Perceptions Of Gender Roles Research Articles

Perceptions of russians and europeans about gender roles in the context of the problem of gender inequality: a comparative analysis on the data of the European values study (EVS)

The article covers the study of ideas about gender roles in the context of the problem of gender inequality in European countries based on the data of the international sociological project European Values Study. Despite the changes that have taken place in the world over the past half century in the main areas of society, inequality between men and women is still part of global social inequality and remains an important problem of the modern world. Achieving gender equality in the modern world is recognised as a global priority. The purpose of the article was to compare the ideas of men and women about gender roles in Russia and Europe and to identify the factors influencing these ideas. The paper examines the relationship between respondents' perceptions of gender roles and gender inequality from the point of view of the gender-role approach, highlights the relationship between these perceptions and the level of gender inequality in various European countries, clarifies the factors influencing the level of patriarchy/egalitarianness of respondents' perceptions of gender roles. The results of the main international studies of gender inequality are also systematised, the results of the main modern sociological studies of ideas about gender roles are described. The author focuses on the sociological study of the problem, as well as on the quantitative analysis of data. The study shows that in most European countries the level of gender inequality coincides with the level of patriarchal ideas about gender roles. Women in general have more egalitarian ideas about gender roles than men. Higher education, paid work, high levels of qualifications and income increase the likelihood of egalitarian perceptions of gender roles. A high level of churchgoing, the presence of children and a registered marriage increase the likelihood of patriarchal ideas about gender roles.

PORTRAYAL OF WOMEN IN ADVERTISING INDUSTRY OF PAKISTAN

Advertising is one of the most powerful and effective tool that directly affect the buying behavior of consumers also it shapes people's perception of beauty, gender roles, and societal norms. Women representation and their objectification in advertisements have received attention throughout the world in general and particular in Pakistan. In Pakistan, the advertising industry has historically depicted women in stereotypical and objectified roles, perpetuating gender inequality and reinforcing traditional gender roles. In many Pakistani advertisements, portrayal of women is as subservient and passive with dependency upon men. Furthermore, women are often sexualized and objectified in advertisements, reducing them to mere objects of desire. This study emphasizes that how media build objectified descriptions of beauty gadget of desire, leisure rather than human. This study argues that how the stress of beauty and perfection build by media can be harmful for women and especially for young girls. This study discus the ethical issues of operating women as a sexual object by advertisers in marketing industry. This study also discuss despite these negative trends, there are some positive developments in the advertising industry in Pakistan. Some advertisements have started to challenge traditional gender roles by showing women in non-traditional roles and promoting gender equality. However, these examples are still few and far between. A semeiotic analysis through purposive sampling technique has been adopted to analyze the data. Keywords: Sexual Objectifications, Famine Beauty, Women in Advertisements, Gender, Stereotype.

PORTRAYAL OF WOMEN IN ADVERTISING INDUSTRY OF PAKISTAN

Advertising is one of the most powerful and effective tool that directly affect the buying behavior of consumers also it shapes people's perception of beauty, gender roles, and societal norms. Women representation and their objectification in advertisements have received attention throughout the world in general and particular in Pakistan. In Pakistan, the advertising industry has historically depicted women in stereotypical and objectified roles, perpetuating gender inequality and reinforcing traditional gender roles. In many Pakistani advertisements, portrayal of women is as subservient and passive with dependency upon men. Furthermore, women are often sexualized and objectified in advertisements, reducing them to mere objects of desire. This study emphasizes that how media build objectified descriptions of beauty gadget of desire, leisure rather than human. This study argues that how the stress of beauty and perfection build by media can be harmful for women and especially for young girls. This study discus the ethical issues of operating women as a sexual object by advertisers in marketing industry. This study also discuss despite these negative trends, there are some positive developments in the advertising industry in Pakistan. Some advertisements have started to challenge traditional gender roles by showing women in non-traditional roles and promoting gender equality. However, these examples are still few and far between. A semeiotic analysis through purposive sampling technique has been adopted to analyze the data. Keywords: Sexual Objectifications, Famine Beauty, Women in Advertisements, Gender, Stereotype.

The contextual embeddedness of female entrepreneurship: investigating the influence of macro and motherhood factors in Bahrain

PurposeThe paper aims to shed light on the factors that affect female entrepreneurship at the macro-environment level and motherhood in the Kingdom of Bahrain.Design/methodology/approachDrawing on the 5M model and an institutional approach, this paper uses a qualitative semi-structured in-depth interview approach with 44 female entrepreneurs.FindingsThe results uncover several findings highlighting the important influence of the macro-environment on female entrepreneurs in Bahrain, grouped under formal (complex regulations, double employment constraints and financial obligations) and informal (societal perceptions) institutions, as well as the nuanced role of motherhood factors.Originality/valueThe study addresses the motherhood aspect of female entrepreneurs comprising household, family, child/elderly care and societally perceived female duties. Therefore, it constitutes the primary building block in a more gender-aware approach to female entrepreneurship. Addressing societal perceived gender roles leads to a comprehensive perspective on the study of female entrepreneurs.

Navigating Career Decisions: The Influence of Gender Perception among High School Students

This study delves deeply into the intricate association between perceived gender roles and career selection among students in the twelfth grade at MAN 2 Bantul. It utilizes a sophisticated correlational research design to draw precise and nuanced conclusions about the intricate dynamics between these two constructs. The analytic method employed was a product-moment correlation, which robustly demonstrated the existence of a significant and strong positive relationship between gender perceptions and career choices. The study also unearthed an intricate web of influential factors, with social support from family, teachers, and peers being pivotal in shaping students' career decision-making trajectories. Additionally, our findings provide substantial evidence suggesting a negative correlation between perceived parental and teacher support and the complexity of career decision-making. Conversely, we observed a positive correlation between the frequency of classmate and close friend social support and career decision-making difficulties. This research enhances our understanding of gender as a socially constructed concept deeply entwined with cultural roles, shaping the trajectory of career choices. It also underscores the profound influence of societal norms and perceptions regarding gender roles on students' career preferences. This influence signifies the necessity of further research into the subtle ways these perceptions may shape or restrict career aspirations. It is evident that guidance and counseling services have a pivotal role in helping students navigate the often complex and challenging landscape of career decisions. They are also instrumental in providing students with the necessary understanding to identify and challenge prevailing gender perceptions that may inadvertently impact their career decisions. Therefore, the results obtained from this research highlight the pressing need for an educational environment that is both cognizant and inclusive of the various gender perceptions in existence and their potential impacts on career decisions. This is crucial in ensuring informed guidance, fostering student self-efficacy, and empowering students in their journey of selecting and navigating their respective career paths effectively.

Relationship Between Attitudes Toward and Perceptions of Gender Roles and Equality and the Gender Gap in Bicycle Use Across European Countries

Various factors have been proposed to explain gender differences in bicycle use. The aim of the current research was to investigate the relationship between attitudes and perceptions of gender roles and equality and the gender gap in bicycle use across the member states of the European Union. Data from Eurobarometer surveys on bicycle use as well as on attitudes and perceptions of gender roles and equality were aggregated at the country level. Bayesian correlation analyses showed that perceptions of general gender stereotypes, attitudes toward legal measures to ensure parity between men and women in politics, and perception of the gender pay gap were associated with the gender gap in bicycle use. The gender gap in bicycle use was not related to perceptions of gender and stereotypes associated with politics (except for one indicator). Bayesian regression analyses controlling for country-level differences in pro-cycling conditions and economic activity (gross domestic product per capita in purchasing power standards) confirmed the relationships, although the relative adequacy of the alternative hypothesis against the null hypothesis (Bayes factor) did change in some cases. The present findings suggest that the gender gap in bicycle use relates not only to structural gender inequality, but also to attitudes, perceptions, and norms about gender.

Portrayal of Gender in the Play: The Merchant of Venice and its Effects on Students’ Perceptions of Gender Roles

The study on 'The portrayal of gender in The Merchant of Venice and its effects on students' perceptions of gender roles' was carried out with the aim to understand how the play influenced students' opinions about gender roles. Although there is numerous research that has investigated gender stereotypes in the play, there is limited research done on the effect of the play on students. Adopting the constructivist paradigm, the data was collected using semi-structured interviews with 12 students and four teachers. According to the study, the play contains a significant amount of gender stereotypes that have both positive and negative effects on students' perceptions of gender roles. While the students learn about the ill effects of gender disparity and the role of women, they shared their discontentment about the portrayal of women as a weaker gender resulting in male students denying to take up the roles of female characters. The study confirms that teachers have a significant role to instill a sense of gender equality among the students, thus recommending that teachers employ a variety of activities in the class while teaching the play to enhance the perception of gender equality.

Characteristics of women’s careers: international studies review

Introduction. Career development has become one of the most significant areas of human resource management in modern organizations. Despite considerable progress in increasing the representation of women in various industries and also a multiplication of women holding senior positions, today, the segregation of the labour market persists. Women and men are unevenly distributed in such fields as science, technology, engineering, and mathematics; there are differences in wages and career advancement. Traditional career models have certain limitations in research and, therefore, require revision and updating.Purpose. Generalization of foreign experience of gender studies in the field of women’s professional careers.Materials and methods. The scientific review is presented by a systematic analysis of foreign gender studies over the past 10-15 years.Theoretical justification. The authors describe the main methods of studies examining women’s career advancement and also consider the causes of gender segregation, such as career choice, gender discrimination in employment and the workplace, and the phenomenon of the “glass ceiling”. Factors influencing the choice of career strategies are competitiveness, self-esteem, self-efficacy, the influence of cultural perceptions of gender roles, self-stereotyping, the presence or absence of role models, the social costs of women’s careers and the possibility of their recognition by society as professionals.Discussion and conclusion. A possible way to solve the problem of women’s career advancement may be to reduce the pressure of gender stereotypes, including even the distribution of household and child-rearing responsibilities and, ultimately, contributing to the improvement of well-being and life quality in general.

Sketching women: A corpus analysis of woman representation in the Sundanese magazine Manglé (1958-2019)

The media plays a crucial role in shaping gender representation and influencing societal perceptions of gender roles. While several studies have examined the diachronic view of language use in relation to gender representation, there is a dearth of research specifically focusing on the Sundanese language in this line of inquiry. Filling this research gap, the present study aims to analyze the usage patterns of three Sundanese nouns—mojang, pamajikan, and wanoja—that pertain to women, with the goal of exploring the representation of women in the corpus of the Sundanese magazine Manglé. Through a comprehensive corpus-based analysis, this study investigates the frequency and contextual meaning of these nouns using collocation analysis. The analysis encompasses four distinct eras spanning from 1958 to 2019: Guided Democracy, New Order, Transition to Democracy, and Reform. The findings reveal significant shifts in the frequency of these nouns over time. Notably, the usage of the term wanoja has experienced a remarkable increase throughout the examined period, while the occurrences of pamajikan and mojang have undergone a rapid decline. The collocation analysis suggests that women in the Sundanese corpus were initially depicted as dependent individuals, predominantly associated with their traditional roles. However, as the eras progressed, the representation of women evolved, portraying them as increasingly independent and actively engaged in the public sphere. The examination of women's representation in the Manglé corpus offers valuable insights into how women are constructed through lexical choices. It highlights the dynamic nature of female representation, challenging stereotypical gender roles

Parenting education programs in the Arab region

This paper provides an analysis of three focus group discussions (FGDs) held in Morocco, Jordan, and Oman, with a specific focus on the importance of fathers' involvement in the programs. Data is based on the 2021 Doha International Family Institute study entitled “Parenting Programs in the Arab Region” conducted by the Ibn Khaldun Center for Research and Studies, Jordan. It begins with the information currently accessible based on assessing pertinent literature on parenting education programs. Members participated in the FGDs to explore their experiences with parenting programs and how those programs affected their parenting knowledge and skills. All three focus group sessions were only attended by women, reinforcing the perception of traditional gender roles and obligations. The paper concludes with recommendations toward the promotion of fathers’ involvement in programs, such as enacting paternity and parental laws, involving religious clerics that can advocate for the importance of father involvement during Friday prayers.

Gender in mathematics: how gender role perception influences mathematical capability in junior high school

Based on the China Education Panel Survey, this study discusses how gender role perception influences the mathematical capability of female students from the multilevel perspectives of individual, family, school, and region. This study finds that the stereotypical view of gender roles held by students and parents has a significant impact on the mathematical capability of both sexes, with a positive effect on male students and a negative effect on female students. However, the threat of gender stereotypes does not have a negative impact on female students. In addition, the number and sex of children in the family and the local sex ratio have no significant impact on the mathematical capability of either male or female students. Therefore, the major factors affecting ‘females’ mathematics learning are the stereotypical views of the relationship between gender and mathematics held by female students and families rather than the tradition of favoring men over women.

The Mediating Role of the Perception of Traditionalist Gender Roles in Career Choice on the Association Between Egalitarian Gender Perception and STEM-related Career Preference Among Third (Junior-level) and Fourth (Senior-level) Grade High School Students

The current study aimed to investigate two points among junior and senior-level high school students. First is to examine the mediating role of the perception of traditionalist gender roles in career choice on the association between egalitarian gender perception and STEM-related career preference. Second is to explore differences between gender groups (female vs. male) and school types (Anatolian high school, religious vocational high school, vocational high school, and science high school) in terms of variables and the outcome. A hundred and sixty-four students (76 females, 46.3%; 88 males, 53.7%) between the ages of 15-20 (M = 17, SD = .789) participated in the study. They responded to demographic information form, gender perception scale, and gender roles in career choice scale. Simple mediation analyses showed the mediating role of the perception of traditionalist gender roles in career choice (b = .144, 95% CI [.001, .286], SE = .073, z = 1.971, p = .048), as we hypothesized. Exploratory analyses revealed that students in Anatolian high school and science high school preferred egalitarian gender roles more, and preferred traditionalist gender roles in career choice less than those in other types of school. Also, students in science high school preferred STEM-related professions more. Moreover, female students preferred STEM-related professions more than male students. We discussed the findings in the context of social psychology

A women’s issue? The role of backlash and issue ownership in users’ engagement with articles about gender equality

ABSTRACT Gender equality issues are receiving increasing media attention. At the same time, journalists reporting on such issues experience hostility and online harassment. This study investigates which factors drive users’ intentions to engage with journalistic content on gender equality issues and whether the author's gender plays a role in this. An experiment was conducted among German online users (n = 612) with issue ownership and backlash as two central mechanisms to explain gendered perceptions and engagement with articles on gender equalityissues. Results show that men journalists writing about harassment in the workplace were perceived more negatively than women journalists writing about the same issue, which partially also affects engagement. In the case of a less sensitive topic such as women’s leadership, participants’ feminine gender role orientation increased intentions to engage with the article written by a woman, whereas in the case of a sensitive topic such as harassment it fostered backlash toward the woman author. Findings indicate that both backlash theory and role congruity theory account for distinct partially contradicting effects of gender norms and role perceptions on the engagement with articles on gender equality issues.

Does character's gender matter in inspirational brand story? Exploring the moderating effect of gender role conformity

AbstractInspirational brand story is a widely used marketing strategy in brand building. However, few empirical studies have investigated the underlying mechanism and boundary conditions of a successful brand story strategy. The current study examined the influence of lead character's gender in inspirational brand story on consumer–brand identification based on the social identity theory, benevolent sexism, and gender schema theory. Results from two experiments demonstrated that the gender of inspirational brand stories has an impact on consumer brand identity through the mediation effect of sympathy. Compared with a male character, a female character elicits viewers' sympathy, which results in high brand identification. Such a gender effect is stronger when there is a high level of perceived gender role conformity. Theoretical and managerial implications are discussed.

Moving to the Big City: Temporal, Demographic, and Geographic Influences on the Perceptions of Gender-Related Business Acumen among Male and Female Migrant Entrepreneurs in China

Do migrant entrepreneurs from rural areas hold more traditional or more egalitarian gender-role perceptions, when immersed in urban areas? The answer to this question affects China’s within-country migrant entrepreneurs, who are increasingly women, because egalitarian gender-role perceptions increase the resources provided to female entrepreneurs by key stakeholders, including other migrant entrepreneurs. Currently, we know little about the gender equity and gender perceptions evidenced at the intersection of two significant trends in China: (1) rural–urban migration and (2) entrepreneurship. To advance our understanding of the gender bias that female migrant entrepreneurs may encounter, we first analyzed business acumen indicators of a nationally and geographically representative sample of 4660 entrepreneurs in China using Global Entrepreneurship Monitor data (Study 1). Second, we analyzed differences in gender perceptions regarding female business acumen of 293 migrant entrepreneurs based in Beijing (Study 2). The perceptions of all entrepreneurs in rural areas (Study 1) and of male migrant entrepreneurs who were originally from rural areas (Study 2) are the most consistent with traditional gender-role stereotypes. However, male migrant entrepreneurs’ tenure and interactions in Beijing and all entrepreneurs’ exposure to higher proportions of female entrepreneurs were associated with more egalitarian perceptions. Migrant entrepreneurship in China provides insights into the differential influence of gender and home region socialization on the gender stereotypes and business-related perceptions of those immersed in a location with more egalitarian gender stereotypes.

Assessment of Self-esteem and Perception towards Gender Role and Responsibility among women residing in Tribal area in Raigad District

Introduction: Empowerment of Women is about helping them to stand on their own feet, help them take decisions in their life without any restriction. Gender equality and women’s empowerment are two sides of the same coin. Hence the aim of this study was to assess the self-esteem and perception towards Gender Role and Responsibility among women residing in tribal area in Raigad district, Maharashtra. Methodology: The study adopted survey method design to collect data from 81 participants. Total enumeration method was used. Likert scale had been used to collect data. Data was analysed by using measurements of univariate and bivariate descriptive statistics. Result: The result revealed that majority (65%) of women belong to the age group of 19-28years, early married life. Self-esteem score among illiterate women was better than the literate. 82.7% women were having good self-esteem. Age group and personal income had a significant association with self-esteem. Majority (69.1%) of participants found with satisfactory score of perception towards gender role and responsibility. There was significant association between self-esteem and gender role and responsibility among women. Discussion: Age and personal income had a significant association with self-esteem among women residing in Dodhani tribal area in Raigad district. Higher the education level achieved women more likely to have good perception towards gender role and responsibility. Also, women who had female children were more likely to have better perception towards gender role and responsibility score than those who do not or with only male child. There was significant association between self-esteem and gender role and responsibility among women. The study forecast with age arise maturity and financial independence which leads to self-esteem and perception towards gender role and responsibility can be improved. They need to be empowered with motivational speech and help to develop self-esteem. Long term multi-strategy action-oriented studies are recommended for improvement in perception of gender role and responsibility among men and women in different settings.

Susceptibility to Peer Pressure Among Adolescents: Biological, Demographic, and Peer-Related Determinants


 
 Peer influence is widely held as a significant factor in adolescent development. Peer pressure is the influence that a peer group or individual exerts that encourages others to change their attitudes, values, or behaviors to conform to group norms (Brechwald & Prinstein, 2011). Among adolescents, peer pressure can have a dramatic influence on various behaviors, including engagement in unsafe sex practices and substance use. The objective of this paper is to identify the variables associated with adolescents’ susceptibility to peer pressure. Specifically, this paper will focus on race, age, and perceived gender roles as determinants of adolescent peer conformity.
 

South Asian Young Adults and Gender Roles: Expectations, Expressions, and Intimate Partner Violence Prevention.

The goals of the researchers who conducted this study were to explore South Asian young adults' (N = 30) perceptions of gender roles and intimate partner violence (IPV) prevention in South Asian communities in the United States. Three distinct themes (a) gender role socialization and expectations, (b) gender role expression/negotiation within own intimate relationship, family, and own community, and (c) IPV prevention were identified. Important implications include how socialization and acculturation processes, immigration, and other factors influence South Asian young adults' perceptions of IPV in the community.

The Influence of Internalized Homophobia on Vietnamese Gays’ Partnering Processes

This research examines the connection between internalized homophobia and the partnering process among gay people in Vietnam. It explores their criteria for finding a committed partner, which is based on perceptions of gender roles, gender expression, and sex roles. It shows that their concepts of an ideal type of partner and relationship are rooted in what they have learned and internalized in a heteronormative environment, which devalues androgynous gender expression and gender nonconformity. It also explores the use of dating applications among Vietnamese gays and how this partnering method can lead to internalized homophobia and discrimination within the LGBTQ+ community. This study expands upon current understandings of LGBTQ+ people in Vietnam and their relationships with each other and contributes to the library of queer studies in Asian, Confucian regions.

How work-family conflict affects knowledge workers' innovative behavior: a spillover-crossover-spillover model of dual-career couples

PurposeInnovative behavior is a microfoundation of an organization’s innovation. Knowledge workers are the main creators of innovations. With the boundaries between work and family becoming increasingly ambiguous, the purpose of this study is to explore how the work–family conflict affects knowledge workers’ innovative behavior and when such a conflict arises.Design/methodology/approachTo test the theoretical model, this study collected data from a time-lagged matched sample of 214 dual-career couples. The data were analyzed with the bias-corrected bootstrapping method.FindingsThe results of this study showed that work-to-family conflict had not only a direct negative effect on knowledge workers’ innovative behavior but also an indirect effect through spouses’ within-family emotional exhaustion and knowledge workers’ family-to-work conflict. If wives’ gender role perceptions are traditional, then the indirect serial mediating effect is weakened, but if such perceptions are egalitarian, then the mentioned effect is aggravated.Practical implicationsIn terms of organizational implications, managers could alter their approach by reducing detrimental factors such as work–family conflict to improve knowledge workers’ innovative behavior. Emotional assistance programs for both knowledge workers and their spouses can be used to prevent the detrimental effect of work–family conflict on innovative behavior. As to social implications, placing dual-career couples into a community of likeminded individuals and promoting their agreement on gender role identity will greatly reduce the negative effects of work–family conflict.Originality/valueStarting from the perspective of the behavior outcome of knowledge management, this study advances the existing knowledge management literature by enriching the antecedents of knowledge workers’ innovative behavior, illuminating a spillover–crossover–spillover effect of work–family conflict on knowledge workers’ innovative behavior and identifying the boundary condition of this transmission process.