Perceptions Of Intentions Research Articles

To Tell or Not to Tell: The Effects of Disclosing Deepfake Video on US and Indian Consumers’ Purchase Intention

Marketing communicators are utilizing artificial intelligence–driven technology to create seemingly real communications featuring synthetic humans. This research aims to determine the consequences of disclosing the use of synthetic, or “deepfake,” video avatars in marketing. Based on schema congruity theory and the persuasion knowledge model, this research investigates whether disclosing an avatar as synthetic impacts consumers’ perceptions of source credibility and subsequent purchase intention. It also examines the role of social cynicism on consumers’ perceptions of source credibility and purchase intention. This study employs a posttest only, control group experimental design (n = 318) with participants from the United States (low social cynicism) and India (high social cynicism). Using partial least squares structural equation modeling analysis, findings indicate that disclosure of a synthetic avatar negatively impacted purchase intention due to reduced perceptions of source trustworthiness. Results show that for women and higher-income individuals, disclosure has a greater negative effect on purchase intention. However, there was no significant support for social cynicism moderating the mediation effects of the three dimensions of source credibility on purchase intention. Discussion includes implications for researchers, practitioners, and policymakers interested in synthetic human avatar use in marketing communications.

Youth Exposure and Response to the FDA Health Warning Label on Electronic Cigarettes Packaging: Policy Implications.

Youth represent a high-priority group for e-cigarette health communication. This study examined youth exposure to the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) e-cigarette warning label over 4 years and its association with change in youth harm perception and intention. We pooled data from the 2018-2021 National Youth Tobacco Survey (age 10-17; n = 67 159). Participants were divided into four groups: never users (58.5%), susceptible nonusers (16.3%), former users (12.7%), and current users (12.5%). We examined the prevalence, time-trend, correlates, and association of youth exposure to the warning with addictiveness and harm perception, intention to use e-cigarettes, and intention to quit all tobacco products. Only 24.5% of youth were exposed to the warning. Exposure increased from 14.9% in 2018 to 30.8% in 2019, then declined to 25.2% in 2021. Hispanic (adjusted odds ratio (aOR) = 0.76 [95% CI = 0.641 to 0.89]) and non-Hispanic black current users (0.53 [0.40 to 0.69]) were less likely to be exposed to the warning than white current users. Youth exposure was positively associated with a higher perception of e-cigarette addictiveness (1.12 [1.04 to 1.19]) and intention to quit all tobacco products (1.28 [1.13 to 1.46]). However, exposure was negatively associated with harm perception (0.91 [0.85 to 0.96]) and the intention to use e-cigarettes among e-cigarette nonusers (2.38 [1.99 to 2.84]). The decline in youth exposure to the warning indicates wear-out effects. Strengthening the label by using compelling designs, adding themes on e-cigarette harm to youth, periodically rotating warning content, and using culturally tailored messaging may improve its impact on youth and address racial/ethnic disparities. The FDA e-cigarette label reached only 24.5% of youth, and exposure to the warning declined to indicate wear-out effects. Exposure was significantly lower among minorities. Exposure was associated with a higher perception of e-cigarette addictiveness and intention to quit all tobacco products. Still, it did not increase harm perception or reduce intention to use e-cigarettes among nonusers. Strengthening the label by using more compelling designs, including diverse themes focusing on e-cigarette harm relevant to youth, and periodically rotating warning content may improve its impact on youth. Continued surveillance of the implementation of e-cigarette policies is needed to ensure that they equally affect youth across racial/ethnic subpopulations.

BIP-Tree: Tree Variant With Behavioral Intention Perception for Heterogeneous Trajectory Prediction

An insightful understanding and relational reasoning of motion behavior are typical components for trajectory prediction to achieve safe planning when navigating in complex scenarios. Due to the differences in behavioral responses of heterogeneous agents and the existence of chain effect in message passing, an effective prediction method is desired to better acquire potential behavioral intention and model motion behavior. In this paper, we construct a trajectory prediction method to represent and encode the behavioral interactions among heterogeneous agents, called as <italic xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">Tree variant with Behavioral Intention Perception (BIP-Tree)</i> . Specifically, a dual-behavior interaction module is presented to deeply understand behavioral intention by simultaneously considering the behavioral perception and behavioral response in spatial interaction. The behavioral perception means that individual acquires behavioral features from interactive objects located in its perception range, while the behavioral response means that each agent makes distinctive reactions to different categories of agents (for example, due to different collision risks caused by pedestrian and vehicle, a pedestrian will respond differently to the interactive agents at the same distance). Meanwhile, we also introduce one new tree variant in message passing stage to enhance the acquisition of potential motion feature, denoting traffic agents as nodes and the interactions among them as tree trunks. The interaction message can be delivered along tree trunks from leaf nodes to root node, to further achieves the chain effect of high-order interactions beyond adjacent entities. Our method is evaluated on several public datasets, such as Apolloscape, nuScenes, Argoverse, SDD, INTERACTION, inD, and Waymo. The extensive experimental results demonstrate that our method can predict more plausible and realistic trajectories with multi-modality. Among them, the best performance is achieved on three datasets. More remarkably, compared with state-of-the-arts, our method achieves significant performance and decreases by at least <inline-formula xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$13.04\%$</tex-math> </inline-formula> on average ADE and <inline-formula xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$19.42\%$</tex-math> </inline-formula> on average FDE on inD dataset with four intersections. The dataset and code are available at: htpps://github.com/VTP-TL/BIP-Tree.

Design and Evaluation of Using Head-Mounted Virtual Reality for Learning Clinical Procedures: Mixed Methods Study.

The capacity of health care professionals to perform clinical procedures safely and competently is crucial as it will directly impact patients' outcomes. Given the ability of head-mounted virtual reality to simulate the authentic clinical environment, this platform should be suitable for nurses to refine their clinical skills for knowledge and skills acquisition. However, research on head-mounted virtual reality in learning clinical procedures is limited. The objectives of this study were (1) to describe the design of a head-mounted virtual reality system and evaluate it for education on clinical procedures for nursing students and (2) to explore the experience of nursing students using head-mounted virtual reality for learning clinical procedures and the usability of the system. This usability study used a mixed method approach. The stages included developing 3D models of the necessary instruments and materials used in intravenous therapy and subcutaneous injection procedures performed by nurses, followed by developing the procedures using the Unreal Engine (Epic Games). Questionnaires on the perception of continuance intention and the System Usability Scale were used along with open-ended questions. Twenty-nine nursing students took part in this questionnaire study after experiencing the immersive virtual reality (IVR) intervention. Participants reported largely favorable game perception and learning experience. Mean perception scores ranged from 3.21 to 4.38 of a maximum score of 5, while the mean system usability score was 53.53 of 100. The majority found that the IVR experience was engaging, and they were immersed in the game. The challenges encountered included unfamiliarity with the new learning format; technological constraints, such as using hand controllers; and physical discomfort. The conception of IVR for learning clinical procedures through deliberate practice to enhance nurses' knowledge and skills is promising. However, refinement of the prototypes is required to improve user experience and learning. Future research can explore other ways to use IVR for better education and health care purposes.

The Effect Of Endorser Credibility On Purchase Intention Mediated By Brand Attitude And Brand Credibility On Online Travel Agent Traveloka

Online travel agencies (OTAs) in Indonesia, such as Traveloka, spend annually to endorse their brands through celebrities on TikTok to influence consumer perceptions of credibility and purchase intentions. This research explores the impact of celebrity endorsers’ expertise, trustworthiness, and attractiveness on brand attitude, brand credibility, and purchase intention within the context of online travel agencies (OTA). Recognizing the significance of celebrity endorsement for enhancing the purchasing behavior of consumers towards OTA brands, the findings of this study have important implications for how OTA companies can strategically adopt celebrity endorsement to sustain their customers' intention to purchase travel-related services. The study employs Partial Least Method-Structural Equation Modeling and includes 244 respondents, and data analysis was conducted using SEM analysis with WarpPLS 7.0 software. The results indicate a significant positive effect of celebrity endorser credibility on purchase intention through brand attitude and credibility. By using credible celebrities as endorsers, OTA companies, such as Traveloka in Indonesia, have been successful in influencing consumers' brand perception and building brand credibility, which in turn positively affects their purchase intention. The research findings highlight the importance of brand attitude as the most significant factor that impacts consumers' intention to purchase. Consequently, the study provides valuable insights for OTA companies, emphasizing the necessity of employing credible endorsers to build brand credibility and positively influence consumers' attitudes and purchase intention.&#x0D; Keywords— Brand attitude; Brand Credibility; Endorser Credibility; Purchase Intention; Online Travel Agencies

TESTING THE EFFECT OF SUBJECTIVE NORM MODERATION ON LUXURY PRODUCTS

The aim of this research is to examine the moderating role of subjective norm values. This study uses primary data with the target population being consumers who wish to purchase luxury products in the next year in Jakarta. The data collection process was carried out by distributing questionnaires online through the media google form. The sample collection method uses non-probability sampling with purposive sampling with 200 respondents. The data analysis technique used is Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) with SmartPLS software version 3.2.9. The results of this study found that attitudes, subjective norms and perceptions of behavioral control influence purchase intention and attitudes toward purchase intentions with moderation of subjective norms but perceptions of behavioral control on buying interest with moderation of subjective norms have no effect.

Analisis Faktor-Faktor yang Mempengaruhi Niat Pariwisata Pascapandemi Covid-19 di Kota Batam

The purpose of this research is to study what drives the people in Batam City to travel/tourism after the recent pandemic, with a focus on the mechanism of citizens perceptions of Covid-19 that influences tourism intentions to travel abroad. The primary data was taken from an internet questionnaire based on Google Form. The number of valid questionnaire data to be processed is 188 questionnaires. The study is a quantitative research with the Structural Equation Model (SEM) as the analytical technique applied. The research model develops a Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB) with several other variables considered relevant to this study. According to the findings, post-pandemic travel plans were significantly influenced by participants attitudes, subjective norms, and perceptions of their own behavioral control. Then perceptions of Covid-19 were also stated to have a significant influence on non-pharmaceutical interventions, while non-pharmaceutical intervention variables could not yet be declared capable of mediating relationship between perceptions of Covid-19 and post-pandemic travel intentions.

Web-based need-supportive parenting program to promote physical activity in secondary school students: a randomized controlled pilot trial

BackgroundCurrent global trend of insufficient physical activity (PA) among children and adolescents highlights the necessity of finding effective ways to promote PA in childhood. Self-determination theory (SDT) has demonstrated efficacy as a conceptual framework for developing interventions aimed at promoting diverse health behaviours. Parents have potential to influence children’s health behaviours to a great extent, which could be enhanced from an online, self-paced training to gain knowledge on how to support children’s intrinsic motivation towards particular health behaviour. In this pilot study, we developed and tested an online SDT-informed need-supportive training for parents, enabling them to interact with their children in a way to support their intrinsic motivation towards leisure-time physical activity.MethodsSixty eight students (Mage = 12.5 ± 0.72) and one parent for each child were randomly assigned to the 6-week intervention condition or control condition. Students completed psychological measures (i.e., perceptions of parents’ need-supportive behaviours, basic psychological need satisfaction and frustration, autonomous and controlled forms of motivation, as well as social cognition beliefs towards leisure-time PA) and self-reported PA pre-intervention, post-intervention, and one-month after the intervention. Repeated measures ANOVAs were conducted to test the effects of the intervention condition and time.ResultsWhile a statistically significant intervention effect on children’s leisure-time PA was not found, students in the intervention group reported higher, albeit marginal, perceptions of intrinsic motivation (F(2, 84) = 3.095, p = 0.050) and lower perceptions of introjected regulation (F(2, 88) = 3.107, p = 0.050) and autonomy frustration (F(2, 84) = 2.987, p = 0.056) at follow-up. Contrary to expectations, children in the control group demonstrated higher perceptions of intention (F(2, 84) = 4.838, p = 0.010) and effort (F(2, 80) = 3.473, p = 0.036) towards leisure-time physical activity at follow-up. No significant changes were found in perceptions of need-supportive behaviour from parents, attitude, and perceived behavioural control.ConclusionsOur pilot study highlights the importance of parental training and the potential for SDT-informed interventions to support children's intrinsic motivation towards physical activity. Further research is needed to test the intervention in other domains and combine interventions in several domains to have the highest impact.Trial registrationThis pilot study is part of preparation for the main study, prospectively registered in ISRCTN registry as ISRCTN78373974 (15.12.2022). The current stage of the main study is ‘recruiting’.

Restrictively Framed Promotions Hurt Retailers: The Role of Promotion Induced Reactance

Retailers offer many in-store promotions to increase sales. In-store price promotions, and especially, multiunit discounts, are common across retail settings. The purpose of this research is to propose and test the impact of a prevalent, but unexamined, multiunit promotional frame (discount with “must buy X”) on consumers’ perceptions of value and purchase intention. We argue that a promotional frame that explicitly mandates the minimum purchase quantity that consumers need to buy to avail of the promotion is perceived unfavorably by consumers. As an alternative to this restrictive promotional frame, we propose the economically equivalent but differently framed promotion (discount with “bundle of X”). Our findings show that, compared to the restrictively framed promotion (“must buy”), a promotion framed as a “bundle” leads to lower promotion-induced reactance, and thereby, higher perceived value, and higher purchase intention. We discuss the theoretical and managerial implications of these findings.

The Impact of Body Positivity in Fashion Advertising on Customer Perceptions and Purchase Intentions

The fashion business is regarded as one of the most important industries in the world and contributes significantly to the world economy’s benefits. In the era of technology, applying the right management techniques for advertising is very important to succeed among commercial competitors in competitive markets. Even though advertising has so many positive effects, it also has a negative side, such as it could create unrealistic beauty and body standards due to the marketers using attractive, slender, and tall models which promotes the ideal body image in culture. The purpose of this research is to determine how impactful body diversity in advertising affects consumers' attitude toward advertisements and their desire to buy clothes, to determine what kind of models to utilize in fashion goods commercials to strengthen consumer perceptions of advertisements and buy intent, and to explore the effects of size inclusivity as the moderating variable of diversity in advertising and attitude toward the advertisements. The methodologies used in this study were qualitative and quantitative. As a result, the purpose of this study is to determine whether or not advertising that promotes body positivity has an impact on how consumers feel about advertisements and their intentions to buy from fashion retailers, which type of model's body, a larger or slimmer one, has a greater effect on the consumer's perception of the advertising and their desire to purchase according to the customer's body type and sizes, and how size inclusivity becomes the moderating variable between advertisements and purchases.

Intent-aware Graph Neural Network for Point-of-Interest embedding and recommendation

Point of Interest (POI) recommendation algorithms can help users find the POIs that they prefer, and they can also help merchants to find potential customers. However, most existing methods still have difficulties effectively utilizing the information in users’ check-in data. Significantly, they ignore the intent behind the users’ check-in behaviors, which limits the recommendation performance. In this paper, we propose an Intent Aware Graph Neural Network-based model(IAGNN) to predict/recommend the next POI with which the target user may interact. Specifically, IAGNN first models the user’s check-in behavior sequences as graphs and utilizes the information transmission mechanism of the graph neural network (GNN) to learn the feature vector representation (embedding) of POIs. Second, we devise a hierarchical attention network for capturing users’ preferences adaptively. At the same time, we design a user intent-aware module based on disentangled representations to extract the user’s intents. Finally, the user’s preferences and their intents obtained by the user intent perception module are combined to recommend the POI for the user. Extensive evaluations are conducted on two real-world POI check-in datasets. The experimental results show that our proposed model IAGNN outperforms the baselines in terms of both recall and MRR.

University students’ intentions to learn artificial intelligence: the roles of supportive environments and expectancy–value beliefs

Despite the importance of artificial intelligence (AI) for university students to thrive in the future workplace, few studies have been conducted to assess and foster their intentions to learn AI. Guided by the situated expectancy–value theory, this study adopted both variable- and person-centered approaches to explore the role of supportive environments and expectancy–value beliefs in fostering university students’ intentions to learn AI. The data were drawn from 494 university students. In Study 1, the variable-centered approach of structural equation modeling showed the critical role of supportive environments and expectancy–value beliefs in promoting students’ intentions to learn AI. In Study 2, the person-centered approach of latent profile analysis identified three subgroups of students based on their levels of supportive environments and expectancy–value beliefs. Consistent with Study 1, students who perceived more supportive environments and higher levels of expectancy–value beliefs had stronger intentions to learn AI. We also documented the influence of study of field, gender, and year level on students' perceptions of supportive environments, expectancy-value beliefs and intentions to learn AI. The implications of these findings in improving students’ intentions to learn AI are discussed.

Analysis of intermediary variables in the market image identity influencing on experience willingness about micro-vacation destinations

Affected by the COVID-19 epidemic, vacation tourism presents a new trend of short-term and short-range, and the traditional multi-day light luxury entertainment vacation has gradually transformed into micro-vacation. Micro-vacation tourism is a new tourism type. This paper complements the "cognition-emotion-overall" three-dimensional model of tourist destination image perception, and considers tourists' feelings in the early, middle and late stages of tourism into the overall framework of micro-vacation tourism destination perception, aiming to clarify the relationship between the image perception of micro-vacation destination and tourists' experience intention, and find out the decisive factors that affect tourists' travel intention through the perception of tourism destination image. Taking the tourism market of Lihuayu eco-tourism resort as the research object, this paper analyzes the micro-tourism market and construct a research model with the cognitive image, emotional image and overall image of the micro-vacation destination as intermediary variables. The findings: the influence of image perception and experience intention of micro-tourism destination is complex and multidimensional. The five dimensions of micro-vacation tourism motivation, micro-vacation tourism preference, cognitive image of micro-vacation tourism destination, emotional image of micro-vacation tourism destination and overall image of micro-vacation tourism destination all have direct or indirect influence on consumers' intention to experience micro-vacation. The micro-vacation market is dominated by weekend short-distance self-help travel. The micro-vacation tourists attach importance to the quality of leisure experience and tend to obtain tourism information from new media platforms.

Responding to COVID‐19: The impact of corporate social responsibility on consumer behavior

AbstractFirms responded to the COVID‐19 pandemic by participating in an unprecedented level of corporate social responsibility (CSR). The authors build on the existing CSR and crisis response and disaster relief literatures by examining nine CSR types employed during the pandemic (donating in‐kind, donating money, creating content, free products, free services, communication of operational changes, employee support, financial support, and shifting production). Then, they test the impact of starting versus stopping each CSR type on consumer perceptions of authenticity, attitude, and purchase intentions in two experiments, replicated in 2020, 2021, and 2022. Consumers distinguish between CSR types and rate employee and financial support most favorably and creating content and communication of operational changes least favorably. Starting (vs. stopping or no) CSR increases authenticity and subsequent attitude and purchase intentions. Interestingly, stopping CSR is worse than no CSR in 2020, but no CSR is worse than stopping CSR in 2022. This indicates that consumers discredit firms for stopping CSR during the acute phase of the pandemic but discredit firms for not engaging in any CSR after the acute phase ends. Finally, consumers rate small (vs. large) firms more favorably for engaging in some CSR types. Taken together, these results help inform how firms should engage in CSR activities in response to crises and disasters.

Race and gender intertwined: why intersecting identities matter for perceptions of incivility and content moderation on social media

Abstract Social media users often push back against harmful rhetoric with satirical and aggressive counterspeech. How do the interconnected race and gender identities of the person posting counterspeech and the person viewing it impact evaluations of the comment? Across two online experiments, we manipulate the race (Black or White) and gender (man or woman) of an individual whose tweet opposes ignorance about White privilege to examine if identity influences perceptions of incivility and intentions to flag the tweet for removal among Black and White men and women participants. Results demonstrate White men were most likely to find the tweet uncivil and report it, and this was especially the case when the tweet came from a Black woman, regardless of the tone. These studies highlight the importance of recognizing power and intersectionality in social media content moderation and creating policies that counteract the uniquely severe treatment of Black women by White men.

Effects of smoke-free government policy in Qingdao, China: Evidence from the path analysis.

Smoke-free government(SFG), as a key tobacco control measure, has been added in Healthy China 2030 blueprint and Qingdao started the establishment of the demonstrative SFG in 2020.This study examined the effects of SFG policy on smoking and smoke-free(SF) environment after establishing the demonstrative SFG. This cross-sectional survey selected participants by simple random sampling from party and government agencies in Qingdao (N = 3625) and the participants filled in questionnaires online from November 31 to December 15, 2020. We utilized AMOS to set up models to analyze the direct and indirect effects of SFG policy. The findings showed that knowledge of SFG policy was positively associated with SF environment(β = 0.29, P<0.001) and negatively associated with smoking(β = -0.14,P<0.001). Knowledge of SFG policy had indirect effects on SF environment through four channels: independent mediation of discouraging smoking and attitude towards SFG policy, as well as chain mediation of these two factors, and perception of tobacco hazards and discouraging smoking, with indirect effects accounting for 33.5% of the total effect. Knowledge of SFG policy had indirect effects on smoking reduction via SF environment and two chain mediation: SF environment and attitude towards SFG policy, perception of tobacco hazards and intention to quit smoking, with indirect effects accounting for 50.2% of the total effect. The results provided the evidence that SFG policy not only had positive effects on creating SF environment but also on reducing smoking. The efficient policy infiltration to individuals played a vital role in the establishment of SFG. Attitude towards SFG policy, discouraging smoking and SF environment were the potential mediators for SFG policy. Findings in this study added more evidence related to effect mechanism of SFG policy and had a positive influence on promoting the implementation SFG policies for China and other countries.

Employees’ Perception of HRM Systems and Turnover Intention

Employees’ Perception of HRM Systems and Turnover Intention

Analysis of the Relationship Perception of Benefits and Perception of Obstacles to Vaccinate COVID-19 Booster Dosage

This study aims to analyze the relationship between perceived benefits and perceived obstacles to vaccinating booster doses of COVID-19 in Pemalang Regency. This research is quantitative research with a cross-sectional study design. From the results of the hypothesis testing, it was obtained that the p-value of perceived benefits was 0.000, and the P value of perceived obstacles was 0.000. In conclusion, there is a significant relationship between the perception of benefits and intention to vaccinate booster doses of COVID-19 and a meaningful relationship between perceptions of obstacles and choice to vaccinate booster doses of COVID-19.&#x0D; &#x0D; Keywords: Booster, Barriers, Benefits, Intentions, COVID-19 Vaccine

Malicious Motives or Innocent Intentions? How Moral Reactions to “Collateral Damage” Shape Perceptions of Intent in Wartime Conduct

Abstract The laws of war prohibit intentional attacks on civilians, a fact that reflects the widely held view that intentional killings are particularly egregious, far more so than incidental killings or pure accidents. Yet, recent scholarship in moral psychology shows that the relationship between intention-understanding and moral judgments can also go the other way, that is, that judgments about whether an action is right or wrong can influence the degree to which people regard the action as intentional or unintentional. Drawing on this line of research, in this article we examine how moral intuitions influence perceptions of the intent to harm civilians in war. Using vignette-based survey experiments, we look at whether complying with the international humanitarian law principles of proportionality and precaution in attacks affects intentionality attributions. Our results suggest that when soldiers are perceived as having broken these principles, people are more likely to conclude that they killed civilians intentionally.

Assessment of the Various Technology Tools Which Offered by University to the Students According to Technology Acceptance Model 3 (TAM3)

The target of this study is to measure the satisfaction of graduate and Ph.D. students with some of the educational and technical aspects of universities and their services to them by using the theory of TAM3. Conversely, the Technology Acceptance Model 3 (TAM3) technicality was employed with the (Xl STAT) program to explain the adoption process to measure user behavior. The total number of students is 261 male and female students in different universities in Turkey. (TAM3) was adopted in the present study to construct study tools and to evaluate user behavior. Seventeen factors were tested which are (“Perceived Usefulness (PU), Perceived Ease Of Use (PEOU), Self-Efficacy (SE), Perceptions of External Control (PEC), Playfulness (PLAY), Perceived Enjoyment (ENJ), Objective Usability (OU), Anxiety (ANX), Subjective Norm (SN), Voluntariness (VOL), Image (IMG), Job Relevance (REL), Output Quality (OUT), Result Demonstrability (RES), Behavioral Intention (BI), and Actual Use (AU)”) [20]. The results showed that the TAM3 model was fit for this kind of problem. Moreover, the results of the statistical analysis show that the magnitude or volume relationships of variables by the model were significant and precise except for the subjective norm from Result demonstrability that was not supported, and users are satisfied with the performance of the technology tools that are used in their universities.