Perception Layer Research Articles

A Method of the Active and Passive Event Service Based on the Sensor Web

The intelligent information system constructed by the sensor web can monitor all kinds of sudden abnormal events, improve the ability of event discovery and rapid disposal, and promote the development of smart city and the construction of the Internet of Things (IoT). In this paper, we consider the problem of complex integration and poor expansibility in the large-scale full-network operation and maintenance system construction and propose an active and passive event service (APES) method based on the sensor web. In the APES, a system framework with the perception layer, data service layer, event service layer, and user layer is firstly defined and constructed. Secondly, a middleware with the ability to active and passive event service (APES) is designed and implemented based on the system framework. Finally, taking abnormal weather and fire warning as examples, the performance of the proposed event service middleware is tested, respectively. Experimental results show that the proposed APES model in this paper has the advantages of high precision, stable operation, and strong practicability and solves “Information Island” and low reusability in the whole network operation and maintenance system. This is an attempt at the structural design of a similar intelligent information system.

Data Security and Preservation Mechanisms for Industrial Control Network Using IOTA

In the Internet of Things (IoT), many devices can communicate with each other directly through the Internet, and there are already good applications in transportation systems, smart meters, and smart home appliances. Wireless sensor networks are used in these Internet of things applications. Playing a vital role, the upload of data requires multiple layers of transmission to reach the cloud. In the industrial control field, many IoT devices upload data to the cloud for storage, but the upload process is easily tampered with, and centralized cloud services also have security concerns. In addition, in the local IoT perception layer among them, the security of sensor identity verification is also very important for message transmission. The main reason why the past blockchain technology could not be widely used in industrial control and other application fields is the cost considerations, because the procedures for running blockchain nodes and uploading transactions are too expensive. Therefore, this paper proposes an IoT architecture based on the IOTA Tangle network to solve the centralization problem of IoT storage in the cloud, and uses the method of MAM (Masked Authenticated Message) to trace the information of WSNs, while achieving data security and data preservation. In the edge devices of WSNs, because of the insufficient memory and computing performance of many devices, it is impossible to perform proof of work calculations. Therefore, this paper uses the logical key hierarchy-based method to manage the sensors, and applies symmetric and asymmetric encryption in blockchain. The identity verification of the device can be effectively achieved, and the operating cost can be effectively reduced.

A Survey of Compressive Data Gathering in WSNs for IoTs

Internet of Things (IoTs) are increasingly widespread in the field of health care, smart city and smart home application, industrial and agricultural monitoring, automation, etc. With its growing scale of networks, there are a large amount of data in IoTs needing to be sensed, transmitted, and processed. Resource-limited Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) as a perceptual layer of IoTs are hard to handle massive uncompressed sensing data. Compressive data gathering (CDG), which applies compressive sensing theory to data gathering, is a perfectly matching method for data compressing and gathering in WSNs. This promising method has attracted lots of researchers’ attention. In this paper, we attempt to survey substantial references about CDG in WSNs. According to their technology schemes, we classify the published references into three categories, i.e., routing protocol of CDG, clustering scheme of CDG, and CDG combined with other technologies. The merits and defects of each method are highlighted. Our work aims to provide an insight into CDG and promote improvements of this technology.

A Remote Attestation Mechanism Using a Threshold Ring Signature for a Perception Layer of Distributed Networking

Due to the emergence of various new technologies, Internet of things (IoT) is gradually becoming one of the most valued technologies at present. The IoT makes our life more and more convenient through the interconnection of everything, but the IoT brings many advantages and also raises some security issues, such as the IoT perception layer as the main means of sensing data delivery, due to the limited resources of sensing nodes and their vulnerability, the diversity of sensing data, and the heterogeneity of the sensing network, making the IoT perception layer more vulnerable to various malicious attacks. Therefore, guaranteeing the trustworthy source of sensing data is the cornerstone to guarantee the secure operation of the sensing layer. In this paper, we investigate the remote proof scheme applicable to the IoT perception layer and propose a remote attestation mechanism using a threshold ring signature for a perception layer of distributed networking, which realizes the trusted proof of a data source and thus can effectively discern the trusted status of the data source, and prove that the proposed scheme in this paper outperforms other remote proof schemes through efficiency analysis and verify the correctness as well as the effectiveness of the scheme in this paper.

A novel integration between service-oriented IoT-based monitoring with open architecture of CNC system monitoring

Smart factories are focusing on bridging the gap between physical and cyber-physical systems through software applications. This article proposed an efficient and sufficient data acquisition, storing and processing real-time monitoring information, response, and feedback in milling process monitoring. A methodology to enable integration between service-oriented IoT-based monitoring with interpreted information for open architecture CNC system was presented. The proposed system comprises four main layers: the perception layer, communication layer, application layer, and CNC machine. The developed system was validated through two case studies. First, the developed system successfully enabled data flow through the validation, from CNC machine back to CNC machine. Secondly, the reading of temperature, vibration, and electric current monitoring is higher for the worn cutting tool than the new cutting tool. Third, the percentage difference between new and worn cutting tools for temperature monitoring is up to 3.38%, and for vibration monitoring, it is up to 78.93%. Fourth, the electric current reading is proportional to cutting force as the reading of electric current on cutting insert is higher than reading before cutting tool insert with percentage differences more than 8.33% up to 20%. Based on the findings, it was summarized that the developed integrated monitoring system is feasible enough based on the performance and highly sensitive to any changes that occurred during the machining process, specifically on the cutting tool condition. In the future, this integrated monitoring system could be applied to other open CNC machine-based plug and play.

Ultra-Low Power Wireless Sensor Networks Based on Time Slotted Channel Hopping with Probabilistic Blacklisting

Devices in wireless sensor networks are typically powered by batteries, which must last as long as possible to reduce both the total cost of ownership and potentially pollutant wastes when disposed of. By lowering the duty cycle to the bare minimum, time slotted channel hopping manages to achieve very low power consumption, which makes it a very interesting option for saving energy, e.g., at the perception layer of the Internet of Things. In this paper, a mechanism based on probabilistic blacklisting is proposed for such networks, which permits to lower power consumption further. In particular, channels suffering from non-negligible disturbance may be skipped based on the perceived quality of communication so as to increase reliability and decrease the likelihood that retransmissions have to be performed. The only downside of this approach is that the transmission latency may grow, but this is mostly irrelevant for systems where the sampling rates are low enough.

Real-time obstacle detection by stereo vision and ultrasonic data fusion

Advanced driving assistance systems include some features such as changing lanes, avoiding obstacles and moving in cruise mode. Creating the perception of the environment is one of the most critical steps in developing an advanced driving assistance system. One of the main tasks in the perceptual layer is the timely detection of obstacles. In this study, a mixed method underpinned by the ultrasonic sensors and stereo vision was proposed to reduce the computational complexity in achieving acceptable frequency in the perception of the environment. The modified cross-check is employed for quality improvement while maintaining real-time. Moreover , we proposed an implementation form for the designed algorithm on GPU, which allows all data required for the cross-check process to be reached without changing the reference image. The proposed method accelerates the obstacle-detection 316 times faster than the typical stereo vision.

Data Fusion Model of Road Sensors based IoT Feature Clustering

The collection of traffic data can play a role in analyzing and predicting highway design, planning, and real-time traffic management. The accuracy requirements for road dynamic data collection are low, and the accuracy is usually 3%-5%. However, it is required that vehicles can pass at high speed and obtain traffic information such as vehicle classification and vehicle speed. The prerequisite for the application of Internet of Things (IoT) technology to road information monitoring lies in the research and development of sensor technology in the perception layer and communication technology in the network layer, so that can obtain a large amount of perception data to serve the development and application of algorithms. To achieve the goal of low-cost and long-term monitoring of comprehensive traffic information and road service status information, this paper constructs a road vibration monitoring system, carries out road vibration monitoring under complex road environments, and proposes a traffic information monitoring method driven by road vibration data. By deploying the pavement vibration monitoring system in the actual road, the original signal of pavement vibration under the action of vehicle moving load is obtained. Through smooth processing and eigenvalue extraction, the monitoring of vehicle speed, wheelbase driving direction, vehicle load position and traffic flow is realized. The experimental results prove that the analysis of the road dynamic response under working conditions, as well as smoothing processing and eigenvalue extraction, the numerical modeling method in this paper realizes the monitoring of the position of the vehicle load and the traffic flow. The calculation error of vehicle speed and wheelbase is within ±4%, which is helpful to find the characteristic index of road vibration signal for evaluating road service status, and provides a reference for the application of road vibration response in road damage early warning and scientific maintenance.

Design of a Cloud-Blockchain-based Secure Internet of Things Architecture

The growing number of Internet of Things (IoT) objects and the operational and security challenges in IoT systems are encouraging researchers to design suitable IoT architecture. Enormous data generated in the IoT environment face several kinds of security and privacy challenges. IoT system generally suffers from several issues like data storage, safety, privacy, integrity, transparency, trust, and single point of failure. IoT environment is emerging with several solutions to resolve these problems. The main objective of this paper is to design a cloud-blockchain-based secure IoT architecture that provides advanced and efficient storage and security solutions to IoT ecosystem. Blockchain technology appears to be a decent choice to resolve such kinds of problems. Blockchain technology uses a hash-based cryptographic technique for information security and integrity. Cloud computing provides advanced storage solutions with several remote services to store, compute and analyze the data. The proposed IoT architecture is based on the integration of cloud and blockchain services, which aim to provide transparent, decentralized, and trustworthy and secure storage solutions. In addition to the standard layers (perception layer, network layer, processing layer, and application layer) the proposed IoT architecture in the present paper includes a service layer, a security layer, and a parallel management and control layer, which focus on the security and management of the entire IoT infrastructure.

Service customized space-air-ground integrated network for immersive media: Architecture, key technologies, and prospects

The space-air-ground integrated network (SAGIN) is regarded as the key approach to realize global coverage in future network and it reaches broad access for various services. Being the new paradigm of service, immersive media (IM) has attracted users' attention for its virtualization, but it poses challenges to network performance, e.g. bandwidth, rate, latency. However, the SAGIN has limitations in supporting IM services, such as 4K/8K video, virtual reality, and interactive games. In this paper, a novel service customized SAGIN architecture for IM applications (SAG-IM) is proposed, which achieves content interactive and real-time communication among terminal users. State-of-the-art research is investigated in detail to facilitate the combination of SAGIN and service customized technology, which provides end-to-end differentiated services for users. Besides, the functional components of SAG-IM contain the infrastructure layer, perception layer, intelligence layer, and application layer, reaching the capabilities of intelligent management of the network. Moreover, to provide IM content with ultra-high-definition and high frame rate for the optimal user experience, the promising key technologies on intelligent routing and delivery are discussed. The performance evaluation shows the superiority of SAG-IM in supporting IM service. Finally, the prospects in practical application are highlighted.

Theoretical Framework and Key Technologies of Transparent Power Grid

Building a new power system that adapts to large-scale high-proportion new energy sources and supports the achievement of carbon peaking and carbon neutrality goals is an overall reform measure for the energy and power sectors. Transparent power grid is an advanced form of Internet Plus Smart Energy and is crucial for supporting energy transformation and developing new power systems. This paper puts forward a concept of transparent power grid energy ecosystem, sorts out the main business requirements, goals, vision, and basic characteristics of a transparent power grid, and devises a development blueprint for the transparent power grid. A key scientific and technical system of the transparent power grid is elaborated from two perspectives: incremental scientific and technical elements as well as theories and scientific methods involved, and the perception layer, network layer, platform layer, and application layer technologies required by the key technologies and basic equipment of the transparent power grid are discussed. The research suggests that, with the “transparent power grid new infrastructure” as the core, the low-carbon transformation of energies should be promoted to build a safe and efficient modern energy system; it is necessary to develop small and micro smart sensors, software systems connected to the national industrial Internet, smart equipment, and data-driven value-added power services. Special scientific and technical research projects should be conducted to form the key technology and equipment systems of the transparent power grid. This paper highlights the key role of the transparent power grid in realizing the optimal allocation of resources, and can provide a basic reference for the research on market-driven power energy ecosystems.

Utilizing the Improved QPSO Algorithm to Build a WSN Monitoring System

This research uses the improved Quantum Particle Swarm Optimization (QPSO) algorithm to build an Internet of Things (IoT) life comfort monitoring system based on wireless sensing networks. The purpose is to improve the quality of intelligent life. The functions of the system include automatic basketball court lighting system, monitoring of infants’ sleeping posture and accidental falls of the elderly, human thermal comfort measurement and other related life comfort services, etc. On the hardware system of the IoT, this research is based on the latest version of ZigBee 3.0, which uses optical sensors, 3-axis accelerometers, and temperature/humidity sensors in the IoT perception layer. In the network transmission layer, the central network architecture is used for connection. In the application layer, we have designed a graphical interface for real-time values and information that can be read at any time and place using mobile devices. In this study, authors use the improved QPSO algorithm in the calculation part, so that the target can be effectively positioned outside the numerous surveillance data. This study uses various sensor data fusion technologies to make the IoT system becomes able to provide more extensive and even better services than ever before. In short, this research work has proven to be an effective way to reduce power consumption, improve medical quality and provide higher comfort for intelligent lift level.

A Novel Architectural Framework on IoT Ecosystem, Security Aspects and Mechanisms: A Comprehensive Survey

For the past few years, the Internet of Things (IoT) technology continues to not only gain popularity and importance, but also witnesses the true realization of everything being smart. With the advent of the concept of <italic xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">smart everything</i> , IoT has emerged as an area of great potential and incredible growth. An IoT ecosystem centers around innovation perspective which is considered as its fundamental core. Accordingly, IoT enabling technologies such as hardware and software platforms as well as standards become the core of the IoT ecosystem. However, any large-scale technological integration such as the IoT development poses the challenge to ensure secure data transmission. Perhaps, the ubiquitous and the resource-constrained nature of IoT devices and the sensitive and private data being generated by IoT systems make them highly vulnerable to physical and cyber threats. In this paper, we re-define an IoT ecosystem from the core technologies view point. We propose a modified three layer IoT architecture by dividing the perception layer into elementary blocks based on their attributed functions. Enabling technologies, attacks and security countermeasures are classified under each layer of the proposed architecture. Additionally, to give the readers a broader perspective of the research area, we discuss the role of various state-of-the-art emerging technologies in the IoT security. We present the security aspects of the most prominent standards and other recently developed technologies for IoT which might have the potential to form the yet undefined IoT architecture. Among the technologies presented in this article, we give a special interest to one recent technology in IoT domain. This technology is named IQRF that stands for Intelligent Connectivity using Radio Frequency. It is an emerging technology for wireless packet-oriented communication that operates in sub-GHz ISM band (868 Mhz) and which is intended for general use where wireless connectivity is needed, either in a mesh network or point-to-point (P2P) configuration. We also highlighted the security aspects implemented in this technology and we compare it with the other already known technologies. Moreover, a detailed discussion on the possible attacks is presented. These attacks are projected on the IoT technologies presented in this article including IQRF. In addition, lightweight security solutions, implemented in these technologies, to counter these threats in the proposed IoT ecosystem architecture are also presented. Lastly, we summarize the survey by listing out some common challenges and the future research directions in this field.

A CPK-Based Identity Authentication Scheme for IoT

As the power Internet of Things (IoT) enters the security construction stage, the massive use of perception layer devices urgently requires an identity authentication scheme that considers both security and practicality. The existing public key infrastructure (PKI)-based security authentication scheme is currently difficult to apply in many terminals in IoT. Its key distribution and management costs are high, which hinders the development of power IoT security construction. Combined Public Key (CPK) technology uses a small number of seeds to generate unlimited public keys. It is very suitable for identity authentication in the power Internet of Things. In this paper, we propose a novel identity authentication scheme for power IoT. The scheme combines the physical unclonable function (PUF) with improved CPK technology to achieve mutual identity authentication between power IoT terminals and servers. The proposed scheme does not require third-party authentication and improves the security of identity authentication for power IoT. Moreover, the scheme reduces the resource consumption of power IoT devices. The improved CPK algorithm solves the key collision problem, and the third party only needs to save the private key and the public key matrix. Experimental results show that the amount of storage resources occupied in our scheme is small. The proposed scheme is more suitable for the power IoT.

Information Fusion Method of Power Internet of Things Based on Low-Voltage Power Line and Micro-Power Wireless Communication

In order to improve the coverage and reliability of the information perception layer of the power Internet of things, a method of constructing a cross layer fusion network of low-voltage power line and micro-power wireless communication (CPW) is proposed. Firstly, a unified medium access control (MAC) layer model of CPW is established to provide basic support for realizing the integration of CPW network layers; then an improved ant colony algorithm combining Brownian motion and local convergence times control is proposed to complete the networking process of CPW; Distribute the sub-service flow of CPW, and propose the bit error rate requirement factor in the service distribution, and accomplish the cross-layer integration of low-voltage power line and micro-power wireless communication network. The simulation results show that the communication link service quality of the cross-layer fusion network is better than that of the power line and wireless dual-mode or cascaded communication networks. The communication efficiency of CPW is improved to 398.20kbits/s. The coverage of the power line and wireless communication fusion network can be expanded by setting corresponding bit error rate demand factors according to different services. It takes into account the balance of communication link quality and network load.

Reliable Data Transmission Scheme for Perception Layer of Internet of Underwater Things (IoUT)

Internet of Underwater things (IoUT) is growing into one of the most important research interests since the last few decades. The primary objective of IoUT is to develop a worldwide network of smart underwater-interconnected objects. It has wide-ranging aquatic applications, including surveillance, pollution reduction, monitoring offshore oil and gas pipelines, disaster prevention, and navigation assistance, making it as important as a terrestrial communication system. The underwater communication channel poses unique acoustic communication challenges that suffer from long propagation delay, low bandwidth, multipath, and fading. IoUT significantly differs from the conventional Internet of Things (IoT) due to disparate environmental conditions under the ocean that require re-designing the underwater communication channel model. In addition to the challenges mentioned above, end-to-end delay and efficient energy utilization are also of great concern. Therefore, in this research paper, diverse attributes of underwater acoustic communication, including the speed of sound, transmission loss, absorption, and ambient noise, are analyzed to design a channel model for underwater communication. These environmental conditions also make underwater acoustic channels highly variable, so efficient resources, including bandwidth and power, are required. Adaptive modulation is proposed to make the communications system efficient by considering the distance between nodes and the signal-to-noise ratio as channel state information. The proposed channel model critically analyzed the CSI factors, results show efficient bandwidth utilization and appropriate power consumption for the well-suited route. The proposed research also aims to reduce end-to-end propagation delay by considering vertical angle-based shortest path (efficient route) in the Multilevel rotating priority MRP-routing algorithm.

Research on Design and Application of National Fitness System

In order to improve the physical quality of the national people, a national fitness system is designed and applied to practice. Design the overall architecture of the national fitness system, including the perception layer, network layer, and application layer. The perception layer mainly uses Internet of Things gateway, central machine, wireless perception node, and fitness data dashboard to obtain fitness data. The network layer mainly uses WiFi, 4G, Ethernet, and other public networks to transmit fitness data, fitness guidance data, and equipment operation and maintenance data. The application layer provides data storage, device management, user management, and client services. On this basis, through the collection of users’ fitness data rating data, the data are transformed into fitness data rating matrix, and the matrix is analyzed and calculated to realize the intelligent recommendation of fitness data and complete the design of national fitness data recommendation algorithm. The test results show that the system can meet the requirements of normal use, good compatibility, and user score is high and has high practical application value.

Wireless monitoring algorithm of intelligent greenhouse based on fuzzy control

The existing greenhouse monitoring algorithm has a long delay time, so it is unable to carry out effective remote greenhouse monitoring, therefore, a new wireless monitoring algorithm based on the fuzzy control technolog was put forward, which was able to remotely monitor the greenhouse temperature, humidity and illumination data in real time. Firstly, the overall framework of greenhouse monitoring algorithm was built, including fuzzy clustering algorithm and sensing layer devices. Secondly, the temperature-humidity sensors and light sensitivity sensors in the sensing layer devices were used to deeply mine and optimize the parameters of temperature, humidity and light intensity in current greenhouse, so as to ensure the stability of subsequent transmission. Meanwhile, the corresponding perceptual recognition layer and broadband access method were designed, and GPRS technology was used to feed back the data information to the monitoring data layer through temperature-humidity sensors and light sensitivity sensors. Moreover, UDP protocol was taken as the data core transmission protocol, and the adaptive protection design algorithm was proposed to ensure the most reasonable transmission of monitoring data, get the current monitoring data of temperature, humidity and illuminance. The experimental results show that the maximum delay time of the algorithm is 46 s, which is far lower than the traditional algorithm, and the delay time of temperature monitoring is also lower than the traditional algorithm. It is results show that the response delay of remote intelligent greenhouse monitoring algorithm is low and the overall monitoring effect is ideal. The purpose of monitoring temperature, humidity and illumination can be achieved.

The Perception Layer and the Change of Seirenes Legend in East Asia

본 논문은 동아시아에서 인어에 관한 인식의 층위와 우리나라에서 인어설화의 탄생 배경에 관하여 고찰한 것이다. 그간 우리나라의 인어는 대개 중국 문헌의 기록을 근거로 동아시아의 전통에서 성립된 것으로 논의되었다. 현재 인어는 긴 머리에 아름다운 여성의 상반신을 가진 반인반어의 존재로 인식되는데, 이를 단순히 동아시아에서 인식되고 전승되었던 존재들과 연결 짓기에는 적지 않은 간극들이 발견된다. 그간 인어에 대한 논의들에서 주요하게 다루어진 존재들은 『산해경』의 인어, 당송시대의 교인, 명청시대의 해인어 등이었다. 이러한 존재들이 현재의 인어 이미지와 인어설화로 전승되어온 것으로 이해되어 왔다. 애초 『산해경』의 인어는 주로 황하강을 중심으로 내륙지역의 강이나 하천에 서식하는 동물을 의미했다. 이 동물은 다리가 달렸으며 어린아이 울음소리를 낼 수 있다고 하였는데, 그 생김새나 생태를 보아 도롱뇽과 같은 양서류를 관찰한 기록이라고 할 수 있다. 교인은 주로 당송시대의 기록에서 부각되었던 존재였는데, 중국의 남쪽에 거주하면서 눈물로 진주를 만들고, 비단을 짜는 존재로 묘사되었다. 실상 교인은 희귀한 유리구슬을 생산하고 인도의 면화를 중개무역했던 동남아시아인들에 대한 기록이었다. 당송시대 중국인들은 동남아시아에서 새롭고 진귀한 유리구슬의 생산하고, 면화의 무역을 담당했던 이들을 교인이라 인식했던 것이다. 한편 명청대의 문인들은 해인어, 해녀, 부인어에 주목하였는데, 이들이 기록한 것은 해양 포유류로, 특히 암컷의 경우 새끼에게 젖을 물릴 수 있으며, 사람과 같은 신체구조를 가졌기 때문에 사람과 교접이 가능한 존재로 인식되었다. 중국 문헌을 통해 볼 때, 상반신이 여성의 형상을 갖는 반인반어의 인어의 등장은 해양 포유류의 목격담에서 비롯되었다고 할 수 있다. 우리나라에서는 조선후기에 이르러 사물의 본질을 궁구하는 학문적 풍토가 마련되면서 해양 포유류에 관한 구체적인 기록들이 생산된다. 이옥의 『백운필』, 정약전과 이청의 『자산어보』 , 서유구의 『전어지』 등에서는 서남해의 옥붕어, 상광어 등을 인어로 인식하였으며, 유몽인의 『어우야담』, 이익의 『성호사설』에서는 동해의 가지어 등을 인어로 인식하였다. 우리나라에서 인어로 인식되었던 해양 포유류는 한반도 근해에 서식하는 점박이물범, 상괭이, 강치 등으로 추정되는데, 이러한 동물의 목격담을 통해 여성의 형상을 갖는 반인반어의 인어가 이미지화 되었고, 이렇게 얻어진 인어의 이미지는 인어설화에도 반영되었다. 결론적으로 동아시아에서 아름다운 여성의 상반신을 갖는 반인반어의 인어 탄생은 해양 포유류의 목격담에서 비롯되었다고 할 수 있다. 이러한 인어의 탄생은 서양에서도 크게 다르지 않은데, 중세 유럽에서는 매너티, 듀공 등의 목격담을 통해 인어의 이미지를 만들어냈으며, 이를 토대로 근대에 이르러 아름다운 여성의 상반신을 가진 반인반어의 인어의 이미지를 확보할 수 있었던 것이다.

IoT-Cloud Service Security and Privacy: Integration and Consolidation

Advances in technology have led to the rapid development of the Internet and the emergence of the Internet of Things. In the Internet of Thing, data storage and transmission need privacy protection. In addition, the Internet of Things needs cloud services in storing, transferring and managing data. Therefore, it is crucial that the cloud is also secure. To that end, this paper explores a three-layered IoT conceptual model in conjunction with the elements of cloud computing security and privacy for IoT components, and protection of stored and transmitted data. More specifically, a three-layered model is proposed that maps to cloud computing security and privacy requirements as: (1) perception layer for accessing to cloud, (2) transport layer for device identification, and (3) application layer for cloud data.