Value Orientations Of People Research Articles

Value Orientations, Personal Norms, and Public Attitude toward SDGs.

Improving communication and engagement with the public is vital for implementing sustainable development goals (SDGs). Public attitude toward SDGs can influence this engagement, as people are more likely to accept SDG-relevant information and take actions that are consistent with their own attitudes. This study examines the determinants for individual attitudes in supporting SDGs and further explores the formation of public attitudes toward SDGs, i.e., how public attitude is shaped by the value orientations and norms of the individuals. Using an online survey (n = 3089), we uncovered several important findings: (1) individuals' altruistic/biospheric value orientations are positively associated with pro-SDG attitudes; (2) personal norms mediate the relationship of individuals' altruistic values and attitudes; (3) some demographic characteristics (i.e., age, gender, having children) moderate the relationship of people's value orientations and attitudes; and (4) people's biospheric values have heterogeneous effects on their pro-SDG attitudes based on education and income. Through these findings, this study enhanced the public's general understanding of SDGs by providing a holistic analytical framework of public attitude formation on SDGs and uncovering the significant role of value orientations. We further identify the moderating effects of demographic characteristics and the mediating effects of personal norms in the relationship between individuals' values and attitude on SDGs.

Integration of science and education as an effective means of preserving and strengthening spiritual and moral values

Importance. In the modern world, the preservation and strengthening of spiritual and moral values is one of the main tasks of society. In this process, science and education play a key role, as they form the worldview and value orientations of people. The preservation of national identity and the strengthening of spiritual and moral values make it possible to create favorable conditions for the development of each citizen, and also contributes to the formation of a new, higher culture of relations within society and between nations. Research methods. The theoretical basis of the research is an interdisciplinary approach that allows analyzing educational practice in the context of, on the one hand, pedagogical approaches, on the other hand, socio-cultural changes taking place in society. The research is based on empirical generalization, analysis and interpretation of scientific literature, practical developments on the problem of preserving and strengthening the spiritual and moral values of the individual in society. Results and Discussion. The types of spiritual and moral values that play an important role in the formation of people’s worldview and behavior are revealed; programs that contribute to the development of spiritual and moral values of the individual are analyzed; technologies that allow using the latest scientific achievements to form value orientations of the individual through the integration of science and education are characterized. Conclusion. The integration of science and education is a key factor in the preservation and strengthening of spiritual and moral values in society. It allows you to use a scientific approach to solve problems related to the development of values, as well as to create new programs and projects aimed at teaching interpersonal communication skills, emotional self-regulation and conflictology. It is important that education is focused on personal development and respect for different cultures and traditions.

PROBLEMS OF FUNCTIONAL CONDITIONALITY OF THE OBJECTIVE NATURE OF SOCIAL DEVIATIONS

PROBLEMS OF FUNCTIONAL CONDITIONALITY OF THE OBJECTIVE NATURE OF SOCIAL DEVIATIONS

Cultural and Aesthetic Needs as Components of the Communicative Activity

The article considers the types of needs of the individual in the field of culture and art as a communicative component of modern society, namely, the cultural and aesthetic needs, which are based on the dissemination of social information. Social information in society is the most important condition for maintaining the activities of individual and collective entities at the level of modern requirements, goals and objectives of the individual. In the modern world, the interaction of cultures is the basis of social development and is of paramount importance, occupying a leading place in the value orientations of people. The information space creates a favorable field for the formation of personality, but also becomes an area of actual reality in which targeted influence and management of human interests, needs, beliefs and views are conducted. The basic needs of people in the field of culture and art can be considered as a way classification of their communicative activity. Developed cultural and aesthetic information needs absorb many of the highest human needs: in building a universal picture of the world and knowing those sides and phenomena that most interest a person in self-knowledge, self-education; in discussing the crucial issues of human being; in communication and self-expression in the development of their human forces and abilities.

Социальность современности и феномен «левых»

The article analyzes the views of the “left” and criticism of these views by the famous journalist, writer and analyst Yulia Latynina. In addition, the author cites the objections by Latynina from other journalists and political scientists: Andrei Loshak and Evgenia Albats. The author does not consider the disputable arguments to be solid and undertakes his own analysis. It offers a concise outline of the genesis of the modernist culture, starting from the crisis of antiquity and the Middle Ages. Several prerequisites of this culture are highlighted: the need to obtain funds for warfare and at the same time establish order in the territory under control, the processes of reform and counter-reformation, the transfer of the center of power from heaven to earth and, as a result, the formation of a new semantic project, the formation of a new European personality, the development of the economy and cities, the invention and the formation of the state, the struggle of citizens for their rights and ideals. The causes of the crisis of modern culture itself are also discussed: social life has become much more complicated (as a result, it has diverged from the initial ideas of modernity) and technologies have been created that allow the state, society and law to be used differently than intended. As a result, a need arose to build a new semantic cultural project. Such a project was formed by the “left”. It contains two basic principles: the requirement of social justice for all and the socialist organization (distribution, redistribution, taxation, benefits, pensions, etc.) as a way to implement these requirements. In addition, the “left” insist that the rich should share with other citizens. The author shows that the “left” see and think in the framework of the new cultural project that they have created, and therefore do not accept criticism of them. In conclusion, he discusses the anthropological conditions of a possible future culture. On the one hand, it is culture and sociality that determine the value orientations of people, and on the other hand, since a person makes a contribution to sociality, partly depends on his activity whether good prevails over evil.

Pedagogical activity and its role in the issue of education of the personality of a multicultural society

In our time, before any teacher, class teacher, educator, a number of problems arise concerning the process of education, the reason for this lies in the constant change in the values ​​of society. Difficulties in the educational process today are among the most acute and urgent problems not only in pedagogical, but also social terms. The moral disorder that our society has encountered as a result of the so-called reforms has a negative impact, especially on children, adolescents and young people who do not have a certain culture. In support of this fact, we can cite constantly growing figures of crime, especially youth, as well as the willingness of many people to act to achieve material prosperity on the brink of law and lawlessness. And what is quite legal, does not always inspire. The fall of morality means, in essence, a change in the value orientations of people under the influence of various circumstances, including economic disarray. Moral education of youth is the indisputable and most important goal of every society. The shortcomings and omissions in moral education inflict on society such irretrievable and irreparable damage that, if there are shortcomings of another nature (for example, corporal or ethical), it is impossible to inflict greater harm on society. Pedagogical science, school practice has accumulated considerable experience in moral education. In pedagogical literature, the subject matter studied was reflected in the fundamental studies of B.T.Likhachev, N.K. Krupskaya, A.S.Makarenko, I.F.Sladkovsky, V.A.Sukhomlinsky, in which the essence of the basic concepts of the theory of moral education is revealed, the ways for the further development of the principles, content, forms, and methods of moral education are indicated.

Social and cultural factors of intergroup tension diminution

The article presents data on the status of dependent and value orientations of people on their attitude towards social groups that differ from the majority of the population. Based on the analysis of the data of the 6th wave (2010–2014) of the World Values Survey, which shows that social levels occupying intermediate positions in the system of social statuses and value orientations are more tolerant than the layers occupying the extreme positions as representatives of social minorities. Intergroup relations are influenced by many factors, and intergroup relations themselves are often controversial. Therefore, in one situation, they can smooth out the prejudices that exist between groups, and in others, on the contrary — incite. The article focuses on identifying groups that have a high degree of tolerance. The study uses various indicators of intergroup tension. The results of a comparative cross-country analysis of an integrated database (1981–2014) of the World Values Survey are presented. It was found that an increase in the proportion of the lower middle class and people with a mixed post-materialistic orientation in the course of secondary modernization helps ensure a low incidence of negative intergroup attitudes. When interpreting the obtained results, the article uses the theory and method of measuring values developed by Ronald Inglehart, as well as the typology of countries proposed by Nikolai Lapin. All calculations were performed using IBM SPSS Statistics 25.0, Statistica 6.0, and statistical analysis methods, for example cluster analysis.

Value Orientation of People involved in Action or Extreme Sports in Hungary

A number of research studies have shown that there has been a remarkable shift in value orientation of the population in Hungary since the transition from state socialism to market economy, which took place after 1989. This change in value preferences contributed to the formation of various sports subcultures. This study aims to analyse the value priorities of people involved in so-called extreme sports to explore their drives and motivations. A value scale by Tibori-Bauer derived from the Rokeach Value Survey is used for the analysis in which the categories of materialist, post-materialist, traditional and private sphere values along with community values and those related to risk-taking are examined on a non-representative sample of Hungarian mountain bikers, mountaineers and skydivers. A principal component analysis is carried out in order to ascertain whether this set of values corresponds to the value constructs of the participants. Results show that action sport participants have a very different view from that of mainstream society on the risks involved in their activities. They report a higher preference for post-materialist values in a society mostly dominated by materialist values. The population of extreme sport participants demonstrates a clear shift from traditional and materialist values to the postmodern values of self-determination and self-actualisation.

Crossing the bridge from sameness to narrative understanding: a proposed model for interpreting cross-cultural comparisons

This paper proposes a model for understanding culture based on combining cultural narrative and voice narrative. In attempting to achieve this purpose, I draw on insights from the domain of interpretive studies and hermeneutics. I highlight my use of the two types of narratives, not only as a method of inquiry, but also as a concept of social ontology. This is where both types of narratives are argued to inter-animate each other, hence giving way to changes in tradition and the formation of identities. I distinguish my work from that of cross-cultural models by relying on the relationship between the two types of narratives, rather than on a singular treatment of cultural narrative of the nation where only cultural narrative is used as the basis for the identification of people's value orientations. Implications of the model as constituting an ontological condition useful for understanding cross-cultural management are presented.

Conceptualizing sustainable development: An assessment methodology connecting values, knowledge, worldviews and scenarios

Sustainability science poses severe challenges to classical disciplinary science. To bring the perspectives of diverse disciplines together in a meaningful way, we describe a novel methodology for sustainability assessment of a particular social-ecological system, or country. Starting point is that a sustainability assessment should investigate the ability to continue and develop a desirable way of living vis-à-vis later generations and life elsewhere on the planet. Evidently, people hold different values and beliefs about the way societies sustain quality of life for their members. The first step, therefore, is to analyze people's value orientations and the way in which they interpret sustainability problems i.e. their beliefs. The next step is to translate the resulting worldviews into model-based narratives, i.e. scenarios. The qualitative and quantitative outcomes are then investigated in terms of associated risks and opportunities and robustness of policy options.The Netherlands Environmental Assessment Agency (PBL) has followed this methodology, using extensive surveys among the Dutch population. In its First Sustainability Outlook (2004), the resulting archetypical worldviews became the basis for four different scenarios for policy analysis, with emphases on the domains of transport, energy and food. The goal of the agency's Sustainability Outlooks is to show that choices are inevitable in policy making for sustainable development, to indicate which positive and negative impacts one can expect of these choices (trade-offs), and to identify options that may be robust under several worldviews. The conceptualization proposed here is both clear and applicable in practical sustainability assessments for policy making.

Do different welfare states engender different policy preferences? Opinions on pension reforms in Eastern and Western Europe

This article examines whether the different welfare states of the European Union member states engender different policy preferences and attitudes among the population. More specifically, it investigates variations in attitudes towards population ageing and pension reforms, and variations in people's retirement age preferences and expectations. It is shown that despite the different cultures and welfare traditions in the old and new member states, there are commonalities in people's value orientations and views about population ageing, not least that the vast majority are pessimistic about the consequences. In both Eastern and Western Europe, the most popular options for pensions reform are to raise taxes and to extend working life, and few favour reducing pension benefits. Despite these similarities, there are also marked attitudinal differences. Eastern Europeans rely more on their children for old-age care and are much more in favour of a pension structure in which benefits depend on the number of children. On personal expectations and preferences for retirement, it is shown that both Eastern and Western Europeans expect to retire from the labour market at an older age than the current actual retirement age.

A Study of Job Preference and Work Ethics in Guangzhou

'Guangdong is the province one step ahead in China and Guangzhou is the city one step ahead in Guangdong.' Being one of the most economically active cities in China, Guangzhou citizens have generally experienced improved living standards and a better quality of life since the economic reform started in the late 1970s. What is also true is that economic modernization has changed the social structure, allowing far more social mobility in the post-Mao society. Nowadays, people living in Guangzhou have more job choices in a relatively free labour market. This paper is set in such a socio-economic context to examine the job preferences and work ethics of Guangzhou citizens, with particular reference to what changes have taken place in people's work values after the adoption of a market economy in the mainland. The paper is based on our current research projects conducted in the Guangzhou area to examine how socio-economic changes have affected people's value orientations and is confined to discussion of whether people living in Guangzhou have changed their attitudes towards work in the 1990s.

Social and Political Development in Post-Reform China (review)

Reviewed by: Social and Political Development in Post-Reform China Stephen K. Ma (bio) Ka-ho Mok . Social and Political Development in Post-Reform China. Foreword by Andrew Nathan. Preface by Paul Wilding. New York: St. Martin's Press, 1999. x, 232 pp. Hardcover $65.00, ISBN 0-312-22488-5. In this impressive piece of scholarship Ka-ho Mok (City University of Hong Kong) offers insightful evaluations of economic development in post-reform China. The author has certainly benefited from his earlier monograph Intellectuals and the State in Post-Mao China, which probes the ideas of Chinese intellectuals and their relationship with the pro-democracy movements and with the state in post-Mao China. But what makes this book another desirable addition to the literature on this period is its author's original information based on a wide range of recent empirical studies in a variety of locations in China and his integration of quantitative data with qualitative analysis, which adds depth, scope, and perspective to our understanding of the recent changes in the world's most populous nation over the past two decades. Mok traces China's rapid economic growth and the rise of a socialist market economy, focusing on two major changes: institutional transition and structural transformation. The former refers to "a transition from a highly centralized economic planning system to the market economy" and the latter to "social change from an agricultural, rural and closed society to an industrial, urbanized, market-driven and open society" (p. 5). Mok argues that the economic reforms triggered not only structural changes in Chinese society but also a shift in people's value orientations (p. 6) that will have far-reaching significance for the nation's sociopolitical development. The book comprises three parts with eight chapters. The introduction reviews China's recent and dramatic economic and social changes. Chapters 2 and 3 examine how the economic reforms improved people's livelihoods but at the [End Page 183] same time prompted a variety of social problems. Mok believes that "[a]ll these social problems seem to be the inevitable consequences of a 'rush-to' modernization" (p. 10). Chapters 4 and 5 are devoted to changes in the social structure caused by the economic reforms and the resultant social re-stratification. As Mok observes, the flourishing of the socialist market has marginalized state workers on the one hand and created ample room for the rise of intellectuals in China on the other. Chapters 6, 7, and 8 discuss how the Chinese people have become more critical of the existing regime and the socialist praxis. Mok concludes that "'social development' and 'sustainable development' depend on much more than rapid economic growth" and that "too rapid economic modernization might lead to the threat of a 'risk society' . . . , followed by socio-political implications for future development in China" (p. 12). Mok seems to be on less sure ground when dealing with the issue of prosperity versus democracy. Whether "the goals of the flourishing of the market economy and the deepening of democratic political institutions are not necessarily conflicting" (p. 175), especially in a developing country, remains to be seen. Hong Kong can hardly be a convincing example to use for this purpose. Alvin So, for instance, suggests that Hong Kong was nondemocratic in the 1970s, became a restricted democracy in the 1980s, and evolved into a contested democracy in the 1990s (Alvin Y. So, Hong Kong's Embattled Democracy: A Societal Analysis [Johns Hopkins University Press, 1999]). More than three years have elapsed since China resumed sovereignty over Hong Kong. Development in the Special Administrative Region does not as yet offer much in terms of promoting both prosperity and democracy. It strains credulity to believe that "Hong Kong's experience on democratization may have a 'demonstration effect' to the people living in the mainland," since the "demonstration effect" of recent events in the SAR seems to point in a different direction. Criticisms aside, Mok's approach captures the complexity and contradictions of the many issues faced by the post-Mao China leadership and enables the reader to reach a more nuanced, yet knowledgeable judgment. With such a wealth of facts and data to be digested...

MONEY: WHAT IT MEANS TO CHILDREN AND ADULTS

The findings of three studies on money perceptions by Chinese subjects were reported. In Study 1, 378 kindergarten children (age five and six) were asked to give free associations to 86 Chinese words. The word money elicited a large number of associations (ranked ninth in five-year-olds and 21st in six year-olds), indicating that money was not an unfamiliar or uninteresting concept to children of very young age. Analysis also showed that the associations of money were primarily non-evaluative and functional in nature. In Study 2, 71 school teachers, 58 business people, and 338 high school students were asked to rate what money meant to them. Results showed that school teachers tended to perceive money as less good and honest than business people did. The student group was found to give lower goodness and power ratings than the two professional groups and lower honesty and interest ratings than the business group. The results thus showed that perceptions of money were very much related to one's social role. In Study 3, the relation of money attitudes and value orientation was examined in a sample of 1463 university students. Results showed that those who were high on preference for enjoyment, security, and achievement values, rated money more important than those low on these values. On the other hand, individuals who were high on the prosocial and maturity values rated money less important than those low on these values. The results thus indicated that the knowledge of people's value orientation would help to add to the understanding of their money perceptions.

No Values—New Values? Youth and Postmaterialism1

This article deals with the postmatenalist hypothesis, originally formulated by Ronald Inglehart The hypothesis, stating that new generations in Western societies are moving more and more towards postmatenalist value orientations, is questioned on the grounds that the materialisl / postmaterialist dichotomy may he too rigid to capture the complexity of people's value orientations, and that the value conceptualization may hold a rather limited relevance for young people in present‐day Western societies. A reconstruction of the materialist / postmaterialist value conceptualization is earned out and empirical results from two Swedish national studies, supporting the author's questioning of the original hypothesis, are presented.

Formation of Young People' s Orientation towards Work

This article considers the problem of the formation of young people's value orientations towards the main spheres of life activities. Every sphere of life has objectively, independently of a person's intentions, some im portance in an individual's life in any society. Work is evaluated among other spheres of activity by members of society on the ground of its objective significance in the way of life peculiar to the society concerned. To measure the orientation towards work most broadly is to investigate the evaluation of work in correlation with other spheres of life activities. This concept has been applied in this article presenting the results of an empirical research carried out among young people in the Estonian SSR. The author used data from nine empirical surveys covering more than 14 000 respondents. The analysis shows that getting familiar with work in the practical process of production is most important in moulding an orientation towards work. The factoral analysis reveals the role work plays in a broader orientation towards social activity in all the main stages of a young person's self-determination. This orientation towards social activity, however, can be regarded as a synthetic framework in which an even broader sphere of social values participates.