system computationally derives a statistical summary of the presented disparities over time. The latter mechanism would aid in the computation of relative disparity in a dynamically changing environment.

Zebra finches, a species of songbirds, learn to sing by creating an auditory template through the memorization of model songs (sensory learning phase) and subsequently translating these perceptual memories into motor skills (sensorimotor learning phase). It has been traditionally believed that babbling in juvenile birds initiates the sensorimotor phase while the sensory phase of song learning precedes the onset of babbling. However, our findings challenge this notion by demonstrating that testosterone-induced premature babbling actually triggers the onset of the sensory learning phase instead. We reveal that juvenile birds must engage in babbling and self-listening to acquire the tutor song as the template. Notably, the sensory learning of the template in songbirds requires motor vocal activity, reflecting the observation that prelinguistic babbling in humans plays a crucial role in auditory learning for language acquisition.

The 5th International Conference on Empathic Architecture (ICEA) is a biannual international conference organized by the Department of Architecture, Faculty of Civil Engineering and Planning, Petra Christian University. The 1st ICEA was initiated on 11-12 September 2014. The 2nd ICEA was held as an International Joint Conference with the 17th SENVAR on 1-2 March 2017. The 3rd ICEA was conducted on 25-27 April 2019, in which all papers presented were published in the IOP Conference Proceeding: Earth and Environmental Science Volume 490. During the pandemic, the 4th ICEA was held online on 26 February 2021.The 5th ICEA was held at Petra Christian University, Surabaya, Indonesia, on 19-20 October 2023, with the theme “Architecture for Health and Wellbeing.” The 5th International Conference on Empathic Architecture (ICEA) aims to gather researchers, scholars, and practitioners to share and exchange their knowledge and breakthroughs in architecture, especially for health and wellbeing. It is important to seek a holistic understanding of the impact of architecture, with its design features, on human health and wellbeing. Thus, an architectural design should be responsive to user needs, inspire, motivate, give meaning, and be spirit caring.The 5th ICEA was honored to present four reputable keynote speakers: (i) A. Ray Pentecost III, DrPH, FAIA, FACHA, LEED AP from UIA-Public Health Group, USA (ii) Dr. Yuan Chao from National University of Singapore, (iii) Ir. Adi Utomo Hatmoko, M. Arch., a professional architect in hospital design from Indonesia, and (iv) Dr. Ruzika Bozovic from the National University of Singapore.The subtopics of the conference include Healing Architecture, Inclusive Architecture Design, Architecture and Perceptual memory, Lighting for well-being, Building Thermal Performance, Indoor Air Quality, Building Envelope for Wellbeing, and Wellness in an Urban Environment. Through these topics, papers from authors have been presented during the conference days as a manifestation of empathy for users and the environment through Architecture and Built Environment. After the inspiring keynote sessions and discussions during the parallel sessions, the papers were curated once more before publication in this IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science.We would like to appreciate all keynote speakers, scientific committee, moderators, conference coordinators, and participants who have contributed to this conference. Finally, we hope this 5th ICEA proceeding could encourage the development of an architecture that empathizes with the user’s health and wellbeing.The 5th ICEA Editorial Teamhttps://5thicea.petra.ac.id/homeList of Scientific Committee, Organizing Committee are available in the pdf

ABSTRACT Introduction Many commonly employed performance validity tests (PVTs) are several decades old and vulnerable to compromise, leading to a need for novel instruments. Because implicit/non-declarative memory may be robust to brain damage, tasks that rely upon such memory may serve as an effective PVT. Using a simulation design, this experiment evaluated whether novel tasks that rely upon perceptual memory hold promise as PVTs. Method Sixty healthy participants were provided instructions to simulate symptoms of mild traumatic brain injury (TBI), and they were compared to a group of 20 honest responding individuals. Simulator groups received varying levels of information concerning TBI symptoms, resulting in naïve, sophisticated, and test-coached groups. The Word Memory Test, Test of Memory Malingering, and California Verbal Learning Test-II Forced Choice Recognition Test were administered. To assess perceptual memory, selected images from the Gollin Incomplete Figures and Mooney Closure Test were presented as visual perception tasks. After brief delays, memory for the images was assessed. Results No group differences emerged on the perception trials of the Gollin and Mooney figures, but simulators remembered fewer images than the honest responders. Simulator groups differed on the standard PVTs, but they performed equivalently on the Gollin and Mooney figures, implying robustness to coaching. Relying upon a criterion of 90% specificity, the Gollin and Mooney figures achieved at least 90% sensitivity, comparing favorably to the standard PVTs. Conclusions The Gollin and Mooney figures hold promise as novel PVTs. As perceptual memory tests, they may be relatively robust to brain damage, but future research involving clinical samples is necessary to substantiate this assertion.

The hippocampus plays a central role as a coordinate system or index of information stored in neocortical loci. Nonetheless, it remains unclear how hippocampal processes integrate with cortical information to facilitate successful memory encoding. Thus, the goal of the current study was to identify specific hippocampal-cortical interactions that support object encoding. We collected fMRI data while 19 human participants (7 female and 12 male) encoded images of real-world objects and tested their memory for object concepts and image exemplars (i.e., conceptual and perceptual memory). Representational similarity analysis revealed robust representations of visual and semantic information in canonical visual (e.g., occipital cortex) and semantic (e.g., angular gyrus) regions in the cortex, but not in the hippocampus. Critically, hippocampal functions modulated the mnemonic impact of cortical representations that are most pertinent to future memory demands, or transfer-appropriate representations Subsequent perceptual memory was best predicted by the strength of visual representations in ventromedial occipital cortex in coordination with hippocampal activity and pattern information during encoding. In parallel, subsequent conceptual memory was best predicted by the strength of semantic representations in left inferior frontal gyrus and angular gyrus in coordination with either hippocampal activity or semantic representational strength during encoding. We found no evidence for transfer-incongruent hippocampal-cortical interactions supporting subsequent memory (i.e., no hippocampal interactions with cortical visual/semantic representations supported conceptual/perceptual memory). Collectively, these results suggest that diverse hippocampal functions flexibly modulate cortical representations of object properties to satisfy distinct future memory demands.Significance Statement The hippocampus is theorized to index pieces of information stored throughout the cortex to support episodic memory. Yet how hippocampal processes integrate with cortical representation of stimulus information remains unclear. Using fMRI, we examined various forms of hippocampal-cortical interactions during object encoding in relation to subsequent performance on conceptual and perceptual memory tests. Our results revealed novel hippocampal-cortical interactions that utilize semantic and visual representations in transfer-appropriate manners: conceptual memory supported by hippocampal modulation of frontoparietal semantic representations, and perceptual memory supported by hippocampal modulation of occipital visual representations. These findings provide important insights into the neural mechanisms underlying the formation of information-rich episodic memory and underscore the value of studying the flexible interplay between brain regions for complex cognition.