Percentage Of Total Carbohydrates Research Articles

Growth and Productivity of Fennel (Foeniculum vulgare, Mill) Plants as Affected by Phosphorus Rate and Nano-Micronutrients Concentration

The present study was carried out to evaluate the effect of different phosphorus fertilization rates at [0.0, 30 and 45 kg/feddan as P2O5, nano micronutrients concentrations (0.0, 250, 500 and 100 mg/l) as well as their combinations on growth and production of fennel (Foeniculum vulgare, L.). A field experiment was carried out at Experimental Farm (Ghazala Farm), Fac. Agric., Zagazig Univ., Egypt, during the two winter consecutive seasons of 2017/2018 and 2018/2019. Phosphorus fertilization as main plots and nano-micronutrients called Magro NanoMix which contained (Fe 6%, Zn 6%, B 2%, Mn 5%, Cu 1% and Mo 0.1%) as subplots were considered. The obtained results showed the importance of the nano-micronutrients on improving fennel growth, fruits and volatile oil yield compared to control. Fennel plants treated with phosphorus fertilizer or/and nano micronutrients instigated critical increments in vegetative growth (plant height and branch number/plant as well as dry weight of herb/plant), yield (number of inflorescence /plant, fruit yield/plant and /feddan), volatile oil production (volatile oil percentage and yield/plant and /feddan) and some chemical constituents (total phosphorus, total carbohydrates percentage and total chlorophyll content), as contrasted and un-treated plants. In general, 45 kg P2O5/feddan + 500 or 1000 mg/l of nano-micronutrients as foliar spray had significant effects in above mentioned parameters of fennel plant compared to the other combinations under Sharkia Governorate conditions.

EFFECT OF IRRIGATION WITH SALINE WATER AND SOME NATURAL ACTIVATORS ON GROWTH AND QUALITY OF THUJA ORIENTALIS PLANTS

Two independent pot experiments were conducted under the open field at the nursery of Hort. Res. Inst., ARC., Giza, Egypt during 2016 and 2017 seasons to study the effects of irrigating with saline water prepared from NaCl and CaCl2 pure salts (1:1, by weight) at the rates of 0, 1000, 3000 and 5000 ppm and spraying with some natural extracts i.e. Oligo-X (an algae extract containing immunity and internal resistant stimulants, as well as N, P, K, Fe, Zn, Mn and some growth regulators) at the concentrations of 0, 0.5 and 1.0 ml/l and green tea extract at the rates of 0, 0.5 and 1.0 ml/l, and their interaction on growth, quality and chemical composition of 6-months-old Thuja orientalis (Platycladus orientalis) transplants cultivated in 25-cm-diameter plastic pots filled with about 3.0 kg of pure sand and loam (1:1, v:v) when applied six times with one month interval during the growing seasons. The results in both seasons showed that all vegetative and root growth measurements were significantly improved by increasing the natural extract rate regardless of saline water concentration, but they were significantly decreased in response to all saline water treatments. A similar trend was also gained with regard to pigments contents (mg/l00 g f.w.), the percentage of total carbohydrates (%) but the percentage of proline content (mg/g d.w.) was reduced with raising natural extract, as was gradually increased with increasing salinity water. According to these results, it could be concluded that 6-months-old transplants of Thuja orientalis could be irrigated with saline water up to 5000 ppm, especially if it was sprayed with algae extract at 1.0 ml/l which greatly improved growth and chemical constituents under salinity stress.

Effect of Organic, Inorganic and Bio-fertilization on Growth, Yield and Quality Traits of Some Chickpea ( Cicer arietinum L.) Varieties

TWO FIELD experiments were carried out during 2015/2016 and 2016/2017 seasons, in the Experimental Farm, Faculty of Agriculture, Menoufia University, Shebin El-Koom, Egypt, to study the effect of six fertilization treatments, i.e., no fertilizer as a control (F1), macro elements (F2), micro elements (F3), biofertilizer (F4), organic fertilizer (F5) and combination of macro and micro elements as well as bio and organic fertilizer treatments (F6) on growth characters, yield and yield components and seed quality of two chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) cultivars, i.e., Giza 3 and Giza 195. The results could be summarized as follows:1- Giza 195 cultivar significantly exceeded Giza 3 cultivar in growth characters (number of branches and leaf area/plant as well as leaves, stem and total dry weight/plant ). The application of F6 treatment exhibited the highest significant values of plant height and leaf area/plant as well as leaves, stem and total dry weight/plant. However, the maximum significant values of number of branches/plant were recorded when chickpea plants were treated with F4. The interaction treatment of Giza 195 cultivar fertilized with F6 treatment produced the highest values of leaves and total dry weight/plant2- Giza 195 cultivar significantly surpassed Giza 3 cultivar in seed weight/plant and its components ( no. of pods/plant , no. of seeds/pod, 100-seed weight and seed weight/pod), yields/ha (seed, straw and biological) and translocation indices (crop and harvest indices). The application of F4 treatment was most effective for increasing seed weight/plant and its components as well as seed, straw and biological yields/ha. Giza 195 cultivar fertilized with F4 treatment is considered the best interaction treatment for producing the highest values of no. of pods and seed weight/plant as well as seed and biological yields/ha in both seasons.3- Giza 195 cultivar showed better performance and exceeded Giza 3 cultivar in seed quality (total nitrogen, total crude protein and carbohydrate percentages), while, Giza 3 cultivar was superior in fiber and ash percentages. The application of F4 treatment produced the highest values of seed quality (total nitrogen, total crude protein and carbohydrate percentages), while, the highest values of fiber and ash percentages were obtained by the application of F5 treatment as compared with the other tested fertilizer treatments.

SUPPRESSION OF DAMPING-OFF DISEASE BY SOME MICROORGANISMS ON SWEET BASIL (OCIMUM BASILICUM L.) PLANTS UNDER FIELD CONDITIONS

This study was carried out at the Experimental Farm of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants Research Department in El Kanater El Khairia, HRI, ARC, during the two successive seasons of 2016 and 2017 to study the effect of some microorganisms (Bacillus subtilis, Trichoderma harzianum, Pseudomonas fluoroscens andStreptomyces griseus) on suppressing of damping-off disease of basil seedling, vegetative growth, oil production and chemical constituents of sweet basil (Ocimum basilicum L.) plants. The plants treated with any of the bioagents, showed highest effect in controlling damping-off and increased basil productivity compared with control plans. The results showed that, all bioagents treatments significantly increased vegetative growth (plant height, number of branches, fresh and dry weights (g/plant), oil percentage, oil yield, chemical constituents (chlorophyll (a), (b) and carotenoids contents as well as total carbohydrates percentage) compared with control plants. Streptomyces griseus gave the best effect against damping-off disease and all plant characteristics compared with control plants in the first season while, in the second season, Pseudomonas fluorescens increased plant protection and all plant characteristics. GC analysis of sweet basil essential oil of all treatments identified nine components. The major component of the essential oils was Linalool.

INFLUENCE OF SOME PRESERVATIVE SOLUTIONS ON VASE LIFE AND POSTHARVEST QUALITIES OF LIMONIUM CUT FLOWERS

The present study was conducted at the Postharvest Lab. of Ornamental Plants and Landscape Gardening Res. Dept., Hort. Res. Inst., Giza, Egypt in March of 2016 and 2017 seasons, to examine the effect of some pulsing solutions on improving the quality of limonium cut flowers.Limoniumcut flowerswere pulsedin silver thiosulfate (STS) at 500 mg/l for 1/4 and 1/2 h, silver nitrate (AgNO3) at 500 mg/l for 1/4 and 1/2 h, AgNO3 at one g/l for 1/4 and 1/2 h, sodium benzoate at 250 mg/l for 12 and 24 h, sodium benzoate at 500 mg/l for 12 and 24 h, daminozide at 25 mg/l for 12 and 24 h and daminozide at 50 mg/l for 12 and 24 h followed by transferring to a holding solution 8-hydroxyqunoline sulphate (HQS) at 200 mg/l + sucrose (20 g/l). Distilled water was used as a control treatment. The obtained results indicated that treatment of Limonium sinuatum cv. Girlie Wings cut flowers treated by STS at 500 mg/l for 1/2 h enhanced water uptake, relative fresh weight, dry weight percentage of cut flowers, floret opening percentage, pigments content, total carbohydrate percentage and total phenols as well as inhibiting growth of all isolated microorganisms and improved quality of flowers, followed by cut flowers treated with STS at 500 mg/l for 1/4 h then AgNO3 500 mg/l for 1/2 h.

استجابة نبات الأقحوان سي في. "Debonair" حتى موعد معسر ويترك الرش مع التيروزين

نفذت التجربة في الظلة الخشبية التابعة لمحطة ابحاث قسم البستنة وهندسة الحدائق/كلية الزراعة/جامعة ديالى لدراسة استجابة نبات الداودي صنف 'Debonair' ذو الازهار البنفسجية اللون لموعد قرط القمة النامية, والذي تضمن ثلاث مستويات (بدون قرط وقرط القمة النامية بعد 15 يوم من الشتل وقرط القمة النامية بعد 30 يوماً من الشتل), والرش الورقي بالتايروسين بأربع مستويات (50 و100 و150 ملغم/لتر علاوة على الرش بالماء المقطر كمعاملة مقارنة). نفذ البحث كتجربة عاملية (3×4) في قطع منشقة Split plots وفق تصميم القطاعات العشوائية الكاملة RCBD وبثلاث مكررات, إذ مثلت معاملة موعد قرط القمة النامية القطع الرئيسة ومثلت معاملة الرش الورقي بالتايروسين القطع الثانوية. يمكن تلخيص نتائج الدراسة كالآتي:-أثر موعد قرط القمة النامية معنويا في كل من صفات النمو الخضري والزهري لنبات الداودي وتبين ان اعلى معدل لارتفاع النبات تحقق عند معاملة المقارنة (بدون قرط) وتفوقت معنوياً على معاملتي القرط بعد 15و30 يوماً من الشتل اللتان لم تختلفا معنوياً فيما بينهما. أدت معاملة القرط بعد15 يوماً من الشتل الى حصول زيادة معنوية في عدد الافرع/نبات وعدد الاوراق/نبات والمساحة الورقية/نبات ومحتوى الكلوروفيل النسبي في الاوراق ونسبة الكربوهيدرات الكلية في الاوراق وعدد الأزهار/نبات ومحتوى البتلات من الانثوسيانينات الكلية، في حين أدت معاملة القرط المتأخر (30 يوم بعد الشتل) الى تأخير موعد ظهور اول زهرة وانخقاض معنوي في قطر الزهرة. أدى رش النباتات ورقياً بالتايروسين الى تحسين كافة صفات النمو الخضري والزهري لنبات الداودي وتفوقت معاملة الرش بالتركيز 100ملغم/لتر معنوياً في اعطائها افضل النتائج بالنسبة لصفات ارتفاع النبات وعدد الافرع/نبات وعدد الاوراق/نبات والمساحة الورقية/نبات ومحتوى الكلوروفيل النسبي في الاوراق والوزن الجاف للمجموع الخضري ونسبة الكربوهيدرات الكلية في الاوراق وعدد الازهار/نبات وقطر الزهرة وعمر الزهرة على النبات والوزن الجاف للزهرة ومحتوى البتلات من الانثوسيانينات الكلية، في حين أدت معاملة الرش بالتركيز 150 ملغم/لتر التبكير في موعد ظهور اول زهرة. كان للتداخل بين موعد قرط القمة النامية والرش الورقي بالتايروسين تأثير معنوي في جميع صفات النمو الخضري والزهري وتفوقت المعاملة P15×Tyr100 في اعطائها افضل النتائج بالنسبة لصفات عدد الافرع/نبات وعدد الاوراق/نبات والمساحة الورقية ومحتوى الكلوروفيل النسبي في الاوراق والوزن الجاف للمجموع الخضري ونسبة الكربوهيدرات الكلية في الاوراق وعدد الازهار/نبات وعمر الزهرة على النبات ومحتوى البتلات من الانثوسيانينات الكلية، في حين تفوقت المعاملة P0×Tyr100 معنوياً في التبكير في موعد ظهور اول زهرة وزيادة قطر الزهرة والوزن الجاف للزهرة.

Date Palm Host Preference of The Greater Date Moth, Arenipses sabella Hampson (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) at New Valley Governorate-Egypt

Field trials were conducted to investigate the infestation levels with the greater date moth, Arenipses sabella Hampson (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae)on the bunches and fruits of two common date palms (Saidi and Tamr ) and the cereal cultivar (Mantor) in four Districts (El-Kharga, Paris, Balat and Mut) at the New Valley during 2015&2016 seasons. Data of the two successive seasons in El-Kharga Oasis indicated that, Saidi (economic cultivar) was more preferred to attack by the greater date moth than Mantor. The average percentages of the cut bunch bases (CBB) which lead to loss the bunch fruits and express about the economic damage were (10.89 and11.20%) on Saidi and (3.08 and 2.00%) on Mantor, respectively. The fruit damage for both cultivars was not noticeable. Under Mut district, the symptoms of damage by the greater date moth was different where, the pest prefer to attack the fruit than bunch bases. The larvae was seldom feed on bunch bases of Tamr cultivar where it recorded (0.27 and 0.22%) on Tamr and (6.67and 13.02%) on Saidi and the direct date fruit losses were (20.87 and 26.23 %) on Saidi and (47.21 and 44.62%) on Tamr during 2015 and 2016, respectively. The chemical analysis indicated that, Tamr bunch bases obtained highly Calcium and Potassium percentages (0.14 and 1.54%) than Saidi (0.12 and 1.38%), respectively. Meanwhile, the percentages of total protein and total carbohydrate (4.18 and 23.18%) were high in Saidi bunch bases than Tamr, respectively. Tamr fruits obtained highly total carbohydrate, Calcium, and Potassium percentages (61.62, 0.26 and 2.65%) than Saidi fruits (57.30, 0.14 and 1.69%), respectively. There was no significant ratio in the case of total protein. Concerning to the incidence of A.sabella on Saidi variety across the four districts, this cultivar suffered from attacks with different levels.Above 80% of the tested Saidi date palm was infested.The general cut bunch bases (CBB) (about 11.00 %) was observed in El-Kharga. In Mut district,zero damage effect was obtained on the Saidi bunches and over than 20% of the Saidi fruits was lost directly. In general, greater date moth has a large capacity to spread and infest all tested date palm under the New Valley conditions, where the average of infestation exceeded eighty percent making it one of the most important pests affecting date palm production in this governorate. Further ecological and biological studies on A. sabella to develop integrated pest management to combat this pest.

Chemical Composition, Elements and Phytochemicals Contents of Trigonella Foenum-Graecum L.(Seeds)

The objective of this study is to investigate the chemical composition, Minerals and Phytochemicals contents of Fenugreek seeds which obtained from Albaha, KSA (Panda market). The analysis of chemical composition of fenugreek shows that the percentage of dry matter, Ash, protein, oils, fiber and total carbohydrates were 89.77, 0.28, 29.7, 7.13, 6.28 and 46.32, respectively. Minerals contents were Ca (43.93mg/100g), Fe (11.17mg/100g) and P (698.21mg/100g). The contents of phytochemicals (phytic acid, tannin and total polyphenols) were 152.91, 1.32 and 452.12mg/100g, respectively. Fenugreek seeds (Trigonella foenum-graecum L.) is a legume commonly grown in many parts of the world for both culinary purposes and health benefits. The fenugreek seed is very bitter but does have interesting proximate composition. protein content ranges between 23 and 43% of the seed, carbohydrate represents up to 58%, moisture make up about 10 – 13% of the seed, lipid represent 5 – 6 % and minerals make up less than 1%. fenugreek seed contains several bioactive compounds, including proteins, protease inhibitors. a unique amino acid known as 4- hydroxy- isoleucine water – soluble dietary fiber, steroidal saponins, flavonoids, isoflavones, alkaloids, polyunsaturated oil, and phytic acid (Losso et al 2009). The phytochemical content of fenugreek seeds are shown in Table 3. The phytic acid content of fenugreek seeds (FS)was found to be 152.91 mg/100g which was very lower than the value 549.omg/100g given by Kohhar et al. (2006), tannin content was 1.32% and total polyphenols was 452.12 mg/100g.

In vivo propagation of difficult-to-root bougainvillea cultivars by air-layering

An air layering experiment was conducted at the Division of Floriculture & Landscaping, Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi during June 2013 to May 2014. Six bougainvillea cultivars which were difficult-to-root along with check as easyto-root cultivars were used in this study with three replications. The difficult-to-root cultivars used were: Dr. H. B. Singh, Red September, Sweet Heart, Refulgens, Thimma, Mahatma Gandhi, whereas Chitra was used as easy-to-root check. The results revealed that almost all cultivars had shown significant differences in rooting percentage, survival percentage, growth, flowering, total carbohydrate and nitrogen concentration percentage. Maximum rooting (92.01) and survival of plants (100.00) were recorded in Chitra, which was easyto-root, whereas good rooting percentage was observed in difficult-to-root cultivars such as Sweet Heart (59.33%), Red September (59.02%), Dr. H. B. Singh (53.66%), Mahatma Gandhi (50.66%) and Refulgens (47.98%). The biochemical investigation of these cultivars showed that the easy-to-root cultivars had higher carbohydrate content (40.58%) and lower nitrogen content (2.24%) compared to the difficult-to-root ones i. e. Refulgens (20.85 and 3.76%) and Mahatma Gandhi (19.25 and 3.88%), respectively. The air layering technique is a good solution for rooting of difficult-to-root cultivars, and is expected to help people/nurserymen who take up on multiplication of bougainvillea.

Studies on the Flowers and Stems of Two Cocoyam Varieties: Xanthosoma sagittifolium and Colocasia esculenta

Qualitative and quantitative phytochemical composition of the flowers and stem sap of Xanthosoma sagittifolium and Colocasia esculenta were evaluated using standard methods. The result showed that the flowers contain saponins (6.61% and 5.50% respectively for the two species). Alkaloids of 6.22 and 9.80% respectively were also obtained from the result. Other Phytoconstituents like flavonoids, glycosides, phenols, steroids, and tannins were also evaluated. The proximate analysis revealed that the flowers contain high protein content (37.87% and 22.56% respectively), high moisture content and crude fat. Colocasia esculenta showed high percentage of total carbohydrate. The flowers of the two species of Cocoyam can therefore serve as spices and source of protein in local meals.

The difference between available carbohydrates and glycaemic index of white rice and brown rice flour food in healthy and diabetes

Carbohydrates in foods are in two broad groups, 'available' and 'unavailable'. The true meaning of carbohydrate of a food means available (digestible) carbohydrate. Moreover, only a percentage of total carbohydrate ingested will be absorbed and the percentage absorbed will vary between carbohydrates and the availability of fibre contents in the food ingested. Unavailable carbohydrate, which is not digested by the endogenous secretions of human digestive tract. The digestible carbohydrate content in a food is an important factor in determining postprandial blood glucose levels. Rice and rice flour consumption in the world population is increasing. The current Dietary Guidelines for Americans identifies grains, including rice, as one of the primary sources for carbohydrate intake and recommends that at least half of carbohydrate intake come from whole grains. The objective of the study was to determine the available carbohydrates of white and brown rice flour made food and glycaemic index (GI) for same flour made food in healthy and diabetic patients. The available carbohydrate in white and brown rice flour made food were 24.2 ± 2.5%, 23.1 ± 0.9 respectively. The GI of white and brown rice flour made food in healthy individuals, controlled and uncontrolled diabetes were 75.1 ± 3.3, 72 ± 2.74, 89 ± 2.6, 84 ± 1.4, 97 ± 1.1 and 95 ± 1.3 respectively. Available carbohydrate is low in brown rice flour compared to white rice flour. Healthy individual shows low GI compared to both controlled and uncontrolled diabetes for the same amount of available carbohydrates contained food. Available carbohydrate of a food and GI are important when advising people with diabetes.

The influences of Bio-stimulator Compounds on growth, essential oil and chemical composition of chamomile plants grown under water stress

This study was conducted at the Experimental Nursery of the Ornamental Horticulture Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Cairo University, Giza, during the two successive seasons of 2013/2014 and 2014/2015. This work aimed to investigate the effect of water stress and bio- stimulator on the vegetative growth, flower yield, essential oil production and chemical compositions of Chamomile ( Matricaria chamomilla L.). Water stress was imposed by three different irrigation intervals (4, 8 and 12 days). The plants received different irrigation intervals were sprayed every 2 weeks with bio-stimulator of either Amino Suam or Setter-2 at concentration of 500, 1000 and 2000 ppm for each one, while the control plants were sprayed with tap water. The experimental units were designed in randomized complete block design (RCBD) with 21 treatments and three replications for everyone treatment. The results showed that, highest values of plant height, number of branches/plant , diameter of flower heads, essential oil percentage, total chlorophylls content and total carbohydrates percentage were obtained from irrigation interval of 8 days as a compared to 4 or 12 days. Increasing irrigation intervals from 4 to 8 or 12 days resulted in a significant reduction in the stem diameter, fresh and dry weights of the herb, number of flower heads/plant, fresh and dry weights of flower heads, essential oil yield, as well as N, P and K% in dried herb while proline content was increased with increasing intervals. On the other hand, in most cases all the studied parameters were increased significantly as a result of spraying plants with either concentration of Amino Suam or Setter-2 compared to control plants. Regarding the effect of interaction between the two studied factors, the results indicate that in most cases, plants irrigated every 4, 8 and 12 days and sprayed with any concentration of bio-stimulators (Amino Suam or Setter-2) had the values for all the studied parameters which were significantly higher than those of control plants. Concerning essential oil composition, α-bisabolol oxide A, α-bisabolol oxide B, farnesene, bisabolone oxide, α-bisabolol and Chamazulene were the six major compounds of Chamomile oil. The highest percent of α-bisabolol oxide A (53.50%) were obtained from plants irrigated every 12 days and sprayed with Setter-2 at concentration of 2000 ppm and the highest percent of α-bisabolol oxide B (16.99%), farnesene (12.55%) and bisabolone oxide (12.03%) were resulted from plants irrigated every 8 days and sprayed with Amino Suam at 1000 ppm, while the highest percent of α-bisabolol (6.36%) and Chamazulene (4.37%) were obtained from plants irrigated every 4 days and sprayed with Amino Suam at 2000 ppm.

Nutrition: a key environmental dietary factor in clinical severity and cardio-metabolic risk in psoriatic male patients evaluated by 7-day food-frequency questionnaire.

BackgroundWestern dietary pattern is included among the environmental dietary factors involved in the pathogenesis of psoriasis. Nutritional data collection methods and gender differences might affect the association between diet and psoriasis. The 7-day food records is considered the “gold standard” of self-administered food frequency questionnaires. In this study, we evaluated the differences in the dietary intake, anthropometric measurements and cardio-metabolic risk profile in a group of psoriatic patients compared with an age and Body Mass Index (BMI)-matched control group. In addition, in the group of psoriatic patients we investigated the association between the dietary intake and clinical severity of psoriasis.MethodsCross-sectional case control observational study. A total of 82 adult males, 41 treatment-naïve patients with psoriasis and 41 healthy subjects matched for age and BMI were included in the study. The clinical severity of psoriasis was by assessed by Psoriasis Area and Severity Index (PASI) score. The dietary interview data were collected by a 7-day food records. Anthropometric measures, glucose and lipid profile, liver function tests and C-reactive protein levels were measured. Homeostasis Model Assessment of Insulin Resistance (HoMA-IR), Visceral Adiposity Index (VAI) and the Fatty Liver Index (FLI) were calculated.ResultsPsoriatic patients consumed a higher percentage of total and simple carbohydrates, total fat, polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) and n-6/n-3 PUFAs ratio, and cholesterol, while the consumption of protein, complex carbohydrates, monounsaturated fatty acid (MUFA), n-3 PUFA and fiber was lower than in the control group. In addition, psoriatic patients presented altered anthropometric measurements, glucose and lipid profile, liver function tests, and elevated values of HoMA-IR, VAI and FLI. PASI score well correlated with anthropometric measures, glucose and lipid profile, liver function tests, cardio-metabolic indices, and the dietary components, except for protein and total carbohydrates. At logistic regression analysis between PASI score and MUFA, MetS presence was well predicted only by higher PASI score (OR = 1.794; p = 0.002; CI 1.242–2.591). At multiple regression analysis, MUFA was the best predictor of PASI score (r2 = 0.387, β = −0.635, t = −5.127, p < 0.001).ConclusionDifferences in dietary intake were observed in adult male psoriatic patients compared with the controls. These differences were associated to the severity of the psoriasis and cardio-metabolic risk. FLI represented an early indicator of the cardio-metabolic risk profile in psoriatic patients, and dietary MUFA were major predictor of the clinical severity of psoriasis, while the association between psoriasis and metabolic syndrome appeared to be independent of MUFA intake. The low MUFA consumption might act as a possible adjunctive mechanism in increasing the inflammation milieu of psoriatic patients.

Preferencia de mosca blanca (Paraleyrodes sp.) por cultivares de aguacate (Persea americana Mill.) en Fresno, Tolima

La mosca blanca es una importante plaga que afecta el aguacate, y en Colombia no se posee suficiente información sobre este insecto. En este estudio se evaluó la incidencia de mosca blanca Paraleyrodes sp. pos. bondari en cuatro cultivares de aguacate (Choquette, Hass, Lorena, Santana). Se caracterizó el manejo del cultivo realizado por los agricultores y se analizó su efecto sobre la presencia del insecto en tres cultivares (Choquette, Hass, Lorena). Se encontraron algunos metabolitos secundarios en hojas de los cultivares Hass y Lorena y se evaluó el efecto del extracto de sus hojas sobre la mortalidad y el índice de repelencia de adultos de mosca blanca. Se presentó interacción entre el manejo del cultivo y los cultivares para la presencia del insecto; el manejo moderadamente químico tuvo la menor infestación en todos los cultivares. El incremento de fertilización edáfica y de insecticidas químicos incrementó la población del insecto, y la remoción de una hemiparásita la disminuyó. El cultivar Lorena presentó la mayor preferencia de mosca, aumento de población del insecto cuando hubo interacción entre cultivar y hojas maduras, índice de repelencia neutral, y mayor porcentaje de carbohidratos totales y no reductores. El cultivar Hass presentó mayor cantidad de cumarinas, terpenos y esteroides, y alto índice de repelencia. La atracción de Lorena por el insecto se debe a la presencia de carbohidratos, y la repelencia de Hass, a la de terpenos y/o esteroides. Se debe dirigir el trabajo de investigación sobre mosca blanca en aguacate hacia el cultivar Lorena.

A comparative study to improve rooting of English lavender stems cuttings

An experiment was conducted to compare the ability of two bacteria strains from Agrobacterium rhizogenes (DSM30200 and A4), yeast extract (0.5, 1 and 2 g/L) and indole butyric acid (IBA) (50, 100 and 150 mg/L) on rooting of the terminal cuttings of Lavandula angustifolia L plant. A .rhizogenes strains were more effective than most of the other treatments in increasing rooting percentage, roots number and increase of cuttings length except using IBA at 100 and 150 mg/L, as no significant differences were found between them. In contrast, the controls cuttings and cuttings treated with yeast at higher concentrations produced the lowest rooting percentage. Same trend treatments which showed higher rooting characteristics also recorded higher percentage of total carbohydrates, phenol and N percentage. On commercial scale use of two examined strains of A. rhizogenes for rooting of terminal cuttings of L. angustifolia can reduce the use of synthetic auxins like IBA. Key words: Agrobacterium, yeast extract, IBA, lavender, stem cutting.

Physicochemical and rheological characterization of Prosopis juliflora seed gum aqueous dispersions

The gum from Prosopis juliflora seed was isolated and its protein (0.60%), fat (0.55%) and total carbohydrate (98.46%) percentages, specific rotation (+64.01), intrinsic viscosity (1178 mL/g) and calculated molecular weight were determined. This gum turned out to be a galactomannan with an M/G ratio of 1.74:1. The rheology of concentrated aqueous dispersions of this gum was studied as a function of gum concentration in the (0.6–1.4) %w/v range. The mechanical spectra were consistent with the occurrence of random-coil macromolecular solutions forming entanglement networks. The terminal relaxation time estimated from mechanical spectra increased with gum concentration. The crossover frequency, terminal relaxation time and corresponding viscoelastic moduli of the 1% w/v dispersion were compared to those of commercial and non-traditional galactomannan gums. Steady-shear flow curves showed a low-shear Newtonian region, shear thinning behaviour above a critical shear rate and fitted the 2-parameter empirical model proposed by Morris (1990). The specific viscosity derived from the zero-shear viscosity scaled with C [η] with an exponent of 3.7. An Arrhenius-type equation fitted the temperature dependence of the zero-shear viscosity and of the apparent viscosity at 10 s−1, for the 1% w/v dispersion. The energy of activation for the latter shear rate was much lower than for the former. Decreasing temperatures from 20 °C to 5 °C hardly influence the critical stress amplitude but brought about a small increase in the terminal relaxation time and greater values of G′ and G″. Deviations from the Cox–Merz rule were found to depend on both the gum concentration and temperature.

Nutritional Intake of Pregnant Women with Gestational Diabetes or Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus

Adequate intake of nutrients by pregnant women diagnosed with gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) or type 2 diabetes (T2DM) is very important for appropriate weight gain and maintenance of normoglycemia without ketonuria. The aim of this study was to investigate the nutritional intake of pregnant women with GDM or T2DM who had not been provided with nutritional education regarding blood glucose management. Between June 2008 and May 2010, 125 pregnant women who had been diagnosed with GDM or T2DM and had not received any nutrition education regarding glycemic control and proper diet during pregnancy were interviewed to collect data regarding background characteristics, health-related behaviors, and course of pregnancy and instructed to record their dietary intake using a 24-hour recall method for one day. Using the collected data, the index of nutritional quality, nutrient adequacy ratio, and mean adequacy ratio values of the subjects were calculated. Analysis of the values indicated that the majority of the subjects did not meet recommended intake levels for most micronutrients and consumed an undesirable ratio of macronutrients, specifically a higher percentage of total carbohydrates than the current recommendation level. The GDM and T2DM groups obtained 56.6% and 63.6%, respectively (p = 0.012), of their calories by carbohydrate intake, which exceeded the recommended levels (125.8% in GDM groups, 141.3% in T2DM groups).

INFLUENCE OF SOME SEEDING AND NITROGEN RATES ON GRAIN YIELD AND INSECT NATURAL INFESTATION OF SOME WHEAT CULTIVARS

A Field experiment was performed on Bahteem Agric. Res. Station Farm Qalubia Governorate , during the two growing seasons 2009/10 and 2010/11 to study the effect of three seeding rates i.e. 300, 350 and 400 grains /m2 and two nitrogen fertilizer levels i.e. 75 and 90 kg N/fed on yield and yield components as well as grain crude protein and total carbohydrate percentages . In addition the intensity of natural infestation with cereal aphids and leafminer on six wheat cultivars i.e. Sakha 93, Sakha 94, Gemmeiza 10 and Sids 12 (bread wheat); Beni-Sweif 4 and Beni-Sweif 5 (durum wheat) was also investigated. Results indicated that Beni-Sweif 4 cultivar exhibited longer period to heading (89.5 days) and to maturity (140.5 days). On the other hand, Beni-Sweif 5 exhibited taller plants (101.2 cm) followed by Beni-Sweif 4 (99.9 cm) and Sids 12 (97.5 cm). While Beni-Sweif 5 and Sids 12 cultivars gave more spikes (518.5 and 516.1 spikes/ m2, respectively), but highest number of grains /spike was shown by Beni-Sweif 5 and Beni-Sweif 4 (67.4 and 66.0 grains/spike, respectively).The highest values of 1000-grain weight and grain yield were in Beni-Sweif 4 and Sids 12 (48.6 and 48.5 g & 16.2 and 16.3 ardab/fed., respectively). While Beni-Sweif 4 gave the highest value of straw yield (3.6 ton/fed.).On the other hand, Beni-Sweif 5 and Beni-Sweif 4 cultivars gave the highest values of grain crude protein and total carbohydrate percentages (12.2 and 11.9 % & 76.7 and 75.8%, respectively). As seeding rate increased caused a significant increase in period to heading (90 days) and to maturity (138 days), number of spikes/m2 (522.1 spikes /m2 ) and straw yield (3.5 ton /fed.) and caused a significant decrease in plant height (89.6 cm), number of grains/spike (56.6 grains/spike), 1000-grain weight (42.9 g), grain yield (15.5 ardab/fed.) and also decrease in grain crude protein and total carbohydrate percentages (11 and 71.3%,respectively). Seeding rate of 300 grains/m2 was caused a significant increase in plant height (101.4 cm), number of grains /spike (64.8 grains/spike), 1000-grain weight (49.2 g), grain yield (16.2 ardab /fed.) and also caused increase in grain crude protein and total carbohydrate percentages (11.8 and 73.2%,respectively). Increasing nitrogen rate from 75 to 90 Kg /fed caused a significant increase in plant height (97.3 cm), number of spikes /m2 (514.7 spikes /m2 ), number of grains /spike (61.5 grains/spike),1000-grain weight (46.8 g), grain yield (16.2 ardab /fed.), straw yield (3.4 ton /fed.) and also caused increase in grain crude protein and total carbohydrate percentages (11.5 and 72.6%,respectively). For insect infestation, results revealed that Beni-Sweif 4 and Sids 12 cultivars were significantly effective in decreasing number of cereal aphids (62.1 and 83.3 aphids /10 plants, respectively). On the other hand, Beni-Sweif 4 and Beni-Sweif 5 showed the least number of leafminer (2.4 and 3.4 mines & 1.5 and 2.2 larvae /100 leaves, respectively). Increasing seeding rate from 300 grains/m2 to 400 grains /m2 caused a significant increase in number of cereal aphids (159.5 aphids /10 plants) and leafminer (9.2 mines and 6.7 larvae /100 leaves). The least number of cereal aphids (82.1 aphids /10 plants) and leafminer (3.7 mines and 2.5 larvae /100 leaves) were obtained at a seeding rate of 300 grains /m2. Increasing nitrogen rate from 75 to 90 Kg /fed caused a significant increase in number of cereal aphids (133.3 aphids /10 plants) and leafminer (7.9 mines and 5.6 larvae /100 leaves). From these results, it could be concluded that sowing Sids 12 cultivar (bread wheat) or Beni-Sweif 4 cultivar (durum wheat) under seeding rate of 300 grains/m2 and applying 90 KgN/fed gave the highest grain yield/fed and least infestation by cereal aphids and leafminer.

INFLUENCE OF SOAKING CLOVES OF BALADY AND CHINESE GARLIC CULTIVARS IN SOME MICRONUTRIENTS SOLUTIONS ON GROWTH, CHEMICAL COMPOSITION, YIELD, BULB QUALITY AND STORAGEABILITY

Two field experiments were carried out during the two winters seasons of 2007 / 2008 and 2008/ 2009 at the Experimental Farm, Faculty of Agriculture, Moshtohor Benha University, to study the effect of soaking cloves of both Balady and Chinese garlic cultivars for 24 hours per-planting in solutions of 1000 ppm Mn, 500 ppm Zn or 400 ppm Cu solely or in their possible combinations on plant growth, chemical composition, bulb yield and quality as well as storageability. Obtained results indicated that, both used cultivars showed significant differences in most of the studied characters. Balady cv. had the best results of some vegetative growth characters (plant height, fresh weight of leaves, neck diameter and bulbing ratio), chemical composition (N, p and K content of both leaves and bulbs), number of cloves per bulb, bulb quality (N, P, K, Mn, Zn, Cu content and total carbohydrates percentage of cloves).Whereas, Chinese cv. showed the highest values of some vegetative growth parameters, i.e., number of leaves, bulb diameter, dry weight of leaves, bulbs and plant, bulb yield and its components, i.e., fresh weigh and dry matter percentage of bulb, fresh weight of single clove as well as total cured yield per feddan and total soluble solids percentage of bulbs. Furthermore, Chinese cv. showed the least weight loss and diseases infection percentage during storage period for six months. The micronutrients treatments significantly and positively affected all the studied characters. From the obtained results, it can be recommended that soaking garlic cloves for 24 hours per-planting in mixture of 1000 ppm Mn+ 400 ppm Cu in case of Balady cv. or in 1000 ppm Mn+500 ppm Zn in case of Chinese cv. to obtain maximum values of most studied variables.

Technological, rheological and yield differences among Egyptian wheat varieties

A field experiment was conducted during the two winter seasons of 2007/2008 and 2008/2009 to evaluate the yield and its components, milling, technological and rheological characteristics as well as the correlation between these characteristics of eight bread wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) cultivars (Gemmeiza 7, Gemmeiza 9, Gemmeiza 10, Sakha 92, Sakha 93, Sakha 94, Giza 164 and Giza 168). These cultivars were chosen because they were new. Gemmeiza 10 was shown to have the highest number of tillers and spikes per square meter, number of grains per spike and grain yield per hectare, followed by Gemmeiza 9, Giza 168, Sakha 94, Sakha 93, Sakha 92 and Giza 164. However, Gemmeiza 7 had highest biological yield per hectare, fine and coarse bran, protein, and wet and dry gluten percentages as well as farinograph properties. Giza 168 canopies were the tallest and also the straw yield was the highest. Also, Sakha 93 surpassed the other tested varieties in harvest index, flour and carbohydrate percentages. There are highly significant and positive correlations between each of grain yield per hectare and most of its components. The correlation between each of grain yield per hectare, flour and total carbohydrate percentages and dough weakness was found to be significant and positive. However, there was a negative correlation between each of grain yield per hectare, protein, gluten and bran percentages and farinograph properties. Gemmeiza 10 cv. surpassed in yield factors and most of its components. However, Gemmeiza 7 cv. gave the highest values of grain and flour quality. On the other hand, the highest total carbohydrate and flour percentages were obtained from Sakha 93 cv.