Mass Percent Body Fat Research Articles

SUN-542 The Effect of Energy Deprivation on Metabolic Hormone Responses to Meals

Background: Intermittent caloric restriction (ICR) has recently gained popularity as a weight-loss strategy; however, fasting metabolic hormones and dynamic meal-related responses, are not well-established in this setting. Methods: We measured metabolic hormone responses to 5-days of neutral or decreased energy availability (NEA, 45 kcal/kg LBM*d vs DEA, 20 kcal/kg LBM*d) in the early follicular phase (EFP) in 19 regularly-cycling, sedentary, women (age 23.36± 2.08 yr; mean±SD). Hunger was assessed using a visual analogue scale on the 5th day of each condition. Scheduled breakfast and lunch were administered according to assigned caloric intake, while an afternoon snack based on NEA was provided on both occasions. Blood was sampled for leptin, insulin, glucose, and GH at 10-min intervals and cortisol was measured at 30-min intervals over eight hours starting at 0800 h, while Orexin A and adiponectin were measured in fasting samples. AUC for each hormone for every meal and diet condition were analyzed using linear mixed models. Insulin and insulin/glucose ratio (I/G) were also adjusted for meal calories. Percentage body fat mass was measured every visit using air displacement plethysmography (BodPod®). Results are presented as least square mean ± sem. Results: There were no differences in body mass index or % fat mass after NEA vs DEA although there was a significant increase in hunger with DEA (p=0.002). Fasting levels of glucose and insulin were unchanged while leptin decreased with DEA (1.27±0.07 and 1.04±0.07 ng/mL, NEA and DEA respectively; p<0.0001), and Orexin A increased (0.55±0.04 and 0.60±0.04 ng/mL; p=0.04). The AUC for glucose was lower with DEA across all meals (p<0.0001). Insulin, I/G and I/G normalized for ingested calories (nI/G) decreased in response to DEA (p<0.005, p<0.05 and p<0.0001). The slope of the increase in leptin across the day was not different between NEA and DEA (p=0.20). Adiponectin, GH and cortisol were unaffected by DEA. Conclusion: These studies indicate that although fasting glucose and insulin are unaffected by short-term caloric restriction, the insulin response to glucose is attenuated even when adjusting for meal-related calories. Orexin A increased and leptin decreased with reduced caloric intake, acting, at least in part, to stimulate appetite. Taken together, these hormonal responses, directed at preserving energy homeostasis, have important implications for understanding the potential efficacy of intermittent caloric restriction.

OR31-07 Increased Caloric Intake Improves Regularity of Menses and Is Associated with Increased TT3 and Leptin in Exercising Women with Oligo/amenorrhea: The “REFUEL” Randomized Controlled Trial

Exercising women often fail to consume adequate energy intake relative to energy expenditure and are thus susceptible to menstrual disturbances and poor bone health secondary to energy deficiency. Ideal treatment plans are to increase energy intake to reverse energetic suppression. The purpose of this study was to determine if REFUEL, a 12-month randomized controlled trial (RCT) of increased energy intake, improves menstrual frequency and markers of energetic status in exercising women with oligo/amenorrhea. Young, exercising women with oligo/amenorrhea were randomized into two groups. The treatment group (Oligo/Amen+Cal, n=32) increased energy intake 20-40% above baseline energy needs and the Oligo/Amen Control group (n=30) maintained exercise and eating habits for the 12-month intervention. Menses was tracked throughout the intervention by menstrual calendars and daily urine samples, energetic status was assessed by body composition and total triiodothyronine (TT3) and leptin concentrations. Conditional recurrent events Cox Proportional Hazards model tested the effects of the intervention and multi-level modelling assessed relationships among variables. There was a significant group*time interaction for body mass, percent body fat, fat mass, and TT3 concentrations (p<0.03), such that Oligo/Amen+Cal women gained more body and fat mass and had a greater increase in TT3 during the study compared to Oligo/Amen Controls. Specifically, Oligo/Amen+Cal women (21.6 yrs, BMI: 20.2 kg/m2) increased energy intake by 353 kcal/d and gained 1.9 kg of body mass, corresponding to increased fat mass (1.2 kg) and leptin (64%). Oligo/Amen Controls (20.9 yrs, BMI: 21.3 kg/m2) had no change (-32 kcal/d) in energy intake (p<0.001 vs. Oligo/Amen+Cal) and minimal change in body mass (0.8 kg; p=0.04 vs. Oligo/Amen+Cal), fat mass (0.4 kg; p=0.08 vs. Oligo/Amen+Cal), and leptin (21% increase, p=0.07 vs. Oligo/Amen+Cal). Controlling for baseline BMI and menstrual status, the intervention increased the likelihood of experiencing menses (p<0.001) such that Oligo/Amen+Cal women were twice as likely (104% increase) to experience menses during the intervention compared to Oligo/Amen Controls. Further, the higher the BMI at baseline, the greater the likelihood of experiencing a menses such that for every kg/m2 increase in BMI the likelihood of menses increased by 10%. Overall, a nutritional intervention designed to increase energy intake by a moderate amount in exercising women with oligo/amenorrhea successfully improved body mass and fat mass, concentrations of metabolic hormones, and the likelihood of experiencing menses compared to oligo/amenorrheic women who maintained exercise and eating habits. As such, treatment plans designed to increase energy intake can be successful in reversing energetic suppression and recovering menses.

Saphiraweb: An open-source cloud platform for E-health analysis

Here we present a cloud platform for e-health analysis. The goal of this research is to offers a standardized way to secure registry and share biometric impedance data from many volunteers of distinct locations. We perform the corporal analysis of a dataset from elderly volunteers who perform regular gym exercises. Our goal is to follow the evolution of health quality according to the percentage of body fat, hydration, and corporal lean mass. These factors can potentially indicate how physical exercises can contribute to improving the health quality of this population. Our result is two-fold: (a) a qualitative overview of the development of an open-source system for e-health analysis has many issues to host a useful large biometric dataset and (b) our preliminary analysis indicates that regular physical exercises contribute reducing corporal body fat, and improve the quality of health.

The Determinants of Social Anxiety in Lower Secondary Education Student Athletes: A Case of Competitive Swimming Environment

Social anxiety disorder is a common psychological problem that may negatively impact the cognitive and social development of children. Its severity may, however, be reduced through regular participation in sports or other physical activity. This study aimed to determine the relationship between competitive student-athlete swimmers' social anxiety levels and anthropometric measurements (height, weight, and BMI), body composition (body fat and lean body mass), and body type (ectomorph, endomorph, or mesomorph). The participants were pre-adolescent female (n = 160) and male (n = 146) lower secondary education student-athlete swimmers. The Social Anxiety Scale was used to evaluate their social anxiety levels, while the anthropometric parameters included height and weight, from which BMI was calculated. Body composition involved determining the percentage of body fat and lean body mass; ectomorphic, endomorphic, and mesomorphic values were then calculated. We found that the social anxiety levels of both female and male student-athlete swimmers were low. There was no statistically significant relationship between the social anxiety levels of the male and female student-athlete swimmers with BMI (rs = -.002), lean body mass (rs = -.017), or ectomorphy (rs = -.006) (p &gt; .05 for all). For the female swimmers, social anxiety levels were not associated with body fat (rs = .116), endomorphy (rs = .067), or mesomorphy (rs = .032), nor were those of the male student-athlete swimmers (rs = .005, rs= .065, and rs= -.001, respectively) (p &gt; .05 for all). These findings suggest that participation in competitive swimming during adolescence is effective in controlling social anxiety. Furthermore, this study revealed that social anxiety is not associated with lower secondary education student-athlete swimmers’ anthropometric measurements, body composition, or body type.

Effect of high intensity interval training on body fat indicators in adults with overweight or obesity: systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized studies

Objective: To examine the effects of high-intensity interval training on body fat indicators in overweight and obese adults.&#x0D; Methods: Randomized trials were included in the systematic review. Direct measures (e.g. whole-body fat) and indirect measures (e.g. waist circumference) were examined.&#x0D; Results: From 1156 articles initially screened, 24 were included. The majority of studies were conducted, at least, for 10 weeks. High-intensity interval training elicited reductions in whole- body fat indicators. The meta-analytic models showed significant differences after high-intensity interval training intervention among body weight, fat mass and fat percentage. On the other hand, body mass index and waist circumference did not present significant results.&#x0D; Conclusions: High-intensity exercise training can induce body composition improvements in overweight and obese individuals. High-intensity interval training may be a time-efficient component of weight management programs.

The Thin But Fat Phenotype is Uncommon at Birth in Indian Babies

Indian babies are hypothesized to be born thin but fat. This has not been confirmed with precise measurements at birth. If it is true, it could track into later life and confer risk of noncommunicable diseases (NCDs). Primarily, to accurately measure percentage of body fat (%BF) and body cell mass (BCM) in Indian babies with normal birth weight, compare them across different gestational ages and sex, and test the hypothesis of the thin but fat phenotype in Indian babies. Secondarily, to examine the relation between body weight and body fat in Indian babies. Term newborns (n=156) weighing ≥2500 g, from middle socioeconomic status mothers were recruited in Bengaluru, India, and their anthropometry, %BF (air displacement plethysmography), and BCM (whole-body potassium counter) were measured. Maternal demography and anthropometry were recorded. The mean %BF and its dispersion were compared with earlier studies. The relation between newborn %BF and body weight was explored by regression analysis. Mean birth weight was 3.0±0.3 kg, with mean %BF 9.8±3.5%, which was comparable to pooled estimates of %BF from published studies (9.8%; 95% CI: 9.7, 10.0; P>0.05). Appropriate-for-gestational age (AGA) babies had higher %BF (1.8%) compared to small-for-gestational age (SGA) babies (P<0.01). Mean %BCM of all babies at birth was 35.4±10.5%; AGA babies had higher %BCM compared to SGA babies (7.0%, P<0.05). Girls in comparison to boys had significantly higher %BF and lower %BCM. Body weight was positively associated with %BF. Indian babies with normal birth weight did not demonstrate the thin but fat phenotype. Body weight and fat had positive correlation, such that SGA babies did not show a preservation of their %BF. These findings will have relevance in planning optimal interventions during early childhood to prevent NCDs risk in adult life.

Effects of a 4\xa0week touch rugby and self-paced interval running intervention on health markers in active young men

BackgroundModified team sport activity has been proposed as effective exercise modality for promoting markers of health that are comparable or greater than continuous forms of activity. However, research using modified team sports is currently limited to sedentary populations using 2–3 sessions across a minimum of 8 weeks.AimTo investigate the effects of a 4-week touch rugby and self-paced interval running intervention on a range of health markers in active men.MethodsSixteen participants (age 26.4 ± 6.4 years) were matched for age, demographic and physical activity before completing a single touch rugby (n = 8) or running (n = 8) session per week for 4 weeks. Measures of systolic and diastolic blood pressure, resting heart rate (RHR), body composition and biochemical status were recorded pre- and post-intervention.ResultsANCOVA analysis revealed between-group differences for impedance (P = 0.027), fat mass (P = 0.008), percentage body fat (P = 0.008) and fat-free mass (P = 0.002), with greater changes after touch rugby. Systolic blood pressure decreased for both groups with greater reductions observed after touch rugby (P = 0.002). No between-group difference was observed for RHR, interleukin-6 or C-reactive protein (P > 0.05). Contrasting internal, external and perceptual loads were observed.ConclusionThe results of this study suggest that a single session of touch rugby over a 4-week period elicited greater improvements in body composition and SBP than self-paced running, with both being equally beneficial for improving RHR, diastolic blood pressure and inflammatory status in active young men.

Bias due to Berkson error: issues when using predicted values in place of observed covariates.

Studies often want to test for the association between an unmeasured covariate and an outcome. In the absence of a measurement, the study may substitute values generated from a prediction model. Justification for such methods can be found by noting that, with standard assumptions, this is equivalent to fitting a regression model for an outcome variable when at least one covariate is measured with Berkson error. Under this setting, it is known that consistent or nearly consistent inference can be obtained under many linear and nonlinear outcome models. In this article, we focus on the linear regression outcome model and show that this consistency property does not hold when there is unmeasured confounding in the outcome model, in which case the marginal inference based on a covariate measured with Berkson error differs from the same inference based on observed covariates. Since unmeasured confounding is ubiquitous in applications, this severely limits the practical use of such measurements, and, in particular, the substitution of predicted values for observed covariates. These issues are illustrated using data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey to study the joint association of total percent body fat and body mass index with HbA1c. It is shown that using predicted total percent body fat in place of observed percent body fat yields inferences which often differ significantly, in some cases suggesting opposite relationships among covariates.

Ultrasonography of Lumbar Multifidus Muscle in University American Football Players.

The primary objective of this study was to examine and compare lumbar multifidus (LM) muscle size, asymmetry, and function in university football players with and without low back pain (LBP). A secondary objective was to examine the relationship between LM characteristics and body composition in football players. Ultrasound assessments of the LM muscle were performed in 41 university football players during the preseason. LM muscle cross-sectional area, echo intensity (e.g., indicator of fatty infiltration and connective tissue), thickness at rest, and thickness during submaximal contraction (e.g., contralateral arm lift) measurements in prone and standing positions were obtained bilaterally at the L5-S1 level. Body composition measures were acquired using dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry. A self-administered questionnaire was used to obtain LBP history data. The LM muscle thickness at rest in prone and in standing was significantly smaller in football players who reported the presence of LBP in the previous 3 months. The LM cross-sectional area in prone was significantly and positively correlated with weight, height, lean body mass, total fat mass, and total percent body fat. LM echo intensity was strongly correlated with total percent body fat and total fat mass and negatively correlated with the percent thickness change during contraction. The results of this study provide novel information on LM muscle morphology and activation in football players in prone and standing and suggest that players with LBP in the previous 3 months had smaller LM muscle thickness. LM morphology was strongly correlated with body composition measurements.

No evidence of associations among body composition and symptoms in persons with multiple sclerosis.

To examine the association among body composition, defined as the percentage of body fat mass (BF) and lean mass (LM), bone mineral content (BMC) and bone mineral density (BMD) in the human body and the presentation of symptoms (i.e., fatigue, pain, depression, anxiety, and poor sleep quality) in persons with multiple sclerosis (MS). The present study is a secondary analysis of baseline data from a physical activity intervention for persons with MS. The research question was informed by the theory of unpleasant symptoms, namely an examination of the relationship between body composition (i.e., physiologic antecedent) and symptoms in this sample of 77 participants with MS. The association between body composition and symptoms was examined using partial correlation analyses controlling for age, sex, and disability status. Participants were 49 ± 9 years of age on average and diagnosed with MS for an average of 12 ± 8 years. Most participants identified as female (74%), reported having a relapsing-remitting disease course (78%), and moderate MS-related disability based on a median (interquartile range) Patient Determined Disease Steps score of 3.0 (3.0). Partial correlation analyses indicate there were no significant correlations observed among body composition (%BF, %LM, BMC, and BMD) and any symptoms (fatigue, pain, depression, anxiety, and sleep quality). Additional research that examines other physiologic factors as well as psychological and situational factors based on the theory of unpleasant symptoms that might account for symptoms in persons with MS is necessary. This will inform behavioral interventions and rehabilitation programs that target theory-based factors such as correlates of symptoms in MS. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2020 APA, all rights reserved).

Effect of mHealth With Offline Antiobesity Treatment in a Community-Based Weight Management Program: Cross-Sectional Study.

BackgroundWeight loss interventions using mobile phone apps have recently shown promising results.ObjectiveThis study aimed to analyze the short-term weight loss effect of a mobile coaching intervention when it is integrated with a local public health care center and a regional hospital’s antiobesity clinic as a multidisciplinary model.MethodsA total of 150 overweight or obese adults signed up to complete an 8-week antiobesity intervention program with human coaching through a mobile platform. Paired t tests and multiple linear regression analysis were used to identify the intervention factors related to weight change.ResultsAmong the 150 participants enrolled in this study, 112 completed the 8-week weight loss intervention. Weight (baseline: mean 77.5 kg, SD 12.9; after intervention: mean 74.8 kg, SD 12.6; mean difference −2.73 kg), body mass index, waist circumference, fat mass (baseline: mean 28.3 kg, SD 6.6; after intervention: mean 25.7 kg, SD 6.3; mean difference −2.65 kg), and fat percentage all showed a statistically significant decrease, and metabolic equivalent of task (MET) showed a statistically significant increase after intervention. In multiple linear regression analysis, age (beta=.07; P=.06), △MET (beta=−.0009; P=.10), number of articles read (beta=−.01; P=.04), and frequency of weight records (beta=−.05; P=.10; R2=0.4843) were identified as significant factors of weight change. Moreover, age (beta=.06; P=.03), sex (female; beta=1.16; P=.08), △MET (beta=−.0009; P<.001), and number of articles read (beta=−.02; P<.001; R2=0.3728) were identified as significant variables of fat mass change.ConclusionsThe multidisciplinary approach, combining a mobile health (mHealth) care app by health care providers, was effective for short-term weight loss. Additional studies are needed to evaluate the efficacy of mHealth care apps in obesity treatment.

Association between serum choline and betaine concentrations and longitudinal changes of body composition in community-dwelling middle-aged and older Chinese adults.

Previous studies suggest that betaine and choline may be beneficial for body composition. However, no longitudinal study has been conducted to illustrate if choline and betaine have long-term effects on changes in body composition. This study aimed to prospectively investigate the association between serum choline and betaine concentrations and 3-year changes in body composition in community-dwelling Chinese adults. This present analysis used data from 1384 women and 554 men aged 40-75 years. Serum concentrations of betaine and choline at baseline were assessed using high-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. Body composition parameters, i.e., muscle mass (MM), fat mass (FM), and body fat percentage (FM%) were measured using dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry at the first and the second follow-ups. After adjustment for potential cofounders, higher serum choline concentrations were associated with a lower decrease in MM in men (β = 0.022, P = 0.025) and a lower increase in FM and FM% in women with baseline choline concentrations below 21.5 μmol/L (all P for nonlinearity = 0.007); higher serum betaine concentrations were associated with a lower decline in MM and a lower increase in FM and FM% among men whose betaine concentrations were lower than 55 μmol/L (all P for nonlinearity < 0.05). These findings suggest that higher concentrations of serum choline and betaine may be associated with favorable changes in body composition profiles among men and women who have relatively low concentrations, especially in men. Novelty Higher concentrations of serum choline and betaine were associated with favorable changes in body composition. Such favorable associations were more pronounced in men.

Time-restricted eating effects on performance, immune function, and body composition in elite cyclists: a randomized controlled trial

BackgroundAlthough there is substantial interest in intermittent fasting as a dietary approach in active individuals, information regarding its effects in elite endurance athletes is currently unavailable. The present parallel randomized trial investigated the effects of a particular intermittent fasting approach, called time-restricted eating (TRE), during 4 weeks of high-level endurance training.MethodsSixteen elite under-23 cyclists were randomly assigned either to a TRE group or a control group (ND). The TRE group consumed 100% of its estimated daily energy needs in an 8-h time window (from 10:00 a.m. to 6:00 p.m.) whilst energy intake in the ND group was distributed in 3 meals consumed between 7:00 a.m. and 9:00 p.m. Fat and fat-free mass were estimated by bioelectrical impedance analysis and VO2max and basal metabolism by indirect gas analyzer. In addition, blood counts, anabolic hormones (i.e. free testosterone, IGF-1) and inflammatory markers (i.e. IL-6, TNF-α) were assessed.ResultsTRE reduced body weight (− 2%; p = 0.04) and fat mass percentage (− 1.1%; p = 0.01) with no change in fat-free mass. Performance tests showed no significant differences between groups, however the peak power output/body weight ratio (PPO/BW) improved in TRE group due to weight loss (p = 0.02). Free testosterone and IGF-1 decreased significantly (p = 0.01 and p = 0.03 respectively) in TRE group. Leucocyte count decreased in ND group (p = 0.02) whilst the neutrophils-to-lymphocytes ratio (NLR) decreased significantly (p = 0.03) in TRE group.ConclusionsOur results suggest that a TRE program with an 8-h feeding window elicits weight loss, improves body composition and increases PPO/BW in elite cyclists. TRE could also be beneficial for reducing inflammation and may have a protective effect on some components of the immune system. Overall, TRE could be considered as a component of a periodized nutrition plan in endurance athletes.Trial registrationThis trial was retrospectively registered at clinicaltrials.gov as NCT04320784 on 25 March 2020.

Differences in physical function and metabolic syndrome risk factors according to the level of physical activity in elderly Korean men: a pilot study

Background and objective: Managing the decrease in physical function in the elderly is a major task in aging societies globally. Here, we aimed to compare the physical function and metabolic syndrome (MetS) risk factors according to levels of physical activity (PA). Material and methods: We measured PA in 77 elderly Korean men (74.21 ± 6.26 years old) with an accelerometer and recorded body composition, physical function, and MetS-related risk factors. Participants were divided into three groups based on daily moderate-vigorous physical activity (MVPA): low (under 60 min), middle (60-120 min), and high (over 120 min). The groups were compared using a one-way analysis of variance and the Scheffe post hoc test. Odds ratios (OR) were calculated by logistic regression analysis. Results: Significant differences were found between the groups for sedentary behavior time (P &lt; 0.001), light PA (P &lt; 0.05), moderate PA (P &lt; 0.001), vigorous PA (P &lt; 0.05), and total energy expenditure (P &lt; 0.001). The high PA group showed a significantly lower percentage of body fat and fat mass and higher muscle mass than did the low and middle PA groups (P &lt; 0.05). The 6-min walk test was significantly better in the high PA group than in the low and middle PA groups (P &lt; 0.05). Grip strength and the Berg balance scale were also significantly better in the high PA group (P &lt; 0.05). Bone mineral density (BMD) and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) were significantly higher in the high PA group than in the low PA group (P &lt; 0.05). Systolic blood pressure (SBP) was significantly higher in the middle PA group than in the low PA group (P &lt; 0.05). Participants with more than three MetS criteria showed an OR of 0.09 (95% confidence interval 0.01-0.82) in the high PA group as compared with the low PA group (P &lt; 0.05). Conclusions: Moderate-vigorous physical activity of more than 120 min daily showed better physical function and lower OR of MetS than did lower MVPA levels in elderly Korean men.

BMI, waist-to-height ratio and body fat mass in older adults: results from the Pronutrisenior project

AbstractNear 20% of the Portuguese population is aged 65 years or above, a value similar to most developed countries. This older adult population also suffers from obesity and obesity-related pathologies. The environment encompasses a set of obesity determinants and knowing the associations between the environment and obesity may help health professionals and caregivers to provide for the older adults.In this study, we aimed to relate anthropometric measures with socio-demographic data in older adults.This is a cross-sectional study using data from the Pronutrisenior project, collected in Vila Nova de Gaia, Portugal. The sample consists of 456 older adults, aged 65 to 92 years without cognitive impairment. The sample consisted of older adults living at their homes. Socio-demographic, clinical, geographical, and anthropometric data was collected. The statistical analysis used IBM-SPSS-22.0 and consisted on descriptive statistics, Pearson correlations and UniANOVA. Significantly results (p &lt; 0.05) are reported.These older adults were mostly females (54.2%) with a mean age of 73.8 years (sd = 6.3), mean body mass index (BMI) of 29.1kg/m2 (sd = 4.8), mean waist-to-height ratio (WHtR) of 0.623 (sd = 0.073) and mean percentage of body fat mass (%BFM) of 40.7% (sd = 8.9%) for females and 30.2% (sd = 8.5%) for males. BMI, WHtR and %BFM were positively correlated. In this sample of older adults, higher values of these measures were associated to being female, younger, less educated; to having articular pains and respiratory problems, and not having insomnia, hypertension, chewing problems nor hearing problems; to drink more liquids but not consuming dairy products daily; to not take nutritional supplements but to take more medicines; to be without somebody to talk to and to be more dependent; and to live in a house without stairs to climb and to live near other older adults, and in a more urbanized area with streets with steeper slopes.In this sample of older adults, obesity is related with health characteristics and those are related with socio-demographic and geographical characteristics of the area of residence. Besides the identification of risk factors for the older adult population, this information may help designing health care policies that takes in consideration the physical and geographical characteristics of the neighbourhood of the area of residence of the older adults.

Reference values of fat mass index and fat-free mass index in healthy Spanish adolescents.

Introduction: body mass index (BMI) does not allow to discriminate the composition of the different body compartments. The aim of this study was to develop reference values for the fat mass index (FMI) and fat-free mass index (FFMI) in healthy adolescents using anthropometric techniques in order to provide reference standards for daily clinical practice. Methods: a cross-sectional study in 1,040 healthy Caucasian adolescents (470 boys and 570 girls) aged 10.1 to 14.9 years. Weight, height, and skinfold thickness were recorded, and BMI, percentage of total body fat, FMI and FFMI, and FMI and FFMI percentiles were calculated. Results: FFMI and FMI percentiles for healthy adolescents (both sexes) categorized by age are displayed. In boys a significant increase in FFMI is observed, and both the percentage of total body fat and FMI significantly decreased. In contrast, in girls the percentage of body fat mass, FMI, and FFMI significantly increased. Except at 10 years of age, FMI was higher (p < 0.05) in girls at all ages. FFMI was higher (p < 0.05) in boys at all ages. Conclusions: reference values of FMI and FFMI would be a very useful instrument in clinical practice for the diagnosis and, especially, the analysis of body composition changes during the treatment of childhood obesity.

Effects of 8-week of fitness classes on blood pressure, body composition, and physical fitness.

Fitness activities such as indoor cycling (IC), Zumba® (ZU) and body pump (BP) are practiced by large segments of population. There are no studies showing which kind of fitness activity can produce more health benefits. The purpose of this study was to compare the effects of 8-week of IC, alone or combined with ZU (IC+ZU), or BP (IC+BP), on blood pressure, body composition, and physical fitness. Forty-eight participants were randomly assigned to four groups: IC, IC+ZU, IC+BP or control group (CG). Before and after 8-week of training, systolic (SBP) and diastolic blood pressure (DBP), fat, lean and bone mass, body circumferences, resting heart rate, aerobic fitness, limbs strength and vertical jump height (VJH) were assessed. The IC and IC+ZU experienced significant decreases in SBP and DBP, which were significantly greater, compared to CG. Between-group comparisons showed greater decreases in body mass (BM) and body fat mass percentage (BFM) in IC compared to all groups, also significant differences were observed between IC+ZU and IC+B with CG. Decreases in neck, pectoral, waist and hip circumferences were found in IC, IC+ZU and IC+BP compared to CG. All experimental groups significantly increased 10RM leg press and leg flexion, VJH and VO2max compared to CG. Fitness classes of IC, alone or combined with ZU or BP, are effective in reducing blood pressure and improving body composition and physical fitness. The IC is the most effective in reducing BM and BFM.

Development and validation of an equation to estimate body fat in elderly women

Abstract The purpose of this present study was to develop and validate a prediction equation for body composition assessment using anthropometric measures of elderly women. This is cross-sectional correlational study with 243 older women ± 64.5 years old and body mass index (BMI) ± 28.70 kg/m². For the development of the equation it was utilized the method of hold-out sample validation. The participants were randomly divided into equation development group (96 elderly women) and a group for validation (147 elderly women). Total body mass, height, waist and hip circumferences, ratio waist-hip ratio and BMI were measured. The whole-body dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) assessed body composition (percentage of body fat, fat mass, and fat-free mass). The equations were developed using multiple linear regression, with validation by the stepwise method; the comparison of the equations was analyzed by the paired Student's t test and the analysis of residual scores by the method of Blant and Altman. The New Equation presents a strong correlation (R = 0.83) and (R² = 0.69), and a standard error of estimation equals to 3.21% for percentage body fat prediction. The mean difference between the estimations of percentage body fat from DXA and the New Equation was 0.11% (t(0,180); P = 0.850). Therefore, the New Equation had an accuracy of 93.5% and a total error of 1.8%. The body fat estimation in older women using this New Equation based on BMI and age is valid and accurate.

THE USE OF DIETARY SUPPLEMENTS IN SPORTS NUTRITION AND VIEW OF THEIR EFFECT ON PERFORMANCE

Aim: This study was prepared to investigate the effect of nutritional ergogenic supplements used by people who do sports on their body development in various sports branches. Methods: This review was prepared by compiling the studies on sports nutrition and supplementary foods used in sports nutrition in the last 15 years.Results: Genetic structure, appropriate training and nutrition are the primary factors affect the performance of athletes. The energy needs of athletes differ according to their age, gender, physical activity level and amount of the energy spent. The main factors should be considered in the nutritıon of each athlete must be ensuring the continuity of health and performance, consuming energy and nutrients adeqately, choosing the right food before and after the exercises, establishing continuity in body fat and leaning mass percentage according to the kind of sport performed and ensuring recovery and body fluid balance after training. In recent years, nutritional ergogenic aid has become widespread among athletes at different levels in order to increase the performance and achieve success more easily besides nutrition. As a result of reserarches and clinical trials, espicially glutamine, caffeine, creatine, vitamin and mineral supplements are allowed to be used in correct amounts and proporstions. Conclusion: Studies on Sports Nutrition and their scope are developing day by day. After the foundation of healthy nutrition is established, the sports process is supported with nutritional supplements, provided that the latest literature studies on this subject are followed.

Conjugated Linoleic Acid (CLA) Effect on Body Weight and Body Composition in Women (Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis).

AbstractIntroduction:Conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) is a food supplement that is proposed as an anti-obesity supplement in animal and human studies. Animal studies have shown a significant anti-obesity effect of CLA, but results in humans were inconsistent, where some of the studies found an anti-obesity effect while other studies failed to find any decline in obesity markers after CLA supplementation. This meta-analysis aimed to determine if oral CLA supplementation has been shown to reduce obesity-related markers in women.Method:Pub Med, Cochrane Library, and Google Scholar were used to identify the eligible trials using two main searching strategies: the first one was to search eligible trials using keywords “Conjugated linoleic acid”, “CLA”, “Women”, and the second strategy was to extract the eligible trials from previously published systematic reviews and meta-analyses. The eligible trials were placebo control trials where women supplemented with CLA mixture in the form of oral capsules for 6 months or less. Furthermore, eligible trials reported body weight (BW), body mass index (BMI), total body fat (TBF), percentage body fat (BF%), and/ or lean body mass (LBM). The quality of each included study was assessed using both JADAD scale and an adapted CONSERT checklist.Results:Meta-analysis of 8 eligible trials showed that CLA supplementation was significantly associated with reduced BW (Mean ± SD, 1.2 ± 0.26 kg, p &lt; 0.001), BMI (0.6 ± 0.13kg/m2, p &lt; 0.001) and TBF (0.76 ± 0.26 kg, p = 0.003) in women, when supplemented over 6–16 weeks. Subgroup meta-analysis demonstrated a significant reduction in BW (1.29 ± 0.31 kg, p &lt; 0.001), BMI (0.60 ± 0.14 kg/m2, p &lt; 0.001) and TBF (0.82 ± 0.28 kg, p = 0.003) in the trials that had recruited overweight-obese women. The second subgroup meta-analysis, that considered the menopausal status of the participants, found that CLA was significantly associated with reduced BW (1.35 ± 0.37 kg, p &lt; 0.001; 1.05 ± 0.36 kg, p = 0.003) and BMI (0.50 ± 0.17 kg/m2, p = 0.003; 0.75 ± 0.2 kg/m2, p &lt; 0.001) in both pre and post-menopausal age women, respectively. A reduction in TBF (1.09 ± 0.37 kg, p = 0.003) was only significant in post-menopausal women.Discussion:This meta-analysis suggests a moderate anti-obesity effect of CLA on BW, BMI and TBF reduction in women, when supplemented over 6–16 weeks, particularly in overweight-obese women and post-menopausal women. More well-designed trials are required to confirm this meta-analysis results.