Pepper Spray Research Articles

ПОРІВНЯЛЬНА ОЦІНКА ГАЗОВИХ БАЛОНЧИКІВ ДЛЯ САМООБОРОНИ

Мета. Проаналізувати асортимент та провести порівняльну оцінку споживнихвластивостей газових балончиків для самооборони, що реалізуються на ринку України.Методика. У ході дослідження використовували методи аналізу, узагальнення,порівняння.Результати. Встановлено, що газові балончики відносяться до спеціальних засобівсамооборони, заряджених речовинами сльозогінної та подразнювальної дії. Виробництво,реалізація та застосування газових балончиків регламентуються на законодавчому рівні.Газові балончики класифікують залежно від типу розпилення та характеру впливу наживий організм. Наведено порівняльну характеристику переваг та недоліків газовихбалончиків різних типів. Описано симптоми впливу на людину різних діючих речовин ускладі газових балончиків у разі застосування останніх. У ході дослідження встановлено,що на ринку України представлено широкий асортимент газових балончиків різнихвиробників, типів, складу, призначення тощо. Зроблена порівняльна оцінка газовихбалончиків для самооборони вітчизняного та закордонного виробництва за показникамитип розпилення, характер впливу на живий організм, діюча речовина у складі засобу, об’ємбалона, час безперервного розпилювання, дальність ефективного застосування, розмірипаковання. Встановлено, що на ринку представлені газові балончики з різним типомрозпилення, проте переважають моделі аерозольного типу. Більшість досліджуванихзразків позиціонуються як моделі з комбінованою дією на живий організм. Як діючаречовина у більшості зразків (торгові марки Sabre Red, Klever Pepper KO, «Перец»)міститься капсаїцин. В асортименті всіх виробників наявні газові балончики різногооб’єму, маси, розмірів. Дальність ефективного застосування у газових балончиківторгових марок Sabre Red та Klever Pepper KO вище порівняно з вітчизняними «Перец»,«Терен», «Кобра». Найбільший час безперервного розпилювання мають моделі Sabre Red.Виробник Sabre розширює асортимент газових балончиків за рахунок моделей з додатковими зручностями для різних категорій споживачів: велосипедистів, прихильниківпробіжок тощо. Окремі моделі Sabre містять у своєму складі маркувальний барвник.Наукова новизна. Узагальнено дані щодо асортименту та проведено оцінкуспоживних властивостей газових балончиків для самооборони.Практична значимість. Розроблено рекомендації щодо вибору споживачами газовихбалончиків, що реалізуються на ринку України.

N-Vanillylnonanamide, a natural product from capsicum oleoresin, as potential inhibitor of collagen fibrillation

Inhibition of collagen fibrillation by small molecules is of growing interest to develop therapeutics for the illnesses related to excess deposition of collagen. In this context, we have studied the inhibitory effect of N-Vanillylnonanamide (NVA), a natural product from capsicum oleoresin and an analog of capsaicin (a known inhibitor of collagen fibrillation), on collagen self-assembly that leads to fibrillation in vitro. Commercially, capsaicin was found to be expensive than NVA. Therefore, it would be an advantage economically if NVA could display a similar/better inhibitory activity compared to capsaicin. The conventional turbidity measurements indicate that NVA completely inhibits collagen fibrillation at body temperature (37 °C) and its inhibition were concentration-dependent. The inhibition efficiency was observed to reduce at room temperature (25 °C). NVA protects the triple helical structure of collagen while it increases the thermal stability of collagen compared to collagen alone. Fluorescence results suggest that NVA binds in both telopeptide and triple helical regions of collagen and thereby prevents collagen self-assembly. The present results thus indicate that NVA is a potential inhibitor and, economically, it could be a better choice as a therapeutic agent compared to capsaicin in evolving treatment for disorders associated with excessive collagen deposition.

Extraction and Purification of Capsaicin from Capsicum Oleoresin Using a Combination of Tunable Aqueous Polymer-Phase Impregnated Resin (TAPPIR) Extraction and Chromatography Technology.

Capsaicin, which mainly comes from pepper, exhibits anticancer, antioxidant, and anti-obesity properties. This work aims to construct a comprehensive technology for the extraction and purification of capsaicin from capsicum oleoresin. The tunable aqueous polymer phase impregnated HZ816 resins were selected in extraction step. In the extraction process, 3 g of impregnated HZ816 macroporous resin was employed per system. The results showed that a higher molecular weight of Polyethylene glycol (PEG) and 1-ethyl-3-methyl imidazolium acetate ([Emim] [OAc]) are more beneficial to the improvement of the yield of capsaicin. Screening experiment using fractional factorial designs indicated that the amount of sample loading, pH, and concentration of [Emim] [OAc] and PEG 6000 significantly affect the yield of capsaicin. Mathematical models of capsaicin yield in tunable aqueous polymer-phase impregnated resins were established and optimum condition was obtained using response surface methodology. The optimum impregnated phase was the polymer phase of an aqueous two-phase system which contained 18.5% (w/w) PEG6000, 15% (w/w) sodium citrate, and 10% (w/w) [Emim] [OAc] at pH 6.5. Under the optimal conditions, the yield of capsaicin reached 95.82% when the extraction system contains 0.25 g capsicum oleoresin. Ultimately, capsaicinoids extract was purified by reverse-phase resin (SKP-10-4300) chromatographic column. The capsaicin recovery and purity achieved 85% and 92%, respectively.

Extensive Exposure to Tear Gases in Ankara.

The most common chemical substances used as mass control agents are chloroacetophenone, chlorobenzylidene malononitrile, and oleoresin capsicum. These agents not only have local and rapid effects but also have systemic and long-term effects. The aim of the present study was to discuss the patterns of tear gas exposure and to investigate its effects on respiratory functions. A face-to-face survey was conducted in 86 individuals who had been exposed to tear gas indoor and outdoor during the public protests in June 2013. The most frequently reported respiratory complaints included cough, dyspnea, phlegm, and chest pain. Spirometry measurements including forced vital capacity (FVC) and forced expiratory volume in 1 second (FEV1) were also performed. Indoor exposers have lower mean % predicted FVC and FEV1 values than outdoor exposers. All complaints and signs were more common in indoor exposure to tear gas than in outdoor exposure. Safety of the chemicals used as mass control agents during protests is doubtful as these agents are associated with several health risks.

Effect of a blend of artificial sweetener and capsicum on productive performance and blood chemistry in growing lambs

The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of a blend (CapSw) of capsicum (3% approximate concentration of Capsicum oleoresin, Cap) and a high-intensity artificial sweetener (93% approximate concentration of sodium saccharin, Sw) on the growth performance, blood chemistry and cell counts, markers of fat mobilization, and hormones in growing ewe lambs. Thirty-six lambs (47.4 ± 2.62 kg of body weight, Dorset and Suffolk × Hampshire) were used in a 7-wk randomized complete block design experiment. Following a week of adaption, lambs were housed in 9 pens (4 lambs/pen) and pens were blocked based on lambs’ average body weight into 3 blocks of 3 pens each. Treatments were control (basal diet without additives), basal diet with low level of CapSw (86 mg/head per day) and basal diet with high level of CapSw (172 mg/head per day). CapSw tended to linearly decrease (P = 0.002) dry matter intake and had no effect on average daily gain of the lambs and feed efficiency. Treatment had no effects on blood cell counts and concentrations of non-esterified fatty acids, beta-hydroxybutyrate, and glucose. Blood serum insulin concentration was quadratically (lowest in low level of CapSw treatment) decreased (P = 0.002) by CapSw. CapSw tended to quadratically increase (P = 0.07) cortisol and had no effect on haptoglobin concentration in blood serum. In this experiment, dietary supplementation of a blend of capsicum oleoresin and a high-intensity artificial sweetener had no effect on growth performance of lambs, but it appeared to have effect on insulin secretion.

P4336Evaluation of acute psycho-physiological reaction to law enforcement operational stress and tactical driving. 20 years of prospective Italian research

Abstract Background “Fight-or-flight” reaction to perceived danger may affect operational efficiency of police officers (POs), with negative impact on public safety. Therefore, there is a growing interest for methods to investigate stress occurring during highly-demanding operations. Stress-induced reactions are studied in psychophysiology integrating multiple parameters (ECG, EEG, respiration, electrodermal activity, salivary cortisol ...), most of them unrecordable in real-world dynamic situations. Instead ECG, recordable also during physical activity, quantifies stress-related autonomic modulation (AM) through the analysis of heart rate (HR) and its variability (HRVa). We used ECG and a miniaturized wearable wireless telemetric device (mWTD) to monitor AM changes during realistic police tactical training (rPTT), police tactical driving (PTD), oleoresin capsicum exposure (OCE) and live-fire shooting competitions (LFSC). 20 years of research, aimed to understanding of mechanisms underlying human response in force-on-force scenarios and to design more efficient training methods for POs, are reported. Method We selected data of 185 healthy POs (33.6±4.4 years old) investigated during rPTT with different psycho-physiological impact. Until 2015, ECG was recorded with standard ECG-Holter, then the novel mWTD connected to a standard textile sensors garment (Nuubo) has been used featuring simultaneous recording of 3 ECG and 2 Skin potential responses (SPR) for real-time assessment of transient variation of AM with a novel fast algorithm for integration of time-variant HRV spectral parameters (HRVp) and of Root Mean Square value of the two SPR signals (SPRRMS). Results HR increment varied significantly among individuals undergoing the same tasks. Highest HR values (>180 bpm in 66%) were observed during LFSC, often associated with poor operational score. Standard short-term HRVa was inadequate to evidence short-lasting transient changes of AM response due to acute stress (dominant LF at the beginning of task and at medium workload, relative dominance of HF and inversion of LF/HF ratio at the zenith of HR, in high-stress tasks). Under OCE, 83% of POs were able to perform their tasks, despite typical physical symptoms, high HR increment (peak 161 bpm) and HRV decrement with LF prevalence. Discriminant Analysis of HRVp differentiated between physical and psychological stress (accuracy >80%). During PTD good correlation was found between stress-induced increment of SPR activity and driving demands. Conclusion The mWTD is reliable for on-duty compatible recordings and telemetric transmission of AM during highly-demanding operations of POs. Real-time calculation and monitoring of time-varying spectral HRVp with SPRRMS provide immediate multimodal information on AM response to emotional and physical stress reactions to tactical demands. Discriminant Analysis of HRVp is useful to differentiate psychological and physical stress during police operational activity.

Origin identification of homemade pepper spray by multivariate data analysis of chemical attribution signatures

Riot control agents such as pepper sprays can be misused for antagonistic and criminal purposes. Several web-pages and YouTube videos are available describing how to make homemade pepper spray. In this study, we investigated whether it was possible to identify the origin of homemade pepper sprays based on chemical attribution signatures from thirteen different types of chili acquired from six different vendors analyzed by GC–MS. The results showed that it was possible to differentiate chili based on species, chili type and vendor using OPLS-DA. Application of an external test set of chilies acquired and extracted one year later than development of the models resulted in correct classification in all models. The models displayed high predictability, suggesting their use for prediction of the identity and origin of seized homemade pepper sprays.

Blue Lights and Pepper Spray: Cisgender College Women’s Perceptions of Campus Safety and Implications of the “Stranger Danger” Myth

ABSTRACTThrough a case study including focus groups with 32 cisgender women and document analysis of campus newspaper and websites, we highlight ways college women navigate multiple and conflicting messages about campus safety and sexual violence on campus. Although students are aware of statistics indicating most sexual violence happens between two people who know each other, they still engage in safety strategies related to stranger danger. We highlight implications related to messaging about campus safety and sexual violence on campuses.

Restrict use of riot-control chemicals.

Tear gas and pepper spray put lives at risk. Examine their effects and regulate their deployment, urges Dan Kaszeta. Tear gas and pepper spray put lives at risk. Examine their effects and regulate their deployment, urges Dan Kaszeta.

Immune modulation, growth performance, and nutrient retention in broiler chickens fed a blend of phytogenic feed additives.

This study aimed to assess the effect of a commercial blend of phytogenic feed additives (PA), comprising 5% carvacrol, 3% cinnamaldehyde, and 2% capsicum oleoresin on the modulation of immune biomarkers of broiler chickens, their growth performance, dietary energy, and nutrient retention. Four-hundred day-old birds were assigned to one of four dietary treatments. Two control diets based on either wheat (WC) or maize (MC) were each given with and without PA at 100g/t. Growth performance variables including feed intake (FI), weight gain (WG), and feed conversion ratio (FCR) were recorded. Dietary N-corrected apparent metabolizable energy (MEn), dry matter (DMR), nitrogen (NR), and fat retention (FR) coefficients were also determined. Gene expression of immune biomarkers (cytokines) were determined in caecal tonsil tissue from 21 d old birds. Expression of IL2, IL18, IL10, and IL17C in the caecal tonsils were upregulated (P < 0.05) in the birds fed MC-based diets compared to the WC fed birds. Feeding PA supplemented diets downregulated the expression of CD40LG (P < 0.001), IFNG, and IL6 (P < 0.05). There was a cereal type × PA interaction (P < 0.05), as expression of IFNB was downregulated in the birds fed PA supplemented MC but not WC. However, expression of IL12B was downregulated in birds fed PA supplemented WC but there was no significant (P > 0.05) change in expression levels in birds fed MC diets. Feeding MC diets gave greater FI (P < 0.001) and ME (P < 0.05), but lower FCR (P < 0.05) compared to birds fed WC diets. The WG and nutrient retention coefficients were not affected (P > 0.05) by cereal type. Supplementary PA improved FI (P < 0.05), WG (P < 0.001), FCR (P < 0.05), MEn (P < 0.05), MEn: GE ratio (P < 0.05), and FR (P < 0.05). In conclusion, dietary inclusion of PA improved overall growth performance variables, energy, and nutrient retention and intestinal cytokine expression.

Evaluation of Natural Capsaicin (N.Cap) in Pepper Spray by GC-MS/FID, NMR and HPLC as an Alternative to the Use of Oleoresin Capsicum (OC)

GC-FID/MS, NMR and HPLC were used to study natural capsaicin (N.Cap) in pepper sprays in order to show the capsaicinoids in raw material as well as a solution in a spray canister. Natural capsaicin was used instead of Oleoresin Capsicum (OC) while maintaining the usual effect with the advantage of better chemical control. In addition, the non-flammability safety characteristics have been increased since N.Cap does not contain the flammable substances present in OC. GC-FID/MS, NMR and HPLC results showed 2:1 ratio of capsaicin and dihydrocapsaicin, respectively, agreeing with a typical ratio expected. Other capsaicinoids were detected in lower concentrations. Substances such as oils and resins, which are normally found in OC, were not detected in significant concentrations. The HPLC alternative method was evaluated regarding resolution and capsaicinoids ratio measurement. The dilution of raw materials (N.Cap) in dichloromethane avoids the intermediary processes of extraction or concentration of an analyte. It was possible to carry out an analysis with a solution directly collected from a spray by only one dilution step. Contaminants such as PAVA and others could be observed in the same analysis by GC-MS/FID without changes in the methodology. A review of the literature was carried out comparing the usual aspects regarding capsaicinoids contents in OC spray solutions, where findings reported between 1 and 40% of capsaicinoids in the solutions showing a large range of active substance concentration in commercial products. The method allows controlling the production and safety evaluation of the product by the user.

Police Use of Non-lethal Weapons: Analysis of Real Cases

The PAB or “Peloton Anti-Banditisme” has been created in 1976 on the same model as the Los Angeles Police Department SWAT. The PAB is the local special police unit of the Liege Police Zone. In terms of non-lethal equipment, the unit is equipped with the FN303 rifle, OC spray, and batons. This article provides a comprehensive presentation of case reports where non-lethal weapons have been used. Eighteen cases of FN303 uses (more than 200 impacts) combined with baton and OC spray populate the database today. These cases are described and ballistically defined, and a medical outcome is given. The article helps to better define the potential limits (injuries) of non-lethal impacts. It gives some insights about the consistency between standardized laboratory tests and the real-world experience. Ultimately, the effectiveness of these systems is portrayed and discussed.

Influence of accelerated weathering on the thermo-mechanical, antibacterial, and rheological properties of polylactic acid incorporated with porous silica-containing varying amount of capsicum oleoresin

The polylactic acid is modified with porous silica-containing varying amount of capsicum oleoresin. The effect of accelerated weathering on the polymer degradation, thermomechanical, antibacterial, and rheological properties was studied. The accelerated weathering test was performed for 260 and 520h. The prepared composites show antimicrobial activity against gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria. The tensile strength, modulus, and percentage crystallinity of the composites increased by 17, 7, and 33% respectively with the addition of 1.54 wt% of capsicum oleoresin impregnated porous silica. On the other hand, the incorporation of capsicum oleoresin impregnated porous silica reduced shear modulus and shear viscosity of the composite films. The accelerated weathering, reduced tensile properties, thermal stability, and rheological properties; however, the percentage crystallinity was increased due to the chain scission of the polymer chains. The combination of ultraviolet irradiation, temperature, and humidity caused by the weathering test marginally reduced the antibacterial properties of the polymer films.

Nanoformulations of natural products for management of metabolic syndrome.

Metabolic syndrome is a common metabolic disorder which has become a public health challenge worldwide. There has been growing interest in medications including natural products as complementary or alternative choices for common chemical therapeutics regarding their limited side effects and ease of access. Nanosizing these compounds may help to increase their solubility, bioavailability, and promisingly enhance their efficacy. This study, for the first time, provides a comprehensive overview of the application of natural-products-based nanoformulations in the management of metabolic syndrome. Different phytochemicals including curcumin, berberine, Capsicum oleoresin, naringenin, emodin, gymnemic acid, resveratrol, quercetin, scutellarin, stevioside, silybin, baicalin, and others have been nanosized hitherto, and their nanosizing method and effect in treatment and alleviating metabolic syndrome have been reviewed and discussed in this study. It has been discovered that there are several pathways or molecular targets relevant to metabolic disorders which are affected by these compounds. Various natural-based nanoformulations have shown promising effect in treatment of metabolic syndrome, and therefore can be considered as future candidates instead of or in conjunction with pharmaceutical drugs if they pass clinical trials successfully.

Mechanical Properties of Capsaicum Oleoresin (CO) Impregnated in Porous Silica/Polylactic Acid (PLA) Composites

Flexibility of Polylactic acid (PLA) is improved by mixing capsicum oleoresin (CO) impregnated in mesoporous silica (SiCO) in the PLA matrix with SiCO concentration of 0.77 wt%, 1.54 wt% and 3.08 wt%. CO extracted from hot chili (Capsicum frutescens linn) is natural oil, non-toxic and good for environment. The SiCO/PLA composites were investigated water absorption, tear resistance and hardness properties. The improvement of tear strength of SiCO/PLA composites is due to increase in chain mobility of PLA because of the presence of capsicum oil. Hardness of the PLA composites slightly reduces with increasing SiCO concentration. SiCO/PLA composites are suitable for food packaging due to slightly water absorption. SiCO can improve flexibility of PLA. The optimum content of SiCO in PLA matrix is 3.08 wt%.

Antibacterial and thermomechanical properties of composites of polylactic acid modified with capsicum oleoresin‐impregnated nanoporous silica

ABSTRACTBiodegradable composite films of poly(lactic acid) (PLA) modified with varying amounts of capsicum oleoresin (CO)‐impregnated nanoporous silica (SiCO) were prepared. The antimicrobial and thermomechanical properties of the PLA composites were carefully investigated. The Gram‐positive pathogenic bacteria (Staphylococcus aureus and Bacillus) and the Gram‐negative pathogenic bacteria (Escherichia coli and Salmonella enterica) tests established excellent antimicrobial properties of the composites even at small concentrations of SiCO. The microscopic (scanning electron micrograph) and spectroscopic (energy‐dispersive X‐ray) investigations manifested the uniformity of particle distribution. Although the addition of CO slightly decreased the thermal stability of the composite films, it marginally enhanced the mechanical properties and crystallinity. © 2019 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2019, 136, 47825.

Dietary essential oils improve feed efficiency and hepatic antioxidant content of broiler chickens

The aim of this study was to test the hypothesis of an improved growth, dietary nutrient availability and overall health of broiler chickens reared on recycled litter when fed a standardised combination of essential oils (EO; carvacrol, cinnamaldehyde and capsicum oleoresin). To assess the effect of dietary treatments, feed intake, weight gain, feed efficiency, availability of dietary nutrients and energy, villus morphometry, excreta sialic acid concentration, hepatic antioxidants and serum amyloid A (SAA) when fed to broiler chickens were evaluated. Counts of Eimeria spp. oocysts were also determined in excreta samples. Four experimental diets were offered, including two basal control diets based on either wheat or maize that contained 215 g CP/kg and 12.13 MJ/kg metabolisable energy and another two diets using the basal control diets supplemented with the EO combination at 100 mg/kg diet. Each diet was fed to eight floor pens, containing two birds each, following randomisation. Birds fed the EO-supplemented diets had an improved (P<0.05) feed conversion ratio (FCR). Birds fed maize-based diet had an improved daily weight gain and FCR (P<0.05) compared with wheat-fed birds. Wheat-based diet tended (P=0.056) to have greater N-corrected apparent metabolisable energy and had greater fat retention coefficient (P<0.05) compared with maize-based diets. No differences (P>0.05) were observed in villus morphometry, sialic acid secretion, number of oocysts and SAA. Feeding the EO improved (P<0.05) the retention of dietary Ca and Na. Compared with maize, feeding wheat-based diets improved the retention coefficients for Ca, P and Na (P<0.05). Feeding dietary EO improved (P<0.05) the concentrations of the hepatic antioxidants, including carotene, coenzyme Q10 and total vitamin E. The hepatic concentration of carotene of the maize-fed birds was 55.6% greater (P<0.05) compared with the wheat-fed birds. These results demonstrated that the addition of a standardised combination of EO in wheat- and maize-based diets provided benefits in terms of feed efficiency, mineral retention and antioxidant status of the birds when reared on recycled litter.

"Mass Protests and the Structure of Power in Contemporary Hong Kong"

"Mass Protests and the Structure of Power in Contemporary Hong Kong" Macabe Keliher (bio) Louis Augustin-Jean and Anthea H. Y. Cheung. The Economic Roots of the Umbrella Movement in Hong Kong: Globalization and the Rise of China. London: Routledge, 2018. xv, 160 pp. Hardcover $165.00, isbn 978-0-815-36823-6. Paperback $49.95, isbn 978-0-367-35584-5. Leo F. Goodstadt. A City Mismanaged: Hong Kong's Struggle for Survival. Hong Kong: Hong Kong University Press, 2018. xi, 240 pp. Paperback $24.00, ISBN 978-988-8528-49-3. Ching Kwan Lee and Ming Sing, editors. Take Back Our Future: An Eventful Sociology of the Hong Kong Umbrella Movement. New York: Cornell University Press, 2019. ix, 256 pp. Paperback $26.95, isbn 978-1-5017-4092-3. Tai-Lok Lui, Stephen W. K. Chiu, and Ray Yep, editors. Routledge Handbook of Contemporary Hong Kong. London: Routledge, 2019. xviii, 534 pp. Hardcover $245.00, isbn 978-1-138-95993-4. Paperback $51.95, isbn 978-0-367-58060-5. Jeffrey Wasserstrom. Vigil: Hong Kong on the Brink. New York: Columbia Global Reports, 2020. 112 pp. Paperback $15.99, isbn 978-1-7336237-4-2. On 1 July 2020, Hong Kong citizens took to the streets.1 The annual march, organized by the Civil Human Rights Front, has become a staple of Hong Kong politics to protest the day Britain turned Hong Kong over to Chinese rule in 1997. In years past, organizers could expect tens or even hundreds of thousands. Reports this year, however, put numbers in the thousands, a seemingly precipitous drop, especially given that millions have been turning out over the past eighteen months in a show of frustration, anger, and defiance. Nonetheless, riot police met the protestors in force, firing pepper spray into [End Page 1] crowds as they moved at speed to corral and disperse. Red-striped white trucks patrolled the streets with mounted water cannons soaking the sidewalks and propelling any and all in their path. Police liberally discharged pepper spray, fired tear gas and rubber bullets, and made mass arrests. While this scene has become a common, if not daily, occurrence in Hong Kong over the past year, that day was different. Police unfurled a purple banner with a stark warning printed in bold white letters and characters: You are displaying flags or banners/chanting slogans/or conducting yourselves with an intent such as secession or subversion, which may constitute offenses under the HKSAR National Security Law. You may be arrested and prosecuted. The banner referred to a new law that went into effect on 1 July 2020: the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region (HKSAR) National Security Law, which, among other things—indeed the most immediate for protestors—criminalizes anti-China speech or expressions that advocate Hong Kong independence. Of the 370 people arrested that day, ten were accused of violating the new law, including a fifteen-year-old girl who held a Hong Kong independence flag.2 The timing of the new law aimed not only to coincide with the July 1 protests but also to help suppress the ongoing civil unrest. In March 2019, Hong Kong residents protested a bill that would expose Hong Kong to China's legal system through extradition agreements. On the day of the bill's legislative reading in early June, one million people marched in opposition to the bill. In the ensuing days, demonstrators blocked highways and streets outside of the legislative building. On June 16, 2019, estimates of two million people—over a quarter of the Hong Kong population—marched to demand a complete withdrawal of the bill.3 In July, demonstrators converged on the legislative building, smashing their way through windows and doors to occupy the floor, and painted slogans and demands on the walls and desks. In August, protestors occupied the airport, bringing all travel to a halt. Intensifying clashes with police boiled over on 1 October, meant to celebrate the seventieth anniversary of the founding of the People's Republic of China (PRC), as tear gas clogged the streets and an officer fired a live round at a protester, piercing his torso. In November, protesters occupied the campus of Chinese...

PSX-35 Effects of dietary plant extracts on growth performance and intestinal microbiota composition in weaned piglets.

This study was conducted to determine effect of dietary plant extracts on growth performance and intestinal microbiota of weaned piglets. A total of 24 weaned pigs (7.15 ± 0.41 kg BW; 28 d old) were randomly assigned to 4 dietary treatments (1 pig/pen; 6 pens/treatment) in a complete randomized design. The dietary treatments were 1) a control diet based on corn and soybean meal (CON), 2) CON + 200 ppm garlicon, 3) CON + 200 ppm turmeric oleoresin, and 4) CON + 200 ppm capsicum oleoresin. The dietary treatments did not include spray dried plasma, fishmeal, zinc oxide, and antibiotics to avoid their antibacterial or physiological effects. Pigs were fed respective dietary treatments for 6 weeks. Fecal samples were collected from randomly selected 1 pig per replicate on d 1, 7, 14, 21, and 42 after weaning. Data for growth performance were analyzed using the PROC GLM procedure of SAS. The statistical model for growth performance included dietary effect as a fixed effect. The total DNA extracted from fresh fecal samples was used to amplify the 16S rRNA gene for sequencing in Illumina MiSeq. Sequencing data was quality filtered and analyzed using QIIME software. Plant extracts increased ADG (616 vs. 586 g/d; P < 0.10) during overall experimental period compared with CON, but did not affect average daily feed intake. The dietary plant extracts increased the population of phylum Bacteroidetes and decreased the populations of Firmicutes and Proteobacteria, Tenericutes, Actinobacteria, Lentisphaerae and Spirochaetes. In conclusion, dietary plant extracts may improve growth rate of weaned pigs by shifting the gut microbial community of weaned piglets.

Physicochemical and Antimicrobial Properties of Oleoresin Capsicum Nanoemulsions Formulated with Lecithin and Sucrose Monopalmitate.

Oleoresin capsicum (OC) is an extract of chili pepper containing the active agent capsaicin. In this study, OC-loaded nanoemulsions were prepared by microfluidization and stabilized with sucrose monopalmitate (SMP) and lecithin. The difference in size and distribution of droplets determined the nanoemulsion behavior mainly due to the interaction of emulsifiers between oil and aqueous phase. The hydrophilic interaction between SMP and aqueous phase and the hydrophobic interaction between lecithin and oil phase were monitored with NMR relaxometry. OC nanoemulsion fabricated with SMP showed the best transparency with smallest droplet size (around 34nm) and stable with glycerol after 28days at ambient storage. Lecithin containing nanoemulsions showed improved bioactivity as showing antioxidant (0.82mg DPPH/L) and antimicrobial (3.40 log for Escherichia coli and 4.37 log for Staphylococcus aureus) activity. Finally, results have important implications to determine the appropriate formulation conditions for OC with food-grade surfactants to be used in pharmaceuticals and food industry.