People's Cognition Research Articles

Application and Innovation of Basic Principles of Commercial Law in E-commerce

<p>The emergence of e-commerce industry allows people to find the goods they need without leaving home, breaking people's cognition of traditional shopping methods. The Internet allows people to browse excellent products from all over the world at any time. While the e-commerce industry is developing day by day, some lawless elements are taking advantage of the loopholes in the legal system to seek immoral interests. Therefore, it is necessary to formulate certain legal norms and management measures to constrain the industry standards of the e-commerce industry. Nowadays, the industry standards of e-commerce industry depend on civil and commercial law to a great extent, but there are still some loopholes in the application of civil and commercial law in e-commerce industry. Therefore, it is of great significance to study the application of commercial law in e-commerce industry. Relevant departments also need to play a more active and effective role in the process of industry management in the e-commerce industry on the basis of innovation.</p>

Mining and Trading of Ancient Lapis Lazuli: The Exploration for A Combination of Twofold Evidence Based on Historical Documents and Archaeology Discovery

Lapis lazuli with a vivid and bright imperial blue colour was used widely in Mesopotamia, ancient Egypt, ancient India, ancient Rome, ancient China and other early ancient civilizations. However, due to the lack of producing areas and the constraints of archaeological materials, the domestic understanding of the origin, trade and cultural exchange of lapis lazis is still relatively limited. Based on the research at home and abroad, this study aimed to systematically sorting and summarizing the previous results of exploitation, trade route and employment of lapis lazuli, which provides reference for the interdisciplinary research of gemmology, archaeology, and other disciplines. The main results were summarized as follows: (1) Although archaeological findings still can not explain the origin of lapis lazuli found at some sites, geological and archaeological evidences suggest that Afghanistan is the most important source of lapis lazuli; (2) As early as 4500 B.C., the trade of lapis lazuli was well-organized, and three different trade and transportation routes in different time periods (4500 B.C.-3500 B.C., 3500 B.C.-1000 B.C. and 1000 B.C.-early A.D.) can be traced back. In the early stage, land and river transportation were the primary, in the medium-stage, sea transportation developed rapidly, and in the late stage, these three routes were closely combined. Route changes were controlled by multiple factors such as geographical environment, urban rise and fall, and the public demand; (3) Archaeological studies and literature records showed that the use and role of ancient lapis lazuli have changed significantly. The worldwide urban cultural diversification have made the sanctified lapis lazuli present a variety forms of use, and simultaneously it shows ancient people's multifarious cognition on the colour of lapis lazuli. The researches of lapis lazuli material resource exploitation, trading and uses in international academia can provide us important reference to explore the development and circulation of jade in early ancient China.

Using electroencephalogram for emotion recognition based on filter-bank long short-term memory networks

Emotion plays an important role in people's cognition and communication. By analyzing electroencephalogram (EEG) signals to identify internal emotions and feedback emotional information in an active or passive way, affective brain-computer interactions can effectively promote human-computer interaction. This paper focuses on emotion recognition using EEG. We systematically evaluate the performance of state-of-the-art feature extraction and classification methods with a public-available dataset for emotion analysis using physiological signals (DEAP). The common random split method will lead to high correlation between training and testing samples. Thus, we use block-wise K fold cross validation. Moreover, we compare the accuracy of emotion recognition with different time window length. The experimental results indicate that 4 s time window is appropriate for sampling. Filter-bank long short-term memory networks (FBLSTM) using differential entropy features as input was proposed. The average accuracy of low and high in valance dimension, arousal dimension and combination of the four in valance-arousal plane is 78.8%, 78.4% and 70.3%, respectively. These results demonstrate the advantage of our emotion recognition model over the current studies in terms of classification accuracy. Our model might provide a novel method for emotion recognition in affective brain-computer interactions.

Philosophy in the flesh: How philosophical view of embodiment motivates public compliance with health recommendations during the COVID-19 crisis

Philosophical view of embodiment, one of the most influential hypotheses in cognitive science, postulates that sensorimotor experiences and bodily states influence people's behavior, cognition, and emotion. Despite embodiment theory addressing the basic experiences of cognitive life, there is a paucity of information available regarding the health consequences of holding such a philosophic belief. In the current investigation, we examined a new idea that embodiment theory leads people to believe in the central role of physical body in shaping cognitive processes and mental activities, which can in turn alter individuals' motivation to comply with preventive measures to the COVID-19. In Study 1, participants who were primed with theories of embodied cognition (vs. Cartesian dualism) self-reported more compliance with safety-promoting measures surrounding the new coronavirus disease. Extending beyond self-report measures, Study 2 focused on an actual virus-mitigation behavior. The results showed that participants primed with philosophic conceptions of embodiment (vs. dualism) were more likely to choose face masks (vs. pencils) as a gift. These findings suggest that the philosophical view of embodiment not only offers scientifically valuable insight into the mechanics of cognitive processing, but increases people's willingness to follow non-pharmaceutical containment measures in the fight against the COVID-19 pandemic.

Cooperation and cognition gaps for salinity: A field experiment of information provision in urban and rural areas of Bangladesh

Salinity along with climate change has devastating effects on people's life, and thus, adaptation and mitigation strategies are needed to cope with its risks. Literature establishes an existence of cooperation and cognition gaps due to informational and residential differences that make the strategies' implementation difficult. While little is known about how such gaps can be reduced, therefore, we examine the effect of information provision on people's cooperation and cognition for reducing salinity problems in urban and rural areas. It is hypothesized that information provision about salinity through some lecture is effective at reducing cooperation and cognition gaps among people. We conduct a field experiment, collecting data on donations, prosociality, cognitive and sociodemographic factors of 900 subjects from one urban and two rural areas in Bangladesh. A climate donation game is instituted to measure cooperation among people where they are asked to donate to salinity risk reduction with or without the information provision. The analysis shows that people who have prosocial orientation and perception of human-induced climate change donate more than do those who do not, and urban people tend to donate less than do rural people. However, urban people are identified to increase their donations by receiving the information provision much more than do rural people. These results can be interpreted that urban people become more cooperative in response to the lecture than do rural people, and cooperation gaps become smaller due to a change in cognition via information provision. Overall, the results demonstrate that informational and education programs for salinity and climate change shall be effective and prioritized especially in urban areas to enhance cooperation for sustainable development goals through affecting people's cognition.

Mentality and behavior in COVID-19 emergency status in Japan: Influence of personality, morality and ideology.

The COVID-19 pandemic began in December 2019 and severely influenced society. In response, the Japanese government declared a state of emergency on 7th April in seven prefectures. The study conducted an immediate survey on 8th April to record the response of the general public to the first emergency status due to epidemics. The study hypothesized that personality traits, moral foundation, and political ideology can influence people's mentality, cognition, and behavior toward COVID-19. Based on a nationwide dataset of 1856 respondents (male = 56.3%, Mage = 46.7, emergency regions = 49.9%), the study found that personality, morality, and ideology altered mental health status and motivated behaviors toward COVID-19. Neuroticism and avoiding harm involved cognition and behavior through various means. The study also found significant differences among demographic groups. Results are informative and contributive to the governance and management of, and aid for, individual responses to the COVID-19 pandemic.

Seismic exploration desert noise suppression based on complete ensemble empirical mode decomposition with adaptive noise

A foundation for the imaging and interpretation of stratigraphic structures is the high quality seismic data. The desert seismic events are contaminated by strong random noise. The random noise in desert seismic records has complex features, including nonlinear, non-Gaussian and low frequency, which is different from the random noise in people's previous cognition. In addition, the effective signal of desert seismic record and noise has the same frequency band. These situations have brought great difficulties to the denoising of conventional methods. While the conventional denoising algorithm for dealing with seismic signals is mainly for the suppression of random Gaussian noise. So the suppression result of random desert noise is not ideal. Based on these problems, we introduce the complete ensemble empirical mode decomposition with adaptive noise (CEEMDAN) algorithm into the noise reduction process of desert seismic records. Compared with other time-frequency analysis methods, CEEMDAN algorithm has significant feature recognition effect, and remains the characteristics of adaptability. At the same time, it overcomes the problems of modal aliasing and false components. The experimental results show that denoising effect is obviously better than those of conventional denoising methods, and the suppression of the surface wave in the real seismic record is relatively thorough.

Experimental investigation about effect of emotion state on people's thermal comfort

Emotion affects people's cognition, perception and reaction to the outside world. The psychological and physiological changes brought by different emotion states may have some impact on people's perception to thermal environment. The objective of this study is to investigate whether emotion state would have some influence on people's thermal perception and comfort. In this study, experiments were carried out. Eighteen college students were recruited in the experiments. Their emotion states were induced to be joyful (positive) or boring (negative) by watching videos which would arouse intended negative or positive emotions. There was no emotion induction for neutral state. The experiments were conducted in three temperature conditions (21°C, 24°C and 27°C) and three activity levels (sitting, standing and exercising). Subjective questionnaires about participants’ emotion state, thermal sensation, thermal comfort, thermal expectation and thermal environment satisfaction were collected. Physiological parameters were measured including skin temperature, heart rate, blood pressure and heart rate variability. The results showed that emotion state affected thermal perception and comfort only while sitting and standing and not during exercise. For the two light activities, subjects’ thermal comfort vote for boring emotion was significantly higher than that of joyful and neutral state, which meant that subjects’ felt less comfortable under boring emotion. The thermal sensation vote of boring emotion became higher. Participants tended to be warmer in boring emotion state. The results about thermal satisfaction vote and thermal expectation also indicated that the evaluation gets worse in boring state. The analysis of physiological parameters showed that, in light activities, both systolic blood pressure and heart rate increased under boring state compared to neutral and joyful state. The heart rate variability index (LF/HF) was higher under boring state and lower under joyful state than that of neutral state. Both systolic pressure and heart rate were found to be positively correlated with thermal sensation vote in different emotion states, while higher LF/HF was related to less thermal comfort conditions. During exercising, subjective questionnaires and physiological parameters did not change significantly with different emotion states.

Exercise Fatigue Detection Algorithm Based on Video Image Information Extraction

Excessive psychological pressure, long working hours, and excessive labor intensity can make people exhausted and affect people's cognition and motor function. Detecting the fatigue state of athletes can prevent excessive fatigue and sports injuries. This article chooses the adaptive median filter method to smooth the image and remove the noise, and uses the adaptive threshold light equalization method to adjust the image's light equalization. According to the admission and rejection criteria of the Sequential Forward Floating Selection (SFFS) algorithm, different feature parameter combinations are used to build a fatigue motion detection model based on Support Vector Machine (SVM). Taking the classification performance of the built SVM detection model as the evaluation criterion, and using the sequence floating forward selection algorithm as the search strategy, the fatigue characteristic parameter optimization selection algorithm is established. The algorithm is used to reduce the dimensionality of the full set of fatigue feature parameters, and the optimal feature subset of fatigue motion is extracted. Based on the paired sample t-test and the analysis of variance method, it analyzes and quantifies the comprehensive influence of individual athlete differences and fatigue exercise on sports behavior and eye movement characteristics. An adaptive detection model is built based on personality parameters, and the design idea of the fatigue feature extraction network is analyzed. In order to make full use of the information of the feature vector output by the fully connected layer, the new network designs two fully connected layers to extract feature vectors. Two types are output by the Softmax loss function, which can directly determine whether the athlete is in a fatigue state. Based on the PERCLOS (Percentage of Eyelid Closure Over the Pupil over time) criterion, this article completes the construction of the fatigue motion sample set, and classifies the face images with more than 80% eyes closed as fatigue samples. This method can apply the PERCLOS criterion to the training of the convolutional neural network, so that it can recognize the fatigue state of the face based on the comprehensive facial features and improve the robustness of the algorithm.

How people decide what they want to know.

Immense amounts of information are now accessible to people, including information that bears on their past, present and future. An important research challenge is to determine how people decide to seek or avoid information. Here we propose a framework of information-seeking that aims to integrate the diverse motives that drive information-seeking and its avoidance. Our framework rests on the idea that information can alter people's action, affect and cognition in both positive and negative ways. The suggestion is that people assess these influences and integrate them into a calculation of the value of information that leads to information-seeking or avoidance. The theory offers a framework for characterizing and quantifying individual differences in information-seeking, which we hypothesize may also be diagnostic of mental health. We consider biases that can lead to both insufficient and excessive information-seeking. We also discuss how the framework can help government agencies to assess the welfare effects of mandatory information disclosure.

Analysis of cognition and use of traditional Chinese medicine based on 454 questionnaires

This paper analyzes the current Chinese people's cognition and use of traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) through questionnaire survey. Most of the respondents think that TCM has its own characteristics and advantages, and is gradually becoming an important choice for people to prevent and treat diseases. Chinese people pay the attention to the experience of TCM doctors and the effect of TCM when they are seeking medical care. The lack of talents of TCM, the slow or unstable curative effect of TCM are also issues that people pay more attention to.The policy suggestions in all aspects, including the reform of TCM medical treatment, TCM education, scientific research, industry and systemmechanismhave been affirmed. Key words: Surveys and questionnaires; Traditional Chinese medicine (TCM); Cognition; Applied behavior analysis; Policy making

Practice and Exploration of Open Experimental Teaching in Preventive Medicine

<p>With the transformation of disease model and the development of related basic science, the research mode of preventive medicine is also changing. The traditional medical model mainly refers to the biomedical model. With the exploration of the medical field, the biomedical model has been transformed into the modern medical model, that is, the bio-psychology-social medical model. And the preventive medicine model has undergone significant changes along with the transformation of the entire medical model. Modern preventive medicine is an important means to protect human health. Due to people's social attributes, various social and psychological factors will affect the health of the population.Through people's new cognition and research on various factors affecting health in modern preventive medicine, modern preventive medicine has very obvious social benefits.This article mainly explains the practice and exploration of open experimental teaching of preventive medicine in China.</p>

Economic Function and Financial Literacy of Modern Family

The economic function of the family is expressed in the provision of material subsistence for its members, in the provision and consumption of subsistence. The paper looks at the post-modern urban family's placement in terms of means of production and its consumption role.How are the functions of the modern family related to providing and meeting the needs of members? Is there a model for economic insurance of family income that builds its stability and sustainability? How to realize the family's desire to raise their standard of living? What are the forms of economic cooperation within the family? These and other issues related to fulfilling the economic role of the family is the subject of an analysis in the paper on the basis of several elements and issues that are constantly relevant.The paper particularly recognizes the importance of financial literacy for family members. How to develop and on what grounds to base people's financial cognition? What is the knowledge to create and manage a family budget as a detailed overview of finances? The formation of economic and financial education is perceived as the basis for improving personal and family finances. At what level and by what methods can the financial knowledge of family members be improved? Financial literacy limits the opportunities for growth, development, and satisfaction of the needs of the family and its members.The paper analyzes the role of the educational institutions in raising the economic and financial literacy of the members of the modern family that is of interest to any society. The economic function of the family is also considered in the context of constant social changes and external influences that limit the possibilities of family members. Only educated and skilled individuals can manage social processes and influence standard-raising.

Effect of Providing the Uncertainty Information About a Tornado Occurrence on the Weather Recipients' Cognition and Protective Action: Probabilistic Hazard Information Versus Deterministic Warnings.

Currently, a binary alarm system is used in the United States to issue deterministic warning polygons in case of tornado events. To enhance the effectiveness of the weather information, a likelihood alarm system, which uses a tool called probabilistic hazard information (PHI), is being developed at National Severe Storms Laboratory to issue probabilistic information about the threat. This study aims to investigate the effects of providing the uncertainty information about a tornado occurrence through the PHI's graphical swath on laypeople's concern, fear, and protective action, as compared with providing the warning information with the deterministic polygon. The displays of color-coded swaths and deterministic polygons were shown to subjects. Some displays had a blue background denoting the probability of any tornado formation in the general area. Participants were asked to report their levels of concern, fear, and protective action at randomly chosen locations within each of seven designated levels on each display. Analysis of a three-stage nested design showed that providing the uncertainty information via the PHI would appropriately increase recipients' levels of concern, fear, and protective action in highly dangerous scenarios, with a more than 60% chance of being affected by the threat, as compared with deterministic polygons. The blue background and the color-coding type did not have a significant effect on the people's cognition of the threat and reaction to it. This study shows that using a likelihood alarm system leads to more conscious decision making by the weather information recipients and enhances the system safety.

The Cultural Construction of Space and Migration in Paiwan, Taiwan

The establishment and use of space is a culturally constructed dimension of the human experience that is figurative, metaphorical, and analogical in nature. Such phenomena are mapped and encoded in people's spatial and cultural cognition and they are constituted and reconstituted during moments of migration onto new lands. In this paper it is argued that analysing the spatial dimensions that are enacted by a social group during its migration offers scholars a means to ascertain the metaphorical meaning of the lives of its members. Examining such processes also enables archaeologists to identify and interpret the nature of cultural continuity during such movements. The paper presents the results of examining the nature of cultural continuity in the configurations and patterns of ancient house structures and settlements that were established and then abandoned by the Kaushi, a Paiwan group in southern Taiwan, as they migrated and colonized and created a new cultural landscape.

Utilisation de l’engagement pour limiter la valorisation des fumeurs chez les adolescents

IntroductionSocial psychology research about commitment has demonstrated that it is possible to change one people's cognition and behavior. ObjectiveThe aim of the present article is to show that commitment can be used as a reduction strategy of smokers’ valorization and smoking normativity in order to reduce smoking. MethodStudents have been followed into a longitudinal study from end of elementary school to 8th grade class. They have been divided into different groups representing the smoking prevention's degree of commitment. ResultsRsults suggest that the sooner they are engaged in schooling, the better is the prevention. Commitment intervention made later in schooling has no influence on students smoking valorization. ConclusionResults will be discussed in terms of commitment theory by highlighting that an intervention using commitment is efficient only if the target is not already committed in an opposite behavior.

Deciphering the meaning and mechanism of migrants' and locals' neighborhood attachment in Chinese cities: Evidence from Guangzhou

The rising fluidity of the society in contemporary China has led to a restructuring of people's cognition and emotion toward their place of residence. Although a growing body of literature has attempted to identify place-based factors that influence residents' attachment to their neighborhoods in Chinese large cities, little effort has been devoted to unraveling the migrant-local distinction regarding the meaning and mechanism of neighborhood attachment. Using both questionnaire survey data and in-depth interview data collected in 23 neighborhoods of Guangzhou, China, this paper aims to explore the meaning and mechanism of neighborhood attachment through the combination of both structure equation modelling and qualitative analysis. The novelties of this study relate to the focus of migrant-local distinction and to the breakdown of place attachment into its social and functional dimensions. Results from structure equation modelling show that local residents have stronger attachment to their neighborhoods than migrants. Migrants' neighborhood attachment is more related to its social dimension, as measured by social contact and social trust, and locals' neighborhood attachment is more linked to its functional dimension, as measured by satisfaction with living environment of the neighborhood. This paper enhances our understanding of the nature of place attachment by taking into account the effects of institutional constraints and migration experiences.

Polysaccharides from tubers of Bletilla striata: Physicochemical characterization, formulation of buccoadhesive wafers and preliminary study on treating oral ulcer

The purpose of this research is to arouse people's cognition of the dual role of Bletilla striata polysaccharide (BSP)—a kind of biocompatible, biodegradable natural biological materials with myriad pharmacological activities. BSP was extracted and characterized firstly. The results indicated that BSP was composed of mannose and glucose. The backbone of BSP mainly consisted of (1 → 4)-linked β-D-mannopyranose. Afterwards, A 32 factorial design was employed for optimization of lyophilized wafers for the treatment of traumatic oral ulcer with concentrations of BSP and glycerin as independent variables. Tensile strength, mucoadhesive strength, and swelling index were measured as response variables. It was determined that the wafer prepared from a solution containing 4% (w/v) BSP and 7% (w/v) glycerin was the optimal formulation. The wafers exhibited sufficient mechanical strength and suitable surface pH. Morphology of the wafers was observed. DSC/TGA thermograms showed the presence of three peaks weight loss events and decomposition patterns. Moreover, in vivo examinations indicated that the BSP wafer significantly promoted ulcer healing at 7 days, while no statistically significant difference was observed on day 12. In conclusion, this study suggests that BSP is an ideal biomaterial for mucosal adhesion agents, playing a nontrivial role in promoting oral ulcer healing.

Seven days of mindfulness-based cognitive therapy improves attention and coping style

We designed a short-term training course in mindfulness-based cognitive therapy (MBCT) for use with busy people with little time. We examined whether or not MBCT training would affect people's cognition. We assigned 44 participants with no prior experience with mindfulness techniques randomly to either an MBCT group or a control group. These participants then completed the Trait Coping Style Questionnaire (TCSQ). After having undergone 7 days of training, we assessed participants again with the TCSQ and they also completed the Attention Network Test. Results showed that orienting and executive control differed between the MBCT and control groups, but there was no difference between the 2 groups in alerting. The score for positive coping style was significantly enhanced in the group who had undergone MBCT training. Our findings suggest that MBCT can be an effective approach to improve individuals' attentional subsystem and coping style in a short time.

The psychological representation of modality

A series of recent studies have explored the impact of people's judgments regarding physical law, morality, and probability. Surprisingly, such studies indicate that these three apparently unrelated types of judgments often have precisely the same impact. We argue that these findings provide evidence for a more general hypothesis about the kind of cognition people use to think about possibilities. Specifically, we suggest that this aspect of people's cognition is best understood using an idea developed within work in the formal semantics tradition, namely the notion of modality. On the view we propose, people may have separate representations for physical, moral and probabilistic considerations, but they also integrate these various considerations into a unified representation of modality.