Percentage Of Energy Intake Research Articles

Dietary Compliance Among Renal Transplant Recipients: A Single-Center Study in Taiwan

BackgroundExtensive food and lifestyle changes are the major issues in renal transplant recipients (RTRs). Poor adherence to diet can contribute to increased health problems such as obesity, cardiovascular disease, and graft failure; however, comparative data regarding dietary compliance with the national recommendations has rarely been investigated, especially among RTRs in Taiwan. MethodsIn this descriptive analytical study, we compared patients’ reported dietary intake of macronutrients and micronutrients with evidence-based guidelines developed for the nutritional management of adult kidney transplant recipients (NMAKTR) by the Dietitians Association of Australia. A total of 90 maintenance-phase RTRs were recruited from September 2016 to June 2018. All patients completed a 3-day dietary record (2 weekdays and 1 day on the weekend). In addition, routine anthropometric and laboratory data were obtained. ResultsThe mean age, post-transplant years, and estimated glomerular filtration rate of participants were 49.7 ± 12.5 years, 9.1 ± 6.1 years, and 55.5 ± 20.8 mL/min/1.73 m2, respectively. Daily energy and protein intakes were 1869.1 ± 383.5 kcal (30.4 ± 7.2 kcal/kg/d) and 66.9 ± 14.4 g (1.1 ± .2 g/kg/d), respectively. The percentage of energy intake from fat and saturated fat exceeded recommendations, whereas dietary fibers and calcium remained less than the recommended levels. At our center, a large percentage of RTRs did not meet NMAKTR dietary recommendations. ConclusionThe low degree of dietary compliance calls for a continued effort to deliver effective nutritional advice in this population.

Low-Carbohydrate Diets and Risk of Incident Atrial Fibrillation: AProspective Cohort Study.

BackgroundThe influences of low‐carbohydrate diets in cardiovascular disease are controversial. Few studies have examined the relationship of carbohydrate intake and risk of incident atrial fibrillation (AF). We aimed to evaluate the association between carbohydrate intake and the risk of incident AF in the ARIC (Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities) Study.Methods and ResultsWe included 13 385 participants (age, 54.2±5.8 years; 45.1% men and 74.7% white) who completed a dietary questionnaire at baseline (1987–1989) in the ARIC Study. The primary outcome was incident AF, which was identified by ECG performed during study examinations, hospital discharge codes, and death certificates. We used multivariable Cox hazard regression models to assess the association between carbohydrate intake and incident AF. We further explored the effects of specific food source (animal versus plant based) used to replace carbohydrate intake in the low‐carbohydrate intake setting. During a median follow‐up of 22.4 years, 1808 cases (13.5%) of AF occurred. The hazard ratio for incident AF associated with a 1‐SD (9.4%) increase in carbohydrate intake as a percentage of energy intake was 0.82 (95% CI, 0.72–0.94), after adjustment for traditional AF risk factors and other diets factors. Results were similar when individuals were categorized by carbohydrate intake quartiles (hazard ratio, 0.64; 95% CI, 0.49–0.84; comparing extreme quartiles). No association was found between the type of protein or fat used to replace the carbohydrate and risk of incident AF.ConclusionsLow‐carbohydrate diets were associated with increased risk of incident AF, regardless of the type of protein or fat used to replace the carbohydrate.

Habitual dietary lactose and galactose intakes in association with age at menopause in non-galactosemic women

IntroductionRodent models and studies on women with galactosemia suggest the ovo-toxicity effect of galactose. However, the association between galactose intake from dietary sources and the ovarian function in women without galactosemia has not yet been described. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the associations between both dietary galactose and lactose intake, and ovarian dysfunction as the odds of early menopause in women without galactosemia.Materials and methodsThis cross-sectional study was conducted on 821 women without galactosemia, participants of the Tehran Lipid and Glucose Study (TLGS), who experienced natural menopause. Habitual dietary intakes of lactose and galactose during the past 12 month were assessed, using a food-frequency questionnaire (FFQ). In this study, early menopause was defined as natural menopause before the age of 45 years.ResultsMean- and menopausal age of women were reported as 59.3±7.94 and 48.6±4.81 years, respectively. No statistically significant linear association was observed between the daily intakes of lactose and galactose and the odds of early menopause. After adjusting for age, energy intake, and age at menarche, women in the middle tertiles of lactose (62%, 95%CI: 1.07, 2.46) and galactose (58%, 95% CI: 1.05, 2.39) intake had significantly higher odds of early menopause, than those in the first tertile. When the daily intake of lactose and galactose were expressed as the percentage of energy intake, the higher odds of early menopause among women in the middle tertile compared to those with the first tertile were reduced and became non-significant.ConclusionNo statistically significant linear associations were reported between the intake of lactose and galactose and age of menopause. However, the odds of early menopause in those women with the middle tertile of lactose and galactose intake were significantly higher than those women in the first tertile.

Growth, Protein and Energy Intake in Children with PKU Taking a Weaning Protein Substitute in the First Two Years of Life: A Case-Control Study.

Growth issues have been observed in young children with phenylketonuria (PKU), but studies are conflicting. In infancy, there is an increasing trend to introduce a second-stage semi-solid weaning protein substitute (WPS) but there is concern that this may not meet energy requirements. In this longitudinal, prospective study, 20 children with PKU transitioning to a WPS, and 20 non-PKU controls were observed monthly from weaning commencement (4–6 months) to 12 m and at 15, 18 and 24 months of age for: weight, length, head circumference, body mass index (BMI), energy and macronutrient intake. Growth parameters were within normal range at all ages in both groups with no significant difference in mean z-scores except for accelerated length in the PKU group. No child with PKU had z-scores < −2 for any growth parameter at age 2 years. Total protein and energy intake in both groups were similar at all ages; however, from 12–24 months in the PKU group, the percentage of energy intake from carbohydrate increased (60%) but from fat decreased (25%) and inversely for controls (48% and 36%). In PKU, use of low volume WPS meets Phe-free protein requirements, facilitates transition to solid foods and supports normal growth. Further longitudinal study of growth, body composition and energy/nutrient intakes in early childhood are required to identify any changing trends.

Psychometric Evaluation of the German Version of the Dietary Fat and Free Sugar-Short Questionnaire

Background: The Dietary Fat and Free Sugar-Short Questionnaire (DFS) is a cost- and time-efficient self-report screening instrument to estimate dietary intake of saturated fat and free sugar. To date, only the English version has been psychometrically evaluated. We assessed the psychometric characteristics of the German version of the DFS in individuals with normal weight, overweight, and obesity. Method: Sixty-five adult participants completed a German translation of the DFS and a validated food frequency questionnaire (FFQ). We correlated participants’ percentage of energy intake from saturated fat and free sugar from the FFQ with the DFS scores. To establish test-retest reliability, participants completed the DFS a second time. To investigate convergent validity, we correlated participants’ DFS scores with self-reported eating behavior and sensitivity to reward. Results: DFS scores correlated with percentage of energy from free sugar (rs = 0.443) and saturated fatty acids (rs =0.258) but not with non-target nutrients. The correlation between DFS scores and percentage energy from free sugar was not moderated by body mass index (BMI), whereas the correlation with percentage energy from saturated fat slightly decreased with BMI. Intra-class correlation as an indicator of test-retest reliability was 0.801. DFS scores correlated significantly with restraint of eating behavior (rs = –0.380) and feelings of hunger (rs = 0.275). Correlations of the DFS score with disinhibited eating and sensitivity to rewards failed to be significant. Conclusion: Our data indicate that the German version of the DFS might be a psychometrically sound self-report instrument to estimate saturated fat and free sugar intake of German adults.

Nutritional factors and cardiovascular disease risk in Black African and Black Caribbean women: a cross-sectional study

People of Black African (BA) and Caribbean (BC) heritage form the third largest ethnic group in England and Wales. Evidence shows they experience higher rates of overweight/obesity, stroke and type 2 diabetes compared to the general population but lower risk of heart disease, which may be explained by the favourable lipid profile they exhibit (2,3). There are limited UK studies on their dietary habits and health. The aim of the current study was to assess nutritional intake and cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk factors in UK BA and BC women. A convenience sample of self-ascribed BA and BC women, aged 19-64 years, were recruited (n = 44) from the ATTITUdinal DEterminants of diet and lifestyle (ATTITUDE) study. Cholesterol was measured using a portable CardioChek Blood Analyser, blood pressure using a digital blood pressure monitor and dietary intake via triple pass 24hr recall. Ethical approval was obtained from London Metropolitan University, King’s College London and Westminster University. Percentage energy, total fat, saturated fat, carbohydrate, and fibre and salt intake were calculated and under-reporting was assessed using the Goldberg equation. A sensitivity analysis conducted on nutrient intakes with under-reporters removed. Nutritional intake and CVD risk factors are shown in Table 1. Sixty three percent of participants were overweight or obese. Analysis of the dietary data revealed higher intakes salt, free sugars, fat and saturated fat than recommendations and lower intake of carbohydrate. Sensitivity analysis was conducted to investigate the impact of under-reporting (n = 22). Reported data remained unchanged except for fibre intake, which was lower in the under-reporters (14.9g compared to 21.0g) (P = 0.004). Blood lipid profiles and blood pressure data were within recommendations. In conclusion, the anthropometric and certain dietary measures would indicate increased risk for developing CVD in BA and BC women, however, blood lipid profile and blood pressure measures were within healthy ranges.

High protein diet promotes body weight loss among Brazilian postpartum women.

There is evidence in the general population that adhering to a high protein and low carbohydrate diet may help in losing weight. However, there is little evidence among postpartum women. The aim of this study is to evaluate the effect of a high protein diet on weight loss among postpartum women. A parallel-randomized controlled trial with 94 postpartum women was conducted in a maternity ward in Mesquita county (recruitment from February 2009 to December 2010) and in a polyclinic in Rio de Janeiro city (recruitment from December 2010 to December 2011). Women were randomized to the intervention group (IG) or control group (CG), and both groups received an isocaloric diet (1,800kcal). Additionally, the IG received approximately 25g of protein obtained from 125g per week of sardine to increase daily dietary protein content and was advised to restrict carbohydrate intake. The CG received nutritional counselling to follow the national nutrition guidelines (15% protein, 60% carbohydrates, and 25% lipids). A linear mixed-effects model was used to test the effect of high protein intake and macronutrient intake on weight loss during the postpartum period. Body weight decreased in the IG compared with the CG (ß=-0.325; p=0.049) among overweight and obese postpartum women. The percentage of energy intake from lipid (ß=-0.023; p=0.050) was negatively associated with body weight, and carbohydrate intake (ß=0.020; p=0.026) was positively associated with body weight over time among all women. Protein intake and lower carbohydrate intake may be used as a dietary strategy to improve body weight loss during the postpartum period.

Protein intake trends and conformity with the Dietary Reference Intakes in the United States: analysis of the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 2001–2014

Systematic analysis of dietary protein intake may identify demographic groups within the American population that are not meeting the Dietary Reference Intakes (DRIs). This cross-sectional study analyzed protein intake trends (2001-2014) and evaluated recent conformity to the DRIs (2011-2014) according to age, sex, and race or ethnicity in the US population. Protein intakes and trends during 2-y cycles of NHANES 2001-2014 (n=57,980; ≥2 y old) were calculated as absolute (grams per day) and relative [grams per kilogram of ideal body weight (IBW) per day] intakes and as a percentage of total energy. Sex and race or ethnicity [Asian, Hispanic, non-Hispanic black (NHB), and non-Hispanic white (NHW)] differences were determined for protein intake and percentage of the population below the Estimated Average Requirement (EAR) and Recommended Dietary Allowance, and above and below the Acceptable Macronutrient Distribution Range (AMDR). Usual protein intakes (mean±SE) averaged from 55.3±0.9 (children aged 2-3 y) to 88.2±1.1 g/d (adults aged 19-30 y). Protein comprised 14-16% of total energy intakes. Relative protein intakes averaged from 1.10±0.01 (adults aged ≥71 y) to 3.63±0.07 g · kg IBW-1 · d-1 (children aged 2-3 y), and were above the EAR in all demographic groups. Asian and Hispanic populations aged >19 y consumed more relative protein (1.32±0.02 and 1.32±0.02 g · kg IBW-1 · d-1, respectively) than did NHB and NHW (1.18±0.01 g · kg IBW-1 · d-1). Relative protein intakes did not differ by race or ethnicity in the 2-18 y population. Adolescent (aged 14-18 y) females and older (aged ≥71 y) NHB men had the largest population percentages below the EAR (11% and 13%, respectively); <1% of any demographic group had intakes above the AMDR. The majority of the US population exceeds minimum recommendations for protein intake. Protein intake remains well below the upper end of the AMDR, indicating that protein intake, as a percentage of energy intake, is not excessive in the American diet. This trial was registered at www.isrctn.com as ISRCTN76534484.

Individual characteristics associated with changes in the contribution of plant foods to dietary intake in a French prospective cohort.

Rebalancing the contribution of animal- and plant-based foods is needed to achieve sustainable diet. However, little is known concerning individual characteristics that may influence intake of plant-based foods and their changes over time. We aimed to assess changes in the contribution of plant-based foods to dietary intake over time and their association with individual characteristics. The contribution of plant-based foods was assessed by percent energy intake provided by plant proteins in diet (PEIPP) and a score of adherence to a pro-vegetarian diet, using repeated 24-h records in 15,615 French adults participating in the NutriNet-Santé cohort study. Associations between baseline individual characteristics and changes in the two indicators over a 4-6-year follow-up were assessed using a linear mixed model. At baseline, PEIPP and pro-vegetarian score were positively associated with age [β65+ = 0.80, 95% CI = (0.71, 0.88), β65+ = 3.30, 95% CI = (2.97, 3.64), respectively] and education [βpostgraduate = 0.23, 95% CI = (0.12, 0.34), βpostgraduate = 1.19, 95% CI = (0.75, 1.62)], while they were inversely associated with BMI class [βobesity = - 0.48, 95% CI = (0.56, 0.41), βobesity = - 2.31, 95% CI = (- 2.63, - 1.98)]. Men had higher PEIPP than women [β = 0.06, 95% CI = (0.01, 0.11)]. Pro-vegetarian score significantly increased over time [β = 0.23, 95% CI = (0.08, 0.37)]. The older the individual at baseline, the greater the decrease in the two indicators during follow-up. Pro-vegetarian score increased during follow-up for obese participants at baseline. The contribution of plant-based foods was associated with several socio-demographic and economic characteristics at baseline, whereas change over time was related to age and weight status. Further analysis of individual obstacles and lever to consume plant-based foods is needed.

Dietary taste patterns by sex and weight status in the Netherlands.

Taste is a key driver of food choice and intake. Taste preferences are widely studied, unlike the diet's taste profile. This study assessed dietary taste patterns in the Netherlands by sex, BMI, age and education. A taste database, containing 476 foods' taste values, was combined with 2-d 24-h recalls in two study populations. The percentage of energy intake from six taste clusters was assessed in the Dutch National Food Consumption Survey (DNFCS 2007-2010; n 1351) and in an independent observational study: the Nutrition Questionnaires plus (NQplus) study (2011-2013; n 944). Dietary taste patterns were similar across study populations. Men consumed relatively more energy from 'salt, umami and fat' (DNFCS; 24 % energy, NQplus study; 23 %)- and 'bitter' (7 %)-tasting foods compared with women (21 %, P<0·001, 22 %, P=0·005; 3 %, P<0·001, 4 %, P<0·001, respectively). Women consumed more % energy from 'sweet and fat' (15 %)- and 'sweet and sour' (13 %, 12 %, respectively)-tasting foods compared with men (12 %, P<0·001, 13 %, P=0·001; 10 %, P<0·001). Obese individuals consumed more % energy from 'salt, umami and fat'- and less from 'sweet and fat'-tasting foods than normal-weight individuals ('salt, umami and fat', men; obese both studies 26 %, normal-weight DNFCS 23 %, P=0·037, NQplus 22 %, P=0·001, women; obese 23 %, 24 %, normal weight 20 %, P=0·004, P=0·011, respectively, 'sweet and fat', men; obese 11 %, 10 %, normal weight 13 %, P<0·05, 14 %, P<0·01, women; obese 14 %, 15 %, normal weight 16 %, P=0·12, P=0·99). In conclusion, our taste database can be used to deepen our understanding of the role of taste in dietary intake in the Netherlands by sex, BMI, age and education.

Protein Intake and Long-term Change in Glomerular Filtration Rate in the Jackson Heart Study

Dietary protein intake could have deleterious renal effects in populations at risk for chronic kidney disease. Here, we examined whether higher protein intake (≥80th percentile of energy from protein) is associated with decline in kidney function and whether this decline varies by diabetes status. Observational cohort study. Participants were African-Americans (n=5,301), who enrolled in the Jackson Heart Study between 2000 and2004. Dietary intake was assessed using a validated food-frequency questionnaire at baseline, and serum creatinine was measured at baseline (visit 1) and 8years later (visit 3). Estimated glomerular filtration rates (eGFRs) at baseline and follow-up were computed using the chronic kidney disease epidemiology collaboration equation. The change in eGFR was computed by subtracting eGFR at visit 1 from that at visit3. Of 3,165 participants with complete data, 64% were women, 57% had hypertension, and 19% had diabetes. The median (25th, 75th percentile) percent energy intake from protein was 14.3 (12.4, 16.4), comparable to that reported for the general US population (15% of energy). During a median (25th, 75th percentile) follow-up of 8.0 (7.4, 8.3) years, eGFR declined by 10.5% from a mean (SD) of 97.4 (17.5) to 86.9 (21.3) mL/min/1.73m2. In the fully adjusted model, consumption of protein as percent of energy intake in lowest and highest quintiles was associated with decline in eGFR among diabetic subjects. The analysis of variance with a robust variance estimator was used to determine whether long-term change in eGFR significantly varies by protein intake. Our results show that, among African-Americans with diabetes, higher protein intake as a percent of total energy intake is positively associated with greater decline in eGFR in analyses that accounted for risk factors for kidney disease.

Reliability of hunger-related assessments during 24-hour fasts and their relationship to body composition and subsequent energy compensation

Many diets employ regular periods of fasting that extend beyond a typical overnight fast (i.e. intermittent fasting [IF]). Evaluation of acute fasting responses provides information concerning the potential theoretical rationale for IF. The purpose of the present investigation was to assess the test-retest reliability of hunger-related variables during 24-hour fasts and the relationship between these variables and body composition, as well as subsequent energy intake (EI) after fasting. Eleven participants (6 F, 5 M) completed two 24-hour fasts after being provided a 3-day standardized weight-maintenance diet. From 16 to 24 h of fasting, participants were directly observed and provided hourly assessments of hunger, desire to eat (DTE), prospective food consumption (PFC), fullness and energy. After the fast, participants were allowed ad libitum food consumption, and compensation was calculated as EI relative to weight-maintenance energy needs. Test-retest reliability for hunger-related assessments at particular durations of fasting was evaluated using intraclass correlation coefficients (ICC), changes in dependent variables were evaluated using ANOVA with repeated measures, and relationships between variables were explored using bivariate correlations. At 16 h of fasting, the ICCs for all hunger-related assessments were statistically significant (r = 0.67–0.91; p ≤ 0.05). However, as the fast progressed, reliability varied substantially. When averaged across the nine measurements, the ICCs were: 0.81 (fullness), 0.74 (PFC), 0.67 (energy), 0.44 (DTE) and 0.36 (hunger). Body fat percentage was significantly correlated with changes in PFC (r = 0.62, p = 0.04), hunger (r = 0.66, p = 0.03), DTE (r = 0.71, p = 0.02), and fullness (r = −0.63, p = 0.04), but not energy (r = −0.16, p = 0.64). Average EI compensation was only 60% of weight-maintenance needs, but substantial variability was observed (7 to 110% compensation). Compensation was significantly correlated with changes in PFC (r = 0.72, p = 0.01), hunger (r = 0.63, p = 0.04) and DTE (r = 0.60, p = 0.05), but not fullness (r = 0.58, p = 0.06) or energy (r = 0.35, p = 0.29). Compensation and body fat percentage were not correlated (r = 0.03, p = 0.94). The percent of energy intake from fat and protein increased after the fast (29.9 to 37.3% and 13.8 to 16.8%; p < 0.05), while the percent of energy intake from carbohydrate decreased (56.4 to 46.0%; p = 0.02). These results may have implications for IF programs. It is possible that the implementation of multiple “test fasts,” in which subjective variables and subsequent energy intake are evaluated, could be used to identify candidates who may be more likely to benefit from an IF program.

Birth weight is associated with dietary factors at the age of 6-8 years: the Physical Activity and Nutrition in Children (PANIC) study.

Low and high birth weight have been associated with increased risk of type 2 diabetes and CVD. Diet could partly mediate this association, e.g. by intra-uterine programming of unhealthy food preferences. We examined the association of birth weight with diet in Finnish children. Birth weight standard deviation score (SDS) was calculated using national birth register data and Finnish references. Dietary factors were assessed using 4 d food records. Diet quality was defined by the Finnish Children Healthy Eating Index (FCHEI). The Physical Activity and Nutrition in Children (PANIC) study. Singleton, full-term children (179 girls, 188 boys) aged 6-8 years. Birth weight was inversely associated (standardized regression coefficient β; 95 % CI) with FCHEI (-0·15; -0·28, -0·03) in all children and in boys (-0·27; -0·45, -0·09) but not in girls (-0·01; -0·21, 0·18) after adjusting for potential confounders (P=0·044 for interaction). Moreover, higher birth weight was associated with lower fruit and berries consumption (-0·13; -0·25, 0·00), higher energy intake (0·17; 0·05, 0·29), higher sucrose intake (0·19; 0·06, 0·32) and lower fibre intake (-0·14; -0·26, -0·01). These associations were statistically non-significant after correction for multiple testing. Children with birth weight >1 SDS had higher sucrose intake (mean; 95 % CI) as a percentage of energy intake (14·3 E%; 12·6, 16·0 E%) than children with birth weight of -1 to 1 SDS (12·8 E%; 11·6, 14·0 E%) or <-1 SDS (12·4 E%; 10·8, 13·9 E%; P=0·036). Higher birth weight may be associated with unhealthy diet in childhood.

Differential association of dietary carbohydrate intake with metabolic syndrome in the US and Korean adults: data from the 2007-2012 NHANES and KNHANES.

The risk factors for metabolic syndrome may differ between Western and Asian countries due to their distinct dietary cultures. However, few studies have directly compared macronutrient intake and its association with the risk of metabolic syndrome in the US and Korean adults using national survey data. Based on the data from the US and Korean versions of the 2007-2012 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES, KNHANES), a total of 3,324 American and 20,515 Korean adults were included. In both countries, dietary intake was measured using a 24-h dietary recall method and metabolic syndrome was defined using the National Cholesterol Education Program Adult Treatment Panel III criteria. The percentages of energy intake from carbohydrate, protein, and fat were 50:16:33 in the US adults and 66:15:19 in the Korean adults. Regarding metabolic abnormalities, Korean adults in the highest quintile of carbohydrate intake showed an increased risk of metabolic syndrome in men and women, with abnormalities of reduced HDL cholesterol and elevated triglyceride levels. In contrast, the US men showed no significant association with metabolic syndrome and its abnormalities, while the US women showed an increased risk of reduced HDL cholesterol and elevated triglycerides. A high carbohydrate intake is associated with metabolic abnormalities. As Korean adults consume more carbohydrate than American adults, stronger associations of dietary carbohydrate with metabolic syndrome were observed. Thus, further studies are necessary to elucidate the underlying mechanisms of different contributors to developing metabolic disease in Western and Asian populations.

Macronutrient and fibre intake of young Spanish children with reference to their in utero growth status: Are they eating a healthy diet?

To compare macronutrient and fibre intake by pre-school children born with intra-uterine growth restriction (IUGR) or as appropriate for gestational age (AGA) and to compare their intake with paediatric nutritional recommendations for identification of potential areas of modification during early life. A parental 3-day dietary record was obtained for children of age 1-6 years, born at Hospital Clinic, Barcelona, Spain (2002-2007) with IUGR (n = 37) or AGA (n = 53). Mean nutrient intake (adjusted for body mass index), nutrient adequacy ratios (NAR) and percentage of energy intake (EI%) were compared. Macronutrient and fibre intake of the two groups did not differ significantly. However, IUGR children showed significantly higher than the recommended levels of protein EI% (18 (95% confidence interval (CI) 16-19)), NAR for saturated fatty acids (SFAs) (1.2 (95% CI 1.1-1.5)) and NAR for carbohydrate (1.4 (95% CI 1.2-1.6)) and significantly lower than the recommended levels of NAR for unsaturated fatty acids (UFAs) (0.6 (95% CI 0.5-0.8)) and for fibre (0.6 (95% CI 0.5-0.8)). Likewise, children born with AGA showed similar pattern compared to the recommended levels for protein EI% (17 (95% CI 16-18)), NAR for SFAs (1.3 (95% CI 1.2-1.4)), NAR for UFAs (0.6 (95% CI 0.5-0.7)) and NAR for fibre (0.8 (95% CI 0.7-0.9)). Spanish pre-school children consume proteins and SFAs in abundance and UFAs and fibre in moderation. Reinforcement of healthy eating is recommended for long-term health benefits, especially for at-risk children born with IUGR, whose consumption of carbohydrate is additionally greater than that recommended.

Relationship between the Diet and the Bone Mineral Density in Children with Celiac Disease

Objective: To analyze whether there were any deficiencies in the celiac diet that could affect dual X-ray absorptiometry (DXA), comparing a diet with gluten to one without gluten. Methods: Forty-three children aged 1-13 years diagnosed with celiac disease (CD) were studied. Bone mineral density (BMD) was measured using DXA. A food questionnaire was completed before the start of the gluten-free diet (GFD) and again one year after diagnosis, when the patient was on a strict GFD. Results: Lumbar spine BMD (g/cm2) increased over the one-year follow-up (P<0.001). We did not find significant differences in the percentages of energy intake and nutrients: carbohydrates (47.94% vs. 47.02%), lipids (34.73% vs. 36.24%) and proteins (17.65% vs. 16.60%). We found deficient vitamin D intake in both the gluten-containing and the GFDs. In observing the relationships between dietary intake and Z-score BMD, we found a significant correlation with the vitamin D intake at diagnosis. Conclusion: The GFD is a healthy diet, similar in both macronutrients and micronutrients to a diet with gluten. The principal factor for BMD improvement is adequate proper compliance with the GFD.

The Association between Obesity-Risk Genes and Gestational Weight Gain Is Modified by Dietary Intake in African American Women.

Obesity-risk genes have been associated with dietary intake, appetite regulation, and gestational weight gain (GWG). The purpose of this study was to examine whether dietary intake including total energy intake and macronutrients modify or mediate the association between obesity-risk genes and GWG. An observational study was conducted with 85 African American pregnant women. Sociodemographic, medical, and lifestyle factors and dietary recalls were collected during pregnancy. Seven obesity-risk genetic variants were genotyped. Regression analyses with bootstrapping methods were used to examine the moderation and mediation effects of dietary intake. The mean GWG was 14.2 kg, and 55.3% of the women gained above the Institute of Medicine GWG guidelines. A nominally significant association was found between rs17782313 (close to MC4R) and percentage of energy intake from fat (P=0.043). A variant downstream of KCTD15 (rs11084753) was nominally significantly related to GWG (P=0.023). There was a significant interaction between the KCTD15 polymorphism and dietary fat intake (P=0.048). Women with the AG genotype gained more weight during pregnancy with more dietary fat consumption. In conclusion, our results indicate that dietary macronutrients, especially fat intake, may modify the effect of the KCTD15 gene on GWG. Improved knowledge of gene-diet interactions can facilitate the development of personalized interventions.

Variation in the Sweet Taste Receptor Gene and Dietary Intake in a Swedish Middle-Aged Population.

The preference for sweet taste is partially genetically determined. The major allele of the single nucleotide polymorphism rs12033832 in the sweet taste receptor (TAS1R2) has previously been associated with lower sugar sensitivity and higher sugar intake among overweight individuals. The aim of the present study was to examine the association between dietary intake and the TAS1R2 genotype in lean and overweight individuals in the population-based Malmö Diet and Cancer (MDC) cohort using dietary intake data with a high validity. In total, 3,602 participants (46-68 years old) from the MDC cohort who underwent baseline examinations between 1991 and 1994, who were non-smokers without diabetes, and for whom information regarding TAS1R2 rs7534618 (a proxy for rs12033832) was available were included in this study. After excluding individuals with potentially misreported and unstable food habits, 2,204 individuals were retained. A modified dietary history method, including a 7-day food diary of prepared meals, which was specifically designed for the MDC study was used. Only modest associations were observed between dietary intake and the TAS1R2 genotype. We observed slightly stronger associations after excluding individuals with potentially misreported and unstable food habits. Among the participants with a BMI ≥25, the major (T) allele carriers consumed more carbohydrates [TT = 45.2 percentage of energy intake (E%); TG = 45.2E%; GG = 43.7E%; p = 0.01] and less fat (p = 0.03), but these participants did not consume more sucrose than the G-allele carriers. No association was observed between the genotype and dietary intake among the participants with a BMI <25. Although the higher carbohydrate intake among the major allele carriers was consistent with that reported in a previous study, the magnitudes of the associations were substantially smaller. Because we observed no association with sucrose, this allele is unlikely to be useful as a marker of sugar intake in the MDC population.

Relationships between consumption of ultra-processed foods, gestational weight gain and neonatal outcomes in a sample of US pregnant women.

BackgroundAn increasingly large share of diet comes from ultra-processed foods (UPFs), which are assemblages of food substances designed to create durable, convenient and palatable ready-to-eat products. There is increasing evidence that high UPF consumption is indicative of poor diet and is associated with obesity and metabolic disorders. This study sought to examine the relationship between percent of energy intake from ultra-processed foods (PEI-UPF) during pregnancy and maternal gestational weight gain, maternal lipids and glycemia, and neonatal body composition. We also compared the PEI-UPF indicator against the US government’s Healthy Eating Index-2010 (HEI-2010).MethodsData were used from a longitudinal study performed in 2013–2014 at the Women’s Health Center and Obstetrics & Gynecology Clinic in St. Louis, MO, USA. Subjects were pregnant women in the normal and obese weight ranges, as well as their newborns (n = 45). PEI-UPF and the Healthy Eating Index-2010 (HEI-2010) were calculated for each subject from a one-month food frequency questionnaire (FFQ). Multiple regression (ANCOVA-like) analysis was used to analyze the relationship between PEI-UPF or HEI-2010 and various clinical outcomes. The ability of these dietary indices to predict clinical outcomes was also compared with the predictive abilities of total energy intake and total fat intake.ResultsAn average of 54.4 ± 13.2% of energy intake was derived from UPFs. A 1%-point increase in PEI-UPF was associated with a 1.33 kg increase in gestational weight gain (p = 0.016). Similarly, a 1%-point increase in PEI-UPF was associated with a 0.22 mm increase in thigh skinfold (p = 0.045), 0.14 mm in subscapular skinfold (p = 0.026), and 0.62 percentage points of total body adiposity (p = 0.037) in the neonate.DiscussionPEI-UPF (percent of energy intake from ultra-processed foods) was associated with and may be a useful predictor of increased gestational weight gain and neonatal body fat. PEI-UPF was a better predictor of all tested outcomes than either total energy or fat intake, and a better predictor of the three infant body fat measures than HEI-2010. UPF consumption should be limited during pregnancy and diet quality should be maximized in order to improve maternal and neonatal health.

Diet and anthropometry at 2 years of age following an oral health promotion programme for Australian Aboriginal children and their carers: a randomised controlled trial.

There are marked disparities between indigenous and non-indigenous children's diets and oral health. Both diet and oral health are linked to longer-term health problems. We aimed to investigate whether a culturally appropriate multi-faceted oral health promotion intervention reduced Aboriginal children's intake of sugars from discretionary foods at 2 years of age. We conducted a single-blind, parallel-arm randomised controlled trial involving women who were pregnant or had given birth to an Aboriginal child in the previous 6 weeks. The treatment group received anticipatory guidance, Motivational Interviewing, health and dental care for mothers during pregnancy and children at 6, 12 and 18 months. The control group received usual care. The key dietary outcome was the percent energy intake from sugars in discretionary foods (%EI), collected from up to three 24-h dietary recalls by trained research officers who were blind to intervention group. Secondary outcomes included intake of macronutrients, food groups, anthropometric z scores (weight, height, BMI and mid-upper arm circumference) and blood pressure. We enrolled 224 children to the treatment group and 230 to the control group. Intention-to-treat analyses showed that the %EI of sugars in discretionary foods was 1·6 % lower in the treatment group compared with control (95 % CI -3·4, 0·2). This culturally appropriate intervention at four time-points from pregnancy to 18 months resulted in small changes to 2-year-old Aboriginal children's diets, which was insufficient to warrant broader implementation of the intervention. Further consultation with Aboriginal communities is necessary for understanding how to improve the diet and diet-related health outcomes of young Aboriginal children.