Percent Moisture Research Articles

Quality Characterization of Different Parts of Broiler and Ligor Hybrid Chickens.

The quality characterization of different parts of male and female Ligor hybrid chickens was investigated and compared with those of commercial broiler. Genotypes, muscle types, and sex had effects on the composition, physicochemical, and textural properties of chicken samples. Ligor hybrid chicken contained higher percentages of protein, moisture, ash, and collagen content but lower fat content than those of commercial broiler (p < 0.05), except in the case of breast, where no significant difference in moisture and ash was observed (p ≥ 0.05). The pH in breast meat of both chickens was lower than that of thigh meat. The color (L*, a*, and b*) values of male and female chickens were not significantly different, except for the L* value of broiler chicken, which was higher in female chickens than in male chickens. Higher cooking loss and shear force were found in male Ligor hybrid chicken. A similar protein pattern was observed for the protein from the same muscle type, irrespective of sex and genotype tested. It was observed that Ligor hybrid chicken contained higher glutamic acid and aspartic acid than commercial broilers. Therefore, Ligor hybrid chicken is a promising new source of nutrition, which can be beneficial for consumers.

CHEMICAL COMPOSITION AND NUTRITIONAL VALUE OF MEAT OF DIFFERENT GENOTYPES OF STURGEON IN INDUSTRIAL PRODUCTION

The paper presents results of studies of nutritional and biological value of sturgeon of different genotypes. Experimental studies were carried out at OOO "Mulinskiy fish farm" of Nizhny Novgorod region in 2021. The object of the study was sturgeon of various genotypes (Russian sturgeon, Siberian sturgeon, hybrids of Russian sturgeon with Siberian and hybrids of Siberian sturgeon with Russian species). Chemical composition of fish meat in industrial production (percentage of moisture, protein, fat and ash) was determined. It was established that the hybrids of Russian sturgeon with Siberian species have the highest parametres of commercial (61.1 cm) and total length (76.2 cm), according to the size and mass characteristics of sturgeon at the age of two years, and the hybrids of Siberian sturgeon with Russian exceeded all other groups in terms of total body weight (2173 g), therefore, heterotic effect appeared, i.e. the ability of hybrids of the first generation to surpass parental forms in viability, fertility and other characteristics. It was shown that under the same conditions of keeping and feeding of sturgeons of different genotypes, pure species of Russian sturgeon occupy a predominant position in terms of protein and fat content - 26.43% and 8.18%, respectively. As for moisture and ash content, hybrids of Russian with Siberian - 73.77 and 0.61% and Siberian with Russian - 72.6 and 0.66% are ahead of their peers. Conclusions are drawn about the quality of meat and its value in nutritional aspect. Statistical processing of data from scientific and economic studies was carried out according to generally accepted formulae of variation statistics using Microsoft Excel programs.

Maintaining Onion Seed Quality during Storage Through Seed Priming

Background: Seed is an important component and the quality seed plays a crucial role in agricultural production as well as in the national economy. Availability of viable and vigorous seeds at the planting time is important. Onion seeds have a short life span among the vegetable crops and lose viability rapidly after harvest. The main reason for the low quality of onion seeds includes a long flowering period resulting in different stages of seed maturity in the umbel, very fast reduction of viability if stored in suboptimal conditions and seed infestation with fungi. Seed priming is a widely used technique to enhance seed performance during storage. Methods: The seed was primed with Neem leaf powder (100 g/kg) after hydration and dehydration, hydration with KH2PO4 (2.0%), KNO3 (1.0%), K2SO4 (1.0%) and Captan (N-trichloromethylthio-4-cyclohexane-1,2-dicarboximide) at 2.5 g/kg and stored in polyethylene (100µ) bags under ambient conditions. After each treatment, seeds were dried back to their original moisture content under shade. Result: The results revealed that different priming treatments had a significant effect on germination percentage, seedling length and vigour index-I except for moisture percentage in both the years. The maximum germination (74.1 and 71.2%) was observed in seeds treated with Captan (2.5 g/kg) followed by Neem leaf powder 100 g/kg seed (71.1 and 69.72%) during 2014-15 and 2015-16, respectively. The onion seeds primed with KH2PO4 (2.0%), KNO3 (1.0%) and K2SO4 (1.0%) had an adverse effect on seed germination. The germination decreased significantly with the increase in the storage period. The maximum seedling emergence (60.0%) was observed from the seed primed with Captan (2.5 g/kg) followed by Neem leaf powder 100 g/kg seed (56.1%).

DEVELOPMENT OF A NEW OILSEED RAPE VARIETY NIFA SARSON-T20 THROUGH PHYSICAL MUTAGENESIS

Induced mutagenesis has been proven as one of non-conventional approaches to create genetic variability. In line with the objective to develop a high seed and oil yielding oilseed rape cultivar; 4000 healthy seeds of an advanced rapeseed (Brassica napus L.) line NR-23 having 8 percent moisture were irradiated @ 1, 1.2 and 1.4 kGy in 2010 using cobalt-60 source. Single plant selections were executed based on yield and yield contributing traits following pedigree method of selection from M2-M4 generations. Homozygous progenies of the pedigree number 011-K-16-3 selected from 1 kGy were bulked during 2013. The mutant with line code 011-K-16-3 was evaluated at station and outstation seed yield trials from 2013-14 to 2017-18. The mutant performed better than checks in Preliminary, Advanced, Zonal and National Uniform Rapeseed Yield Trials (NURYT). It has out yielded Hyola-401 and Faisal Canola by 26% and 23%, respectively in the multi-location adaptation seed yield trials conducted at selected sites in the Khyber Pakhtunkhwa (KP) and Punjab. It has also exceeded the national check Faisal Canola by 5% on location mean basis in the NURYT (2016-17 and 2017-18). It maintained its superiority in oil yields over the check Faisal Canola at station and in NURYTs. It is medium maturing, tall (190-205cm) featured with ramification at middle low, tolerant to alternaria blight, high seed yield (3000-3300 kg ha-1); high oil contents (43-46%) and low erucic acid (&lt; 5%). The Provincial Seed Council approved it with name NIFA Sarson-T20 for growing in the Khyber Pakhtunkhwa (KP).

Influence of Cultivar on Nutritional Composition and Nutraceutical Potential of Pecan Growing in Uruguay.

Composition and antioxidant properties of sixteen pecan [Carya illinoinensis (Wangenh) K. Koch] cultivars grown simultaneously in a single experimental orchard in Uruguay were evaluated to characterize their nutritional properties and nutraceutical potential. The percentage of oil, moisture, ash, minerals, and proteins were determined and also the fatty acid profile. Total phenolic compounds [18–41 mg gallic acid equivalents (GAEs)/g], condensed tannin [2–12 mg catechin equivalents (CEs)/g], and tocopherols (110–163 μg/g) contents were estimated in nut kernels. Total phenolic compounds (32–117 mg GAE/g), condensed tannins (130–357 mg CE/g), and total anthocyanins (1–3 mg 3-glucoside cyanidin/g) were also determined for pecan shells. The antioxidant activity in shells [57.15–578.88 μmol Trolox equivalents (TEs)/g] was 5 times higher compared with the kernels (23.15–156.60 μmol TEs/g) measured with hydrophilic ORAC. Bioactive compounds concentrations present statistically significant genetic variability between cultivars studied (p < 0.05). The presence of phenolic compounds was related with high-antioxidant capacity in kernels and shells, and a strong correlation between content of total phenolic compounds and condensed tannins in pecan shells was found. Principal component analysis (PCA) and hierarchical cluster analysis (HCA) show association between cultivars and the observed variables. The nutritional profile in the different cultivars showed the trends described in other countries, but this work shows some significant differences that could be attributed to the specific edaphoclimatic conditions of cultivation in Uruguay.

Cryogenic freezing preserves the quality of whole durian fruit for the export market

Durian (Durio zibethinus cv. Musang King; D197) is a popular durian cultivar due to its thick flesh and strong sweet taste. The high market demand and shortage of out-of-season supply contribute to the increase in durian price. Other than that, durian has a short storage life, and to prolong the storage life of Malaysian durian, freezing treatment has been applied. This study was conducted to evaluate the effect of freezing methods on the physical and sensory qualities of the whole durian. The freezing method included conventional (at -18°C) and cryogenic freezing (-110°C). The frozen durian was thawed and evaluated after 12-hours, 24-hours, and 36-hours for external and internal quality, dehiscence incidence, and physicochemical parameters (pulp colour, soluble solids content, total titratable acidity, and percentage of moisture) during 36-hours storage. The results showed that conventional freezing at -18°C adversely affected the quality of durian. The fruits were severely dehiscent due to the slow freezing rate. Later, the freezing injury became obvious when exposed to ambient temperature. In comparison, during cryogenic freezing durian fruit froze rapidly without any dehiscence. The freezing methods used in this study did not affect the physicochemical parameters of durian pulp during 36-hours storage. Cryogenic freezing is noted to be a promising method for preserving the quality of durian fruit, thus extending the storage life for market expansion.

Surface Improvements on Silver Streak Marks of Injection Molded Moisture Plastics Using Gas Counter Pressure and Plasticizing Optimization

Plastic pellets contain a certain percentage of moisture. During injection molding, the moisture appears as silver streaks on the molded part surface. Therefore, drying operation before molding is an indispensable requirement. This is not only time-consuming but also requires additional energy consumption and cost. This study investigates whether silver streak can be minimized and improved by using gas counter pressure (GCP) to restrict the fountain flow effect in the melt filling process. Effect of GCP values on the silver-streak appearance and the associated surface gross were investigated. The higher the GCP pressure used, the less the silver streaks appeared. When the used GCP pressure reached 50 bar, the silver streaks were no longer seen on the surface, regardless of the moisture content. Moreover, a new monitoring method based on the integral value of the pressure was also built up to assist in plasticizing parameter optimization. Molded parts with a pressure integral value higher than a critical value were no longer troubled by sliver streaks from moisture. This can be a useful way to optimize process parameters when molding moisture contained plastic material.

MINERAL AND NUTRITIONAL CONTENTS OF HEN'S EGGS FROM DIFFERENT SOURCES IN ADEN GOVERNORATE-YEMEN

Many studies are needed to be done in a nutrition field and people are advised to eat eggs daily to reduce mineral deficiencies. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the concentrations of six essential elements: Na, Mg, P, S, K, Ca and determine the nutrient contents such as; protein, lipid, ash, and moisture in the edible part of hen eggs selected from four different sources in Aden (i.e. Al-Buraiqeh, Al-Hiswah, Khormaksar, and Shaikh Othman). These elements were determined by inductively coupled plasma-optical emission spectrometry (ICP-OES). The highest concentrations of sulfur were found in hen egg samples derived from the Khormaksar (4205 ppm) and Shaik Othman (4433 ppm) regions. Moreover, the concentrations of sodium in selected raw eggs from the same regions were 3044 and 2758 ppm, respectively. On contrary, the collected egg samples from Al-Buraiqeh had in general, low levels of elements. The macro Kjeldahl method was used to determine protein in egg samples while the total lipid content was determined using the Soxhlet method and the Gerber method. The high percentage of protein content was noted in market hen eggs from Al-Hiswah (12.80%) but, the lowest percentage of protein content was derived from street hen eggs from Al-Hiswah (7.66%). For the lipid percent, the high concentration was remarked to home hen eggs from Khormaksar (12.71%) while the lowest percentage of protein content was coined for market hen eggs from Al-Buraiqeh (9.91%). This data can be attributed to hen feed specifics within different regions and the impact of environmental factors. The percentage of ash and moisture was also determined in this study. The obtained results were compared with others achieved in different countries. In all analyzed raw eggs, the concentrations of minerals and nutritional contents were safe levels.

Effect of Chlorophyll in Garlic Chives (Allium tuberosum) Leaves by Drought and pH

Allium tuberosum Rotter (garlic chives) is a species of plant native to the Chinese province and naturalized elsewhere in Asia and around the world. In Korea, chives are boiled and used as seasoned vegetables or as soup ingredients, and are also used for chive kimchi and cucumber pickles. This paper describes experimental results for chlorophyll content and efficiency with drought stress and soil acidity on garlic chives. Analytical determination of total chlorophyll (a, b) was performed with spectrophotometer. Chlorophyll fluorescence analysis was used to measure photosynthetic parameters with the Imaging-PAM Chlorophyll Fluorometer. The content of total chlorophyll was 0.711 at 80% moisture. The content for chlorophylls a, b, and total were 0.333, 0.151, and 0.390 at 10% moisture, respectively. The simple type of regression showed the relation between chlorophylls as a function of acidity. The slope factors for chlorophyll content (a, b, and total) were 0.866, 0.903, and 0.910, respectively. The current fluorescence yield (Ft) was increased to the decrease of water in soils. The maximal PSII quantum yield, Fv/Fm was the highest at 70% moisture among nine moisture percentage stages. The slope factors of Ft, Fm (maximum fluorescence yield), Fv (quenched state), and Fv/Fm for chlorophyll efficient indicators were -0.873, 0.977, 969, and 0.897, respectively. Water stress decreased chlorophyll a, chl b, chl (a + b) contents, and the chl a/b ratio in the A. tuberosum. Low soil pH also affected the chlorophyll content and efficiency of A. tuberosum.

Effect Adding Different Levels of Lemongrass Leaves Powder to the Dietary on the Meat Traits of Broilers

This study was conducted in broiler field / college of Agriculture/ Tikrit University during 9-4 to 14-5-2019 to know the effect of adding lemongrass leaves powder to the dietary on meats traits of broilers. 135 chicks Ross-308 were distributed randomly to three treatments, each treatment divided into three replicates (15 birds per replicate). T1 was standard treatment; T2 and T3 were added 1g and 2g of lemongrass per one kg of diet, respectively. The results showed a significant decrease (P≤0.05) in T2 compared with other treatments in cooking loss and water holding capacity, otherwise, T2 increased significantly (P≤0.05) in the thawing loss compared with T1, the treatments did not differ significantly in the dripping loss. T2 and T3 increased significantly in protein percentage compared with T1, while these treatments were decreased significantly (P≤0.05) compared with T1 in the fat and moisture percentages, the per cent of meat ash did not differ significantly among treatments. The Peroxide Value, Thiobarbituric acid and Free Fatty Acids significantly increased (P≤0.05) in T2 and T3 compared with T1. The percentage of all fatty acids like linoleic, oleic, stearic, palmitic and linolenic increased significantly (P≤0.05) in T2 and T3 compared with T1. We conclude from this study that adding lemongrass powder to broiler diets improved most of the physical and chemical traits of meat.

Facile synthesis of biodegradable corn starch-based plastic composite film reinforced with zinc oxide nanoparticles for packaging applications

The present study deals with the novel biogenic synthesis of cornflour-based biodegradable film in the presence of zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO NPs) as nanofiller through solution casting method. However, the ZnO NPs were prepared through precipitation method. The absorbance peak at 350 nm confirmed the formation of stable, monodispersed ZnO NPs. High resolution-scanning electron microscopy analysis showed crystalline nature of ZnO NPs with spherical morphology. Fourier transform infrared analysis revealed changes in functional groups as a result of hydrogen bond interaction between matrix, plasticizer, and ZnO NPs. Moisture content and percentage solubility test showed that increase in ZnO NPs content decreased moisture content and percentage solubility of hybrid nanocomposite. In addition, the hybrid film with maximum ZnO content showed least water uptake. The biodegradability of 7 wt% ZnO hybrid composites displayed initial rise in mineralization rate that eventually decrease with time.

Development and Characterizations of Pullulan and Maltodextrin-Based Oral Fast-Dissolving Films Employing a Box-Behnken Experimental Design.

Migraine is a neurological disorder characterized by severe headaches, visual aversions, auditory, and olfactory disorders, accompanied by nausea and vomiting. Zolmitriptan (ZMT®) is a potent 5HT1B/1D serotonin receptor agonist frequently used for the treatment of migraine. It has erratic absorption from the gastrointestinal tract (GIT), but its oral bioavailability is low (40–45%) due to the hepatic metabolism. This makes it an ideal candidate for oral fast dissolving formulations. Hence, the current study was undertaken to design and develop oral fast-dissolving films (OFDFs) containing ZMT for migraine treatment. The OFDFs were formulated by the solvent casting method (SCM) using Pullulan (PU) and maltodextrin (MDX) as film-forming agents and propylene glycol (PG) as a plasticizer. The strategy was designed using Box–Behnken experimental design considering the proportion of PU:MDX and percentage of PG as independent variables. The effectiveness of the OFDF’s was measured based on the following responses: drug release at five min, disintegration time (D-time), and tensile strength (TS). The influence of formulation factors, including percent elongation (%E), thickness, water content, moisture absorption, and folding endurance on ZMT-OFDFs, were also studied. The results showed a successful fabrication of stable ZMT-OFDFs, with surface uniformity and amorphous shape of ZMT in fabricated films. The optimized formulation showed a remarkable rapid dissolution, over 90% within the first 5 min, a fast D-time of 18 s, and excellent mechanical characteristics. Improved maximum plasma concentration (C max) and area under the curve (AUC 0–t) in animals (rats) treated with ZMT-OFDFs compared to those treated with an intra-gastric (i-g) suspension of ZMT were also observed. Copolymer OFDFs with ZMT is an exciting proposition with great potential for the treatment of migraine headache. This study offers a promising strategy for developing ZMT-OFDFs using SCM. ZMT-OFDFs showed remarkable rapid dissolution and fast D-time, which might endeavor ZMT-OFDFs as an auspicious alternative approach to improve patient compliance and shorten the onset time of ZMT in migraine treatment.

The Economic Impact of a Renewable Biofuels/Energy Industry Supply Chain Using the Renewable Energy Economic Analysis Layers Modeling System

The University of Tennessee’s (UT) Department of Agricultural and Resource Economics models supply chains for both liquid and electricity generating technologies currently in use and/or forthcoming for the bio/renewable energy industry using the input–output model IMPLAN®. The approach for ethanol, biodiesel, and other liquid fuels includes the establishment and production of the feedstock, transportation of the feedstock to the plant gate, and the one-time investment as well as annual operating of the facility that converts the feedstock to a biofuel. This modeling approach may also include the preprocessing and storage of feedstocks at depots. Labor/salary requirements and renewable identification number (RIN) values and credits attributable to the conversion facility, along with land-use changes for growing the feedstock are also included in the supply chain analyses. The investment and annual operating of renewable energy technologies for electricity generation for wind, solar, and digesters are modeled as well. Recent modeling emphasis has centered on the supply chain for liquid fuels using the Bureau of Economic Analysis’s 179 economic trading areas as modeling regions. These various data layers necessary to estimate the economic impact are contained in UT’s renewable energy economic analysis layers (REEAL) modeling system. This analysis provides an example scenario to demonstrate REEAL’s modeling capabilities. The conversion technology modeled is a gasification Fischer–Tropsch biorefinery with feedstock input of 495,000 metric tons per year of forest residue transported to a logging road that is less than one mile in distance. The biorefinery is expected to produce sustainable aviation fuel (SAF), diesel, and naphtha. An estimated one million tons of forest residue are required at fifty percent moisture content. Based on a technical economic assessment (TEA) developed by the Aviation Sustainability Center (ASCENT) and the quantity of hardwood residues available in the Central Appalachian region, three biorefineries could be sited each utilizing 495,000 dry metric tons per year. Each biorefinery could produce 47.5 million liters of SAF, 40.3 million liters of diesel, and 23.6 million liters of naphtha. Annual gross revenues for fuel required for the biorefineries to break even are estimated at $193.7 million per biorefinery. Break-even plant gate fuel prices when assuming RINs and 12.2 percent return on investment are $1.12 per liter for SAF, $1.15 per liter for diesel, and $0.97 per liter for naphtha. Based on IMPLAN, an input–output model, and an investment of $1.7 billion, the estimated economic annual impact to the Central Appalachian region if the three biorefineries are sited is over a half a billion dollars. Leakages occur as investment dollars leaving the region based on the regions local purchase coefficients (i.e., LPPs), which totals $500 million. This results in an estimated $2.67 billion in economic activity with a multiplier of 1.7, or for every million dollars spent, an additional $0.7 million in economic activity is generated in the regional economy. Gross regional product is estimated at $1.28 billion and employment of nearly 1,200 jobs are created during the construction period of the biorefineries, which results in $700 million in labor income with multiplier effects. Economic activity for the feedstock operations (harvesting and chipping) is estimated at slightly more than $16.8 million resulting in an additional $30 million in the economic impact. The stumpage and additional profit occurring from the harvest of the forest residues result in $40 million directly into the pockets of the resource and logging operation owners. Their subsequent expenditures resulted in a total economic activity increase of $71.4 million. These operations result in creating an estimated 103 direct jobs for a total of 195 with multiplier effects. Direct feedstock transportation expenditures of more than $36.7 million provide an estimated increase in economic activity of almost $68 million accounting for the multiplier effects.

Influence of Slope Variation on Northern Areas on Soil Physical Properties

Many Soil physical properties like infiltration capacity, soil bulk density, and soil moisture percentage are affected by the variation in aspects. Generally greater slope angel more will be the erosion &amp; runoff and also, more loss will occurs. But when seeks on the northern aspects and compares with medium and gentle slopes on other parts. The medium to the gentle sloppy area is facing the more and more pressure of degradation and also degraded by the overgrazing, mismanagement in the cultivation practices, faulty land uses, deforestation and stress for fuel or wood production. In many countries, zero tillage practices are organized to reduce the soil carbon losses and also a reduction in the oxidation of the Soil Organic Matter. Slope variation is very crucial for soil physical properties and also 1o (One degree) change in slope cause millions of tons of soil loss. The soil loss and runoff are not only a problem but completely change the soil texture; the production will be reduced from many mounds to a few kilograms. But in northern aspects, the large number of naturally growing trees does not only help to retain the soil physical properties but also produce the more and more fertile soil by adding organic exudates, rotten leaves and their symbiotic relationship with microorganisms produces more bulked soil. Steep slope with natural vegetation retained more moisture, organic nutrients, and stability in their physical properties and, at last, more plant production power.

Biogas production using poultry wastes, yam and plantain peels

Current global warming trends are primarily a result of the current energy reliance on fossil fuels and necessitate the provision of alternative sources of energy. Biofuels are one of the many alternatives to Hydrocarbon fuels. This research evaluates the potential of biogas production using poultry wastes, yam, and plantain peels in a ratio of 2:1:1. The organic waste materials were crushed using a sterile mortar and pestle. It was weighed and mixed with distilled water in a sterile bowl and loaded in a bioreactor for 45 days. The proximate analysis was carried out to determine the nutrient composition of the samples using standard procedures. Microbiological analysis was carried out using both general- purpose and differential media before and after loading the samples in the bioreactor. The pH and the temperature were monitored as well. A flame meter was used to compare the quality of the gas produced with that of cooking gas. The percentage moisture content obtained was 21.31, 28.71 and 23.17, % crude protein (6.17, 5.98 and 7.17), % ash content (7.9, 4.37, 12.13), % fat content (2.13, 1.14, 7.24), %crude fiber (19.94, 14.36, 36.89), % carbohydrate (42.53, 39.06 and 13.12) and the calories value of (213.09, 196.43 and 146.36) for plantain peels, yam peels and poultry waste respectively. Three fungal isolates and nine bacterial isolates were obtained. Produced biogas constituted of 310, 1352, and 2264 ppm of Liquified Petroleum Gas, Carbon (II) Oxide, and Smoke respectively. The biogas was observed to be highly flammable and burnt with a bluish flame.

Preparation of a Low-Calorie, Gluten-Free All-in-One Cake Mix, Containing Bacillus Coagulans Using Quinoa and Inulin Functionality

Celiac patients must follow a strict gluten-free diet along the life that leads to many nutritional deficiencies. This study aimed to produce an “all-in-one gluten-free cakemix based on quinoa flour” for celiac patients and other gluten-sensitive people. Nine treatments were provided with quinoa flour (25, 27.5, and 30% of total formula), inulin as a prebiotic, fat replacer and natural sweetener (2.4, 3.2, and 4% of total formula). The content of oil was reduced using oil powder consisting of sunflower oil and wall materials (resistant starch and maltodextrin 50 : 50). Bacillus coagulans was added as a probiotic bacteria. A commercial cakemix was considered as a control sample. The nutritional and chemical properties of cake mixes (percentage of moisture, protein, mineral, carbohydrate, crude fiber, fat, and calorie) and physical and textural properties of cakes (springiness, specific volume, porosity, chewiness, browning reaction, moisture, and water activity) were tested. Data were analyzed by https://graphpad.ir/prism/software using one way analysis of variance (ANOVA). After sensory evaluation, the treatment number 5 was selected as the most acceptable cake among all treatments. Its amino acid profile, fatty acid profile, and peroxide index were determined. The minerals, protein, and fiber of quinoa cake mixes were significantly higher, and the fat, carbohydrate and calorie were lower than control. Addition of quinoa reduced springiness, specific volume, porosity, chewiness, and increased the browning reaction. But these changes did not have a very negative effect in general. The moisture, water activity, and bacteria count changes were followed during four days of cakes preservation in refrigerator. The reduction trend of quinoa cakes moisture and water activity was slower than control. The number of bacteria was enough to be considered as a probiotic product after 4 days. Quinoa flour could improve the nutritional and functional properties of gluten-free cake mixes.

Preparation and Evaluation of Healthy Biscuits Using Germinated Wheat Flour and Germinated Pumpkin Seed Flour

The current study aimed to manufacture healthy biscuits by replacing local wheat flour (Bhouhouth class 22) Wheat flour 80% extraction rates (soft) with germinated wheat flour and germinated pumpkin seeds flour in the following proportions (5% germinated wheat flour and 5% germinated pumpkin flour) treatment A2 and (10% germinated wheat flour and 10 % germinated pumpkin flour) treatment A3, (15% germinated wheat flour and 15% germinated pumpkin flour) treatment A4 and (20% germinated wheat flour and 20% germinated pumpkin flour) treatment 5A respectively, in addition to the control treatment A1 (non- germinated wheat flour). The results of the chemical analysis showed an increase in the percentages of moisture, protein, Fat, ash and fiber in the different biscuit treatments compared to the control treatment and a decrease in the percentage of carbohydrates. The results showed an increase in the values of zinc, iron, phosphor, potassium, magnesium, sodium and calcium for the manufactured biscuits. The results also showed an increase in Fatty acids palmtic, stearic, oleic and linolenic to (18.57, 16.26, 58.3,72.78) mg/100gm for A4treatment, as for amino acids, no values of aspartic acid were observed in the control treatment, which amounted to 3.1, 4.1 and 5.1 for each of the treatments A2,A3,A4 respectively. Also, the values of vitamin C in all biscuit treatments increased to (3.6, 5.2, 6.7) mg/100g, respectively, after it was 2.4 mg/100g in the control treatment, and the sensory evaluation showed that the treatment of A2, A3, and A4 was significantly (p&lt;0.05) superior to A1 treatment (control); as for A5treatment, it got the lowest scores in the sensory evaluation due to the appearance of bitterness in the taste due to the polyphenols that became apparent when the replacement percentages increased, so it was excluded. As for the diffusion rate of biscuits, it increased with the increase in the replacement rates to reach the highest percentage for A5 treatment, which amounted to 7.4 compared to the control treatment 6.5, and through these results, it can be said that the biscuits produced are healthy biscuits due to their high content of the required nutrients.

Development of a forced convection electric fish drying machine

A forced convection electric fish dryer was developed in this study to provide an efficient means of drying fish in urban and rural areas and serve as a substitute for the largely inefficient local means of drying fish. The machine was designed to accommodate 126 kg of fish distributed accordingly within the drying chamber. Six flat electric coils of 3 kW capacity each and a fan blower were provided to induce a saturating forced convective current within the drying chamber. The machine was evaluated at a drying temperature of 60oC with a total of 126 kg catfish, 21 kg on each tray. The result showed that percentage moisture contents of 81.8%, 72.7%, 62.7%, 54.1%, 47.7%, and 40.9 % were evaporated from the fish on the sixth to the first tray respectively in one hour. The mean percentage of moisture evaporated from all the trays was 60 %.

Comparative phytochemicals screening and estimation of constituents present in the leaves of Decalepis species through HPLC

Background and objectivesThe variation in the active phytoconstituents in different plants causes changes in their biological properties. The present study was aimed with the comparative phytochemicals and estimation of the constituent present in the leaves of Decalepis species using high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Materials and MethodsThe leaves of Decalepis hemiltonii Wight & Arn. Decalepis arayalpathra(J. Joseph and V. Chandras.) Venter. and Decalepis nervosa(Wight &Arn.) Venter.were selected and methanol solvent was used for the preparation of the extracts. Various proximate analysis viz. moisture content, ash values, crude fibers, extractive values were estimated. Thereafter, series of basic chemical tests for the methanol leaves extracts followed by total phenolics, and total flavonoids content were also carried out. Furthermore, TLC chromatogram and RP-HPLC study was carried out for all the plant extracts to find out the presence of phenolic compounds and compared the estimated amount present in all the leaves extracts. ResultsThe outcome of the study revealed that all the three species varied with the yield and the phytochemical screening showed varied concentration of alkaloids, glycosides, flavonoids, proteins, steroids, phenols, and tannins. Among the three species Decalepis hemiltonii(DH) showed presence of higher percentage of moisture (8.6%), crude fibers (8.32%) and total ash content (4.95%) than others. Further, presence of high concentration of phytochemicals was showed by Decalepis arayalpathra (DA) and the higher yield in methanol solvent than other two species. The same plant sample showed presence of higher amount of gallic acid (0.86 mg/100 g) than other two species. Total alkaloids, total phenolic and total flavonoids were higher in DA leaves flowed by Decalepis nervosa (DN) and DH leaves samples. InterpretationOverall the results indicated that DA leaves extracts was better in terms of yield, presence of phytoconstituents, presence of total alkaloids, total flavonoids, and total phenolics and presence of gallic acid followed by DN and DH leaves.

Chemical and Micro Faces for Almonds Limited Limits

This study was conducted with the aim of manufacturing four types of milk, they are yogurt (T1) and almond milk fermented with starter yoghurt bacteria (Lactobacillus delbruckiisb bulgaricus and Streptococcus thermophiles) treated (T2) and almond milk fermented with bacteria (L. bulgaricus and Lactobacillus acidophilus) treated (T3) And almond milk fermented with bacteria (Bifidobacterium longum and L. acidophilus) treated (T4). The results of the chemical analysis showed that the percentage of moisture in the milk of the treatments (T1, T2, T3, T4) had a significant decrease when stored at refrigerator temperature after 14 days of storage. A significant increase in the percentage of fat and protein was observed after 14 days of storage for the different treatments compared to the first day of manufacturing. The pH values ​​of the milk of the above treatments had a significant decrease during storage at a temperature of 5 ± 2 °C for 14 days. As for the percentage of acidity, as the storage period progressed, a significant increase occurred in its peaks. The results of the microorganisms numbers examinations showed that the total number of aerobic bacteria increased after 14 days of storage in the refrigerator, and no growth of colon bacteria, yeasts and molds appeared in almond milk and yoghurt during the 14-day storage period. The sensory evaluation results showed that the treatments for almond milk and yogurt were acceptable, and the sapphire milk got the highest scores throughout the 14-day storage period.