Perceived Privacy Risk Research Articles

Model Construction of Chinese Preservice Physical Education Teachers’ Perception of Social Media: A Grounded Theory Approach

(1) Background: Pre-service physical education teachers commonly embrace social media for multiple purposes. However, little is known about their perception of social media, which could affect the appropriate use of social media in their future professional work. This study aims to explore a theoretical model of how pre-service physical education teachers perceive social media in order to provide a basis for educators to guide their appropriate use of social media. (2) Methods: Qualitative data were collected in diverse ways, mainly from interviews. Seventeen Chinese preservice physical education teachers were selected as participants by a purposive sampling technique. The interview questions focused on participants' motivation, expectations, and experiences in social media usage. Grounded theory was used to analyze the data by ROST CM and Nvivo 12. (3) Results: The perception of social media among teachers includes three subsidiary categories made up of 10 sub-categories, 70 concepts, and 307 labels. The three categories are (a) value perception, including the perspective of intelligent function, interaction, and rich information, (b) risk perception, involving psychological risk, information risk and privacy risk and (c) overall perception, like development trends, current status and basic elements. (4) Conclusions: Chinese preservice physical education teachers perceive social media as having similarities and differences compared to other countries. Future research should consider a large sample survey to revise and verify the initial exploration of perception and study diverse groups of teachers' perceptions of social media.

Should I scan my face? The influence of perceived value and trust on Chinese users’ intention to use facial recognition payment

While China has seen the widespread adoption of facial recognition payment, concerns over the potential risks impede the further growth of user acceptance. Drawing on the perspectives of perceived value and trust, we developed a research model to explore how the Chinese users’ trade-off between perceived benefits (perceived convenience and perceived novelty) and perceived risks (perceived privacy risk and perceived financial risk) influences their usage intention. Based on survey data from 1,200 Chinese mobile payment users, this study uses structural equation modeling to examine the hypotheses. Our results show that perceived convenience positively influences perceived value, while privacy risk and financial risk negatively influence perceived value and trust. Although perceived novelty has no significant effect on perceived value and trust, perceived value positively influences trust, and both of them have a positive effect on the intention to use. Furthermore, our moderation analysis indicates that the influence of perceived value on the intention to use is stronger among users who consider facial information to be more sensitive. The theoretical implications for research as well as the practical implications for practitioners are also discussed.

The Antecedents of Customer Satisfaction in the Portuguese Telecommunications Sector

This study’s primary goal is to examine the elements that affect customer loyalty and satisfaction with Portuguese telecommunications. Indeed, customer loyalty and satisfaction are crucial factors in guaranteeing the success and expansion of the services sector. Furthermore, it aims to include customers’ privacy perceptions in a thorough model. A structured questionnaire was adapted from previous studies in the field, collecting a total of 357 valid responses. The suggested hypotheses were tested using multiple statistical techniques to assess the reliability and validity of the gathered data, culminating with path analysis through Structural Equation Modelling. The research results demonstrate that consumer loyalty is highly impacted by satisfaction. On the other hand, service quality significantly influences customer satisfaction, whereas trust and perceived value have a positive yet insignificant impact on this construct. Additionally, perceptions of privacy risk were found to affect customer trust positively and significantly. Considering that the data used for this analysis were collected exclusively in the Portuguese market, inferring the same findings in different countries should be made prudently. As this study only comprised of one of the perceived value dimensions, the results associated with this construct should also have that in mind.

Urban drone adoption: Addressing technological, privacy and task–technology fit concerns

Cutting-edge technologies are changing the operations of urban last-mile delivery. In particular, innovative technologies, such as delivery drones, have shown promising results in commercial applications. When considered alongside the ongoing pandemic, contactless technologies have become even more important to the daily lives of consumers in highly urbanized areas. This study investigates underlying factors influencing consumers' acceptance of drone delivery in urban cities amidst the COVID-19 pandemic. To this end, a model was created by fusing the technology acceptance model, task–technology fit, and privacy calculus theory. Four hundred and fifty survey responses were analyzed using structural equation modeling. The findings suggested that perceived usefulness, attitude, and perceived privacy risks directly influence consumers' behavioral intentions. In addition, perceived ease of use, task characteristics, technology characteristics, task–technology fit, and privacy concerns indirectly impact consumers' behavioral intention. This study offers an insightful perspective on consumers’ perception of urban last-mile delivery drones while providing insights into urban transport planning and regulation of drone delivery services.

Effects of Perceived Privacy Risk and Disclosure Benefits on the Online Privacy Protection Behaviors among Chinese Teens

This study aimed to examine the effects of perceived privacy risks and benefits on the online privacy protection behaviors of Chinese teens, with information privacy concerns treated as a mediator variable. The questionnaire survey data (N = 1538) were collected from teens in seven provinces of Mainland China and were analyzed using a structural equation model (SEM). This study found that the effects of teens’ perceived privacy benefits on their information privacy concerns and online privacy protection behaviors are insignificant, but the effects of teens’ perceived privacy risk on their online privacy protection behaviors are significantly positive. Additionally, information privacy concerns significantly mediated the effects of perceived privacy risk on the online privacy protection behaviors of Chinese teens.

Global variations in online privacy concerns across 57 countries

Cross-cultural studies have found national differences in how concerned people are about online privacy. However, it has not yet been settled what causes this variation, and several factors have been proposed in the literature, including internet habituation, individualism, and uncertainty avoidance. Here we investigate these factors by two studies. In the first, we examine the association between online privacy concerns and a new measure of online self-disclosure norms that we introduce. We find that this measure is significantly associated with two established instruments of online privacy concerns in the literature. In the second, we analyze previously unpublished data from a questionnaire on online self-disclosure norms as assessed by this new measure. It includes replies from 18,046 adult respondents from 57 countries and six continents. We find that norms in favor of more restrictive online self-disclosure are weaker in countries with higher levels of internet penetration (r = −0.56, p < .001). Our findings suggest that higher internet penetration in a country reduces online privacy concerns. The results support the idea that habituation to online environments decreases privacy risk perceptions. An implication is that preferences for online privacy are likely to decline over time in countries where internet penetration is still low. Lastly, in conflict with previous studies, our analyses do not support the theory that online privacy concerns are associated with national cultures related to individualism or uncertainty avoidance as measured by Hofstede's indices.

Location-based monitoring in production environments: does transparency help to increase the acceptance of monitoring?

ABSTRACT In the context of smart manufacturing, the technical development of monitoring systems has made it possible to track employees with the same systems that are used to track assets. This study contributes to our understanding of the acceptance of location-based monitoring of employees and investigates how the perceived privacy risk regarding monitoring can be tackled by examining the role of transparency and the perceived value of monitoring. We designed an experimental setting in which students assembled a 3D printer and manipulated transparency with two conditions: a detailed explanation of monitoring during the task vs. monitoring without any explanation. The results show that the higher the privacy concerns and perceived risks were, the lower was the acceptance for monitoring. However, the negative effect of perceived risk diminishes when both, transparency and the value of monitoring are high, but becomes even stronger when only transparency is high and perceived value is low.

Privacy Risk Awareness and Intent to Disclose Personal Information of Users Using Two Social Networks: Facebook and Instagram

The research focuses on the perception and awareness of privacy risks to disclose users' personal information on two social networking platforms, Facebook and Instagram. The data was collected from 428 Facebook and Instagram user from 15 to 29 years old by an online questionnaire. The Structural Equation Model (SEM) was used to analyze the relationships in the research model supported by SPSS 20.0 and AMOS 24.0 software. Results indicate that if user trust or confidence is high in social networking sites such as Facebook and Instagram, the perception of user privacy risk is low. This result is beneficial for the researcher to have a fresh look at consumer behavior. For businesses, it takes a long time to develop a product that will gain the trust of customers. They must ensure that their products are as risk-free as possible in order to maintain consumer trust, because when consumers choose to trust, they always expect the product's risk to be as low as possible or zero. From the research results, it is possible to make suggestions for solutions to overcome the perceived problem of users in disclosing personal information on social networks in general. And it clearly shows that the factors that motivate online social media users to disclose personal information are extremely different.

Determinants of continued use of tourism and hospitality e-commerce platforms and the role of information transparency

ABSTRACT Information transparency is a major influence on customers’ transaction-related decision-making process in an e-commercial environment. However, existing literature still lacks insight into this phenomenon in tourism management research. This study aims to integrate social cognitive theory into a value-based adoption model to investigate relationships between information transparency, perceived value, and continued use of tourism and hospitality e-commerce platforms. The proposed model was tested using structural equation modelling to analyze data collected from 253 respondents. The analysis revealed that product and transaction information transparency had significant positive associations with the convenience and financial benefit of using a travel-related tourism e-commerce platform as perceived by customers. However, it had significant negative associations with the perceived privacy risk and performance uncertainty. On the other hand, perceived value had a significant positive association with continued use. Additionally, service guarantee moderated the negative effects of perceived privacy risk and perceived performance uncertainty on perceived value. Meaningful findings and implications of the empirical data are also discussed.

Factors influencing users' online information disclosure intention and the moderating effect of cultural background and platform type

PurposeOnline platforms are providing diversified and personalized services with user information. Users should decide if they should give up parts of information for convenience, with their information being at the risk of being illegally collected, leaked, spread and misused. This study aims to explore the main factors influencing users' online information disclosure intention from the perspectives of privacy, technology acceptance and trust, and the authors extend previous research with two moderators.Design/methodology/approachBased on 48 independent empirical studies, this paper conducted a meta-analysis to synthesize existing results from collected individual studies. This meta-analysis explored the main factors influencing users' online information disclosure intention from the perspectives of privacy, technology acceptance and trust.FindingsThe meta-analysis results based on 48 independent studies revealed that perceived benefit, trust, subjective norm and perceived behavioral control have significant positive effects, while perceived privacy risk and privacy concern have significant negative effects. Moreover, cultural background and platform type moderate the relationship between antecedents and online information disclosure intention.Originality/valueThis paper explored the moderating effects of an individual factor and a platform factor on users' online information disclosure intention. The moderating effect of cultural differences is examined with Hofstede's dimensions, and the moderating role of the purpose of online information disclosure is examined with platform type. This study extends online information disclosure literature with a multi-perspective meta-analysis and provides guidelines for practitioners.

Privacy Regulation and Barriers to Public Health

The COVID-19 pandemic has killed millions and gravely disrupted the world’s economy. A safe and effective vaccine was developed remarkably swiftly, but as of yet, uptake of the vaccine has been slow. This paper explores one potential explanation of delayed adoption of the vaccine, which is data privacy concerns. We explore two contrasting regulations that vary across U.S. states that have the potential to affect the perceived privacy risk associated with receiving a COVID-19 vaccine. The first regulation—an “identification requirement”—increases privacy concerns by requiring individuals to verify residency with government approved documentation. The second regulation—“anonymity protection”—reduces privacy concerns by allowing individuals to remove personally identifying information from state-operated immunization registry systems. We investigate the effects of these privacy-reducing and privacy-protecting regulations on U.S. state-level COVID-19 vaccination rates. Using a panel data set, we find that identification requirements decrease vaccine demand but that this negative effect is offset when individuals are able to remove information from an immunization registry. Our results remain consistent when controlling for CDC-defined barriers to vaccination, levels of misinformation, vaccine incentives, and states’ phased distribution of vaccine supply. These findings yield significant theoretical and practical contributions for privacy policy and public health. This paper was accepted by David Simchi-Levi, information systems. Supplemental Material: Data and the e-companion are available at https://doi.org/10.1287/mnsc.2022.4580 .

Comparing factors affecting self-disclosure behavior between German and South Korean SNS users

People disclose themselves on Social Networking Sites (SNSs) even though there are various risks such as privacy intrusion and cyberbullying. Through this comparative study, the influencing factors toward voluntarily sharing personal information on SNSs are identified and analyzed. A theoretically driven research model is developed and tested with German and South Korean participants. Based on an online survey (n = 266), a structural equation model (SEM) is empirically validated. The results indicate that there are similarities and differences. Two factors (perceived social benefit and perceived privacy risk) influence self-disclosure behavior in the both countries. Furthermore, three factors (collectivism, perceived cyberbullying risk, and perceived awareness of privacy issues) do not influence on self-disclosure behavior in both countries. However, the remaining six factors (protective experience, gossiping culture, perceived information benefit, perceived information control, perceived anonymity control, and concern of being intruded) influence self-disclosure behavior in one country but not in the other country. Extending the privacy calculus theory, this research provides a broad and unified model when studying on the privacy paradox.

Application and extension of the UTAUT2 model for determining behavioral intention factors in use of the artificial intelligence virtual assistants.

Virtual Assistants, also known as conversational artificial intelligence, are transforming the reality around us. These virtual assistants have challenged our daily lives by assisting us in the different dimensions of our lives, such as health, entertainment, home, and education, among others. The main purpose of this study is to develop and empirically test a model to predict factors that affect users' behavioral intentions when they use intelligent virtual assistants. As a theoretical basis for investigating behavioral intention of using virtual assistants from the consumers' perspective, researchers employed the extended Unified Theory of Acceptance and Use of Technology (UTAUT2). For this research paper, seven variables were analyzed: performance expectancy, effort expectancy, facilitating conditions, social influence, hedonic motivation, habit, and price/value. In order to improve consumer behavior prediction, three additional factors were included in the study: perceived privacy risk, trust, and personal innovativeness. Researchers carried out an online survey with 304 responses. The obtained sample was analyzed with Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) through IBM SPSS V. 27.0 and AMOS V 27.0. The main study results reveal that factors, such as habit, trust, and personal innovation, have a significant impact on the adoption of virtual assistants. However, on the other side, performance expectancy, effort expectancy, facilitating conditions, social influence, hedonic motivation, price/value, and perceived privacy risk were not significant factors in the users' intention to adopt this service. This research paper examines the effect of personal innovation, security, and trust variables in relation to the use of virtual assistants. It contributes to a more holistic understanding of the adoption of these intelligent devices and tries to fill the knowledge gap on this topic, as it is an emerging technology. This investigation also provides relevant information on how to successfully implement these technologies.

Perceived Risks toward In-Vehicle Infotainment Data Services on Intelligent Connected Vehicles

With the evolution of Internet of Vehicles (IoV) and intelligent transportation systems, intelligent connected vehicles (ICV) are becoming the trend in automobile industry worldwide. Assisted by road-side infrastructure and vehicle-mounted sensors, in-vehicle infotainment (IVI) data services are gradually growing more popular with drivers and passengers. In particular, IVI data services are not only restricted to internal cabin, but also are being extended to the external environment (e.g., workplace and home). These data categories include personal demographics/bioinformatics, usage habits, travel patterns, real-time location, audio, video, etc., which in turn induce perceived risk concerns around the data privacy and security of occupants. In this paper, we collect answers from 500 valid respondents and then construct a structural equation model to investigate key factors influencing users’ attitudes and behavioral intention (BI) towards IVI data services. Therein, trust is considered to play a vital role in attitude, and is assumed to be affected by perceived security risk (PSR), perceived privacy risk (PPR), and perceived performance risk (PFR). The results show that PSR and PPR have negative effects on user trust. The data breache anxiety positively influences PPR, which explain 75% of variance. In addition, trust can directly affect attitude and BI, which explain 28.6% of variance in attitudes towards IVI data services. Respondents score higher on average for attitude (Mean = 5.762, SD = 0.89) even where perceived risks exist. BI is influenced by the factors of PSR, PFR, trust, and attitude. Through this study, we intend to reveal the relationships among the factors of perceived risk, trust, attitude, and BI towards IVI data services, then provide guidelines for vehicular data governance in order to consolidate user trust for a safer mobility ecosystem.

Elucidating the role of emotion in privacy-concerns: A text-Convolutional Neural Network (Text-CNN)-based tweets analysis of contact tracing apps

The extant contact tracing privacy literature is yet to explore the significance of user emotions in privacy-related decision-making such as whether to use such potentially privacy-invasive apps. Using social media analytics, the present study examines users’ privacy-related emotions stimulated by privacy-related aspects of contact tracing apps. A text-Convolutional Neural Network (Text-CNN)-based emotion analysis of tweets on the Indian contact tracing app Aarogya Setu and its Singaporean counterpart TraceTogether conducted in the paper reveals that users expressed negative privacy-related emotions towards these apps indicating high levels of perceived privacy risks and the perceived lack of privacy protection. For TraceTogether, users have also exhibited positive emotions to appreciate the steps taken by the government to protect their privacy. Based on these findings, the government/data controllers can devise strategies to assuage users’ negative emotions and promote positive emotions to encourage the adoption of contact tracing apps. This work incorporates privacy related emotions as key informants about user privacy concerns within the Privacy Calculus Theory. By relying on candid user opinions available through rich but inexpensive user-generated content, the research provides a quick, reliable, and cost-effective approach to study potential app users’ emotions to gain insights into privacy concerns related to any e-governance platform.

The Determinants of User Acceptance of Mobile Medical Platforms: An Investigation Integrating the TPB, TAM, and Patient-Centered Factors.

Mobile medical platforms (MMPs) can make medical services more accessible and effective. However, the patient-centered factors that influence patients’ acceptance of MMPs are not well understood. Our study examined the factors affecting patients’ acceptance of MMPs by integrating the theory of planned behavior (TPB), the technology acceptance model (TAM), and three patient-centered factors (i.e., perceived convenience, perceived credibility, and perceived privacy risk). Three hundred and eighty-nine Chinese respondents were recruited in this study and completed a self-administered online questionnaire that included items adapted from validated measurement scales. The partial least squares structural equation modeling results revealed that perceived privacy risk, perceived credibility, and perceived ease of use directly determined the perceived usefulness of an MMP. Perceived convenience, perceived credibility, and perceived usefulness significantly affected the patients’ attitudes toward MMPs. Perceived usefulness, attitude, perceived privacy risk, and perceived behavioral control were important determinants of the patients’ behavioral intentions to use MMPs. Behavioral intention and perceived behavioral control significantly influenced perceived effective use. Perceived credibility and perceived ease of use significantly affected perceived convenience. However, social influence had no significant effect on attitude and behavioral intention. The study provides important theoretical and practical implications, which could help practitioners enhance the patients’ use of MMPs for their healthcare activities.

Hey Google: Does Environmental Beliefs and Perceived Privacy Risk Influence Potential User’s Intention to Use a Smart Home System in Indonesia?

Automation technology has grown in a rapid pace recently. One of the technology that is growing rapidly right now is the Internet of Things or IoT. IoT consist of many devices, and one of the IoT device that are popular right now is called the smart home device. This smart home device can be use to make the house of the user be smart and can be use to save energy for efficiency for the daily life of the user, such as electricity and water that kan provide a negative impact on the environment if used extensively. This smart home device can help to make the energy expense much more efficient. Therefore, this study aims to see and examine the relation between pro-environmental behavior (environmental beliefs and concern), the moderating variable of materialism, perceived privacy risk and trust that can influenced the intention to use of smart home device. This study is an empirical study with quantitative research method. The respondent used in this study is live in Jabodetabek, age above 18 years old, tech savvy, and know the concept of smart home technology but does not have the smart home device. The sample use in this study are 294 samples. The data collected was tested using and analyzed using SEM with LISREL 8.5. The result of the research shows that environmental concern, perceived usefulness, and trust has a positive and significant effect towards intention to use smart home device. For the relationship between environmental beliefs and environmental concern, it was also has positif and significant effect. The result also shown that perceived privacy risk has a negatif significant effect towards trust of smart home device. The result of this research are important for the development of smart home market in Indonesia.

How do interactive voice assistants build brands' loyalty?

Voice assistants have emerged as a new form of technology that can identify human speech and respond accordingly via synthesized voices and this family of technologies has helped people accomplish various requirements in their daily lives. However, despite the numerous benefits of AI-based assistants, consumers' concerns about their privacy have increased. Nevertheless, only a few studies focus on the brand loyalty of customers, which influences the intention of consumers to persist in using voice assistants. Furthermore, the impact of brand credibility on the overall perceived value receives little attention. Therefore, this study attempted to identify the mechanism through which the users of voice assistants might develop reuse intention and loyalty toward a specific service provider brand and analyze how brand credibility can influence the overall perceived value of voice assistants. The study drew on the uses & gratification theory, signaling theory, and prospect theory to develop the conceptual model and its underlying hypotheses. Using purposive sampling and an online survey, data were collected from 426 Chinese users of AliGenie, Alibaba's intelligent personal assistant. Data and the hypothesized model were analyzed using partial least squares structural equation modeling. Findings from quantitative analysis identified the perceived privacy risk as the most significant factor and obstacle influencing consumers' overall perceived value toward the usage of voice assistants. Furthermore, findings indicate that brand credibility moderates the existing relationship between the perceived privacy risk and the overall perceived value, a high brand credibility results in a much lower association between the perceived privacy risk and overall perceived value. Furthermore, the findings discovered a significant and positive relationship between brand loyalty and individuals' continued usage of voice assistants.

Understanding the purchase intention of fitness wearables: using value-based adoption model

PurposeThis paper aims to investigate the key enablers and inhibitors that influence the intention to use fitness wearables using the value-based adoption model (VAM).Design/methodology/approachData were collected using a structured online questionnaire from 323 respondents who had never used fitness wearables. A purposive sampling technique was used in this study. Smart PLS was employed to test the research framework and hypotheses using a two-step approach.FindingsThe findings support some of the hypotheses developed with R2 values of 0.622 for perceived value (PV) and 0.567 for intention to use fitness wearable. Perceived enjoyment, perceived social image and perceived usefulness had a positive effect on PV. In addition, health information sensitivity (HIS) was positively related to perceived privacy risk and health information accuracy was positively related to perceived usefulness. Surprisingly, this study did not find any significant relationship between perceived fee, perceived privacy risk, perceived health increase and perceived design aesthetics with PV.Practical implicationsThis study's findings can help designers and manufacturers design fitness wearables by considering factors that users find valuable, thus satisfying consumers' needs.Originality/valueThis study tries to model behavioural intention of fitness wearable usage of individual users by using the VAM with the addition of two new antecedences, HSI and health information accuracy, to better explain the behaviour.

The Privacy Calculus Revisited: An Empirical Investigation of Online Privacy Decisions on Between- and Within-Person Levels

The privacy calculus assumes that people weigh perceived privacy risks and benefits before disclosing personal information. So far, empirical studies investigated the privacy calculus on a between-person level and, therefore, were not able to make statements about the intrapersonal psychological processes. In the present preregistered online within-person experiment, participants ( N = 485) were asked to imagine three different disclosure situations in which privacy risks were indicated by a privacy score. As personality variables, rational and intuitive privacy decision-making styles and privacy resignation were assessed. Results of a within-between random effects model showed that benefit perceptions were positively associated with self-disclosure intentions on between- and within-person levels. The privacy score was found to be effective in supporting users to make more privacy aware choices (within-person level). Finally, the rational decision-making style was positively related to privacy risk perception, while especially intuitive decision-makers can benefit from decision-making aids like the privacy score.