People's Commissariat Research Articles

"It is impossible not only to provide for all the needs of places of detention caused by overcrowding, but also to feed prisoners": interdepartmental financial disputes on the eve of the birth of the Soviet camp system (1928-1929).

The subject of the study is the financial and economic prerequisites of the hardware confrontation on the strategy and priorities of the development of the Soviet correctional labor system, observed at the turn of the 1920s-1930s. Archival documents of that era are analyzed, indicating that the NKVD of the RSFSR and its subordinate Main Directorate of places of detention in the specified period experienced an acute shortage of funds for the maintenance of constantly an increasing contingent of prisoners. The leadership of the People's Commissariat (V. N. Tolmachev) and GUMZ (E. G. Shirvindt) made significant hardware efforts to eliminate the shortage of monetary resources and, with the support of the SNK of the RSFSR, sometimes even acted bypassing the People's Commissariat of Finance of the RSFSR for these purposes. Therefore, including for this reason, it categorically refused to participate in the financing of measures to create new correctional labor camps under the auspices of the OGPU. At the same time, representatives of the NKVD opposed the very idea of expanding the camp system and transferring other categories of prisoners to the OGPU in addition to those convicted of counterrevolutionary crimes. The article also cites other archival documents, which, together with the rest of the sources analyzed in it, cast doubt on the well-established opinion that the head of the NKVD V. N. Tolmachev was one of the initiators of the project of transition to a mass system of camp organization of forced labor of prisoners in the USSR.

БАШКИРСКОЕ ЯЗЫКОЗНАНИЕ В ИНСТИТУТЕ ИСТОРИИ, ЯЗЫКА И ЛИТЕРАТУРЫ УФИЦ РАН: ОСНОВНЫЕ ЭТАПЫ И НАПРАВЛЕНИЯ РАЗВИТИЯ

The article describes the main stages and directions of studying the Bashkir language within the walls of the Institute of History, Language and Literature of the Ural Federal Research Center of the Russian Academy of Sciences. 100 years ago, the Society for the Study of Bashkiria was founded under the People's Commissariat of Education - the Academcenter, which was succeeded by the Institute of History, Language and Literature of the Ural Federal Research Center of the Russian Academy of Sciences. During these past 100 years, the Institute has become one of the famous centers for the study of the language, culture, literature and history of the Bashkir and other peoples in Bashkortostan. In the first decades, work was carried out on the problems of the formation of the modern Bashkir literary language. In connection with the need to study the vocabulary of the spoken language of the Bashkirs, folklore-linguistic expeditions were organized. The expeditions were led by N.K. Dmitriev to various regions of the republic and the Bashkir-speaking regions of neighboring regions. Until the middle of the twentieth century. the main attention was focused on solving the issues of collecting, fixing language materials, on the development of new spelling, grammatical, lexical norms. As a result, numerous terminological dictionaries, spelling aids, and the first grammatical descriptions appeared. From the middle of the twentieth century linguists pay the most attention to the study of the history of the Bashkir language, dialectology, semasiology, and onomastics. The extensive material collected during numerous expeditions makes it possible to study the dialect material with the necessary completeness, describe the history of the development of the language, which is reflected in lexicographic publications and theoretical generalization in the relevant monographs. At the turn of the millennium, new related areas of study of the Bashkir language are being developed: ethnolinguistics, linguofolkloristics, and computational linguistics. The terminological, orthographic, explanatory, dialectal, semasiological, translation, ethnolinguistic dictionaries developed at the Institute show, on the one hand, the formation of the Bashkir literary language itself over 100 years, on the other hand, they are evidence of the extensive work carried out at the Institute on the study of the Bashkir language, marking are significant milestones in the development of Bashkir linguistics at the Institute, successfully continuing to this day.

COLLISIONS OF THE FORMATION OF THE PROSECUTOR's SUPERVISION OF PLACES OF DEPRIVATION OF LIBERTY IN UDMURTIA IN THE 1920s-1930s

The purpose of the article is an attempt to identify the main problems of the formation in the period between the two wars of the prosecutor's supervision of places of deprivation of liberty in the territories that are now part of the Udmurt Republic. The scientific novelty of the research lies in the involvement of a number of archival materials from among the prosecutor's reports of the 1920s and 1930s, most of them introduced into scientific circulation for the first time. The conducted review allows us to identify three main reasons for the protracted formation of prosecutorial supervision of places of deprivation of liberty in the Votskaya (Udmurt) Autonomous Oblast in the 1920s-1930s. Firstly, it is the protracted formation of the penitentiary system itself, the necessity of which was long been questioned in connection with the anticipated imminent construction of a socialist society and the expected final victory of the proletariat and the working peasantry over class enemies. The second reason can be called permanent party, People's Commissariat of Justice and internal prosecutorial purges of prosecutorial and investigative personnel in 1925, 1927, 1929, 1932, 1934 and 1937-1938, which contributed to the regular washing out of employees from the system of prosecutorial supervision. The third reason can be determined by the prolonged lack of systematic professional training of prosecutorial and investigative personnel, which for many years has been complicated by the policy of "korenizatia" and "proletarization" of the People's Commissariat of Justice.

The textile industry enterprises work organisation in Ivanovo Region in the pre-war period (1939–1941)

This article is devoted to the organisation of work of textile enterprises in the territory of Ivanovo Region in the pre-war period. It was carried out through the legal decisions of the Soviet government and the People's Commissariat of the Textile Industry of the USSR. However, their implementation was based on the sectoral search for domestic reserves rather than on the development of new investments in the enterprises; that would contribute to an increase in the production of civilian products and a variety of its assortment. In the field of production, they covered an increase in production standards, increased productivity and optimisation of technological processes. In relation to labour collectives, they were aimed at combating violators of labour discipline, the release of defective products, as well as on the formation of a careful attitude towards state property. Ultimately, those measures had to contribute to an increase in the revenue part of the state budget. In general, these measures contributed to strengthening textile production in Ivanovo Region, the implementation of planned tasks. However, its further development was restrained by a complex of various problems and, above all, by disadvantage of that time's equipment, the manufacture of which was still mastered by engineering plants of the country. In the conditions of an impending military threat, the presence of the said problems had become increasingly more clear.

Construction of new workshops on defence plants of Ivanovo Region in 1943

This article is devoted to the activities of defence enterprises No. 2 (town of Kovrov), “Avtopribor” (automobile devices) and Plant No. 521 (town of Vladimir), expanding their production areas in order to increase the production of new machine guns and fuses to anti-tank-cumulative aerial bombs for the existing army . Until August 1944, Kovrov and Vladimir were administratively part of Ivanovo Region, therefore the decisions of the State Committee of Defence, the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR regarding these objects were accompanied by the adoption by Ivanovo regional committee of the Communist Party (Bolsheviks) and the Executive Committee of the regional council of deputies of the working relevant decisions of the organisational and administrative nature. For their implementation, any opportunities were sought, the existing equipment was filmed from enterprises, the timing of its delivery to other defence plants, including imported to imports, was shifted. The tasks of the State Defence Committee of various People's Commissariats on the technical equipment of new workshops were obligatory and accompanied by phrases “first priorityˮ with the requirement of unconditional implementation. In regional historiography, these rulings were not covered. In this regard, the introduction to the scientific turnover of the State Committee of the Defence and Part of the decisions of Ivanovo Regional Committee of the Communist Party (Bolsheviks) allows to overcome existing gaps in regional historical knowledge and in the history of the World War II.

Уполномоченный НКИД РСФСР в Монголии О.И. Макстенек и его революционные университеты

The article is devoted to the process and features of the revolutionary events in the Baltic region at the beginning of the 20th century. The authors reveal the high level of proletarianization of Latvia, which led to the creation in 1904 of the National Social Democratic Labor Party (LSDRP). Otto Ivanovich Makstenek was one of the first Latvians to join the ranks of the new political organization. Subsequently, he became an active participant in the first Russian revolution of 1905–1907, a political prisoner, an exiled settler. Makstenek was a participant in the Civil War in Eastern Siberia and the first authorized representative of the People's Commissariat for Foreign Affairs of the RSFSR in Mongolia (1920–1921).

Museum-organising activities of the People's Commissariat of Education in Ivanovo-Voznesensk province in 1918–1920

The article is devoted to the study of the activities of public education bodies in organising the work of museums on the territory of the newly formed Ivanovo-Voznesensk Province in the early years of the Soviet state. Using the example of museums in Kineshma and Ivanovo-Voznesensk, the main problems they had faced, were considered. The importance and relevance of museums for educational purposes is revealed not only for the centre of the province, but also for lesser towns. Examples from the practice of collecting historical, cultural, artistic and museum values in the estates of industrialists and entrepreneurs, the asceticism of the first museum workers are given. The article uses documents from the State Archive of Ivanovo Region and the auxiliary fund of Kineshma Art and Historical Museum, a significant part of which has been introduced into scientific circulation for the first time. It is addressed to researchers studying the actions of the executive authorities of the Soviet state in its early years of formation and development, as well as the scientific community.

МОБИЛИЗАЦИЯ ЛЮДСКИХ И МАТЕРИАЛЬНЫХ РЕСУРСОВ КАЗАХСТАНА НА ОБОРОНУ СССР

The article deals with the issues of mobilization of human and material resources of Kazakhstan in wartime conditions. According to the revealed data, during the war years of 1941-1945, 24% of the population of the republic was mobilized for the defense of the USSR and the Labor Army. As the analysis of documents shows, the restructuring of the national economy for war conditions was carried out from July 1941 to July 1942. During this time, more than 1600 evacuated enterprises were located in the republic, 142 of them began to produce military products. The work of all people's commissariats, as well as the transport system, was rebuilt. Light industry provided the army with uniforms and warm clothing. 12 new mines were built and the subsoil of the Zhezkazgan region was developed. Kazakhstan during the war years gave the country more than 70% of polymetallic ores, 90% of lead and other strategic products. The article also discusses the mobilization of agricultural resources. In 1941-1942 the area under crops in the republic was expanded. In addition, the article shows the activities of public bodies to provide voluntary assistance to the front, to raise funds for the construction of tank columns, air squadrons and other equipment. In the course of the study, the authors came to the conclusion that during the war years all the resources of Kazakhstan were mobilized for the defense of the USSR. Out of 1 million 367 thousand, every second Kazakhstani who fought on the fronts of the war remained on the battlefields. 700 thousand Kazakhstanis worked in the labor army (200 thousand of them were Kazakhs). Most of them worked outside the republic.

THE ROLE OF STALIN AS A DIRECT LEADER AND ORGANIZER OF REPRESSIONS OF THE 1930 S

The role of I. Stalin during the period of political repressions of the 1930s is investigated. On specific documents signed by Stalin and stored in archives, his role as a direct organizer and direct leader of repressions is shown, who daily delved into all issues, up to the most detailed, the organization of the work of the leading party bodies and bodies of the People's Commissariat of Internal Affairs on the implementation of the politics of terror and violence. I. Stalin kept the work of carrying out repressions under his personal unrele nting control, often gave direct instructions to the leadership of the People's Commissariat of Internal Affairs on individual cases, on specific people. It is shown that Stalin directed not only the operational-investigative, investigative activities of the People's Commissariat of Internal Affairs, but also the preparation and conduct of trials. So, Stalin personally painted the entire organization of the "Process of the anti-Soviet Trotskyist center" in January 1937 in Moscow. Stalin's personal involvement and direct leadership was manifested not only in the organization of political repression, but also in the implementation of economic policy, which was a policy of subjugation of the population through actual economic strangulation. This is shown by the example of the famine (asharshylyk) of 1931-1933 in Kazakhstan.

REPRESSIONS IN THE CENTRAL APPARATUS OF MILITARY INTELLIGENCE IN THE CONTEXT OF REPRESSIVE MEASURES IN THE ARMED FORCES OF THE USSR (1919–1940).

The article deals with the issue of the scale of repression in the central military and naval intelligence agencies of the People's Commissariat of Defense (hereinafter - NCO) and the People's Commissariat of the Navy of the USSR (hereinafter - NKVMF). The relevance of the study is due to the need to establish the exact number of repressed intelligence officers of both People's commissariats; the need to substantiate the accusations often made by domestic and foreign historians against the leadership of the USSR in the repression of the "best representatives" of military intelligence; establishing the degree of influence of repression on the effectiveness of the work of intelligence agencies. Until now, the study of repression in the Armed Forces of the USSR has been limited only to general work, the study of repression in individual military districts (for example, the Trans–Baikal Military District), in the types and branches of the armed forces (Navy, cavalry), as well as in individual formations and military schools. The novelty of this study lies in the fact that until now the issue of repression and its consequences in the central intelligence agencies of the Red Army and the Red Army has not been studied. In their work, the authors used the method of historiographical analysis. Taking into account the peculiarities and difficulties in access to hitherto closed materials on military intelligence personnel, the main source base of the study was the so-called "Memory Books" of all those shot in Moscow in the 1919-1940s, prospects for further search work on this topic are outlined.

НАУКОВО-МЕТОДИЧНА ДІЯЛЬНІСТЬ КАФЕДР ХАРКІВСЬКОГО ДЕРЖАВНОГО УЧИТЕЛЬСЬКОГО ІНСТИТУТУ В ПОВОЄННІ РОКИ

In the article, which is based on the study of historical and pedagogical literature and archival materials, highlights the scientific and methodological activities of the Kharkiv State Teachers' Institute in the post-war years, a general description of the departments was carried out, the main directions of the work of the departments were characterized, the positives and shortcomings of the work of the departments in the specified period were identified. To achieve the goals set, general scientific and historical-pedagogical research methods (analysis, synthesis, comparison) were used, which made it possible to systematize historical-pedagogical sources, reference literature. It was established that in 1935, in accordance with the Decree of the Council of People's Commissars of the Ukrainian SSR "On the training of teachers, the system of pedagogical education and the network of pedagogical institutions", a two-year teacher's institute was created at the Kharkiv State Pedagogical Institute. The Soviet authorities were faced with the problem of a shortage of qualified teaching staff in educational institutions, especially in schools. Therefore, the Kharkiv State Teachers' Institute was called upon to fulfill the task of high-quality and short-term (2 years) training of teachers for grades 5-7, who brought up in the spirit of communist ideology. In the post-war years, the Kharkiv State Teachers' Institute had departments of natural sciences, Ukrainian and Russian languages, psychology and pedagogy, mathematics, Marxism-Leninism, physics, geography, history, physical education and sports. Scientific and methodological work of the departments of the Kharkiv State Teachers ' Institute in the post-war years consisted of drawing up semester work plans, leading and lecturing, organizing and conducting practical classes, leading students’ pedagogical and field practice, organizing control over students' independent work, conducting examination sessions.

FEATURES OF THE MANAGEMENT OF THE SYSTEM OF EDUCATIONAL AND PEDAGOGICAL FORECASTING IN THE UKRAINIAN SOCIALIST SOVIET REPUBLIC OF THE PERIOD 1920 – 1930

The article considers the peculiarities of the management of the system of educational and pedagogical forecasting in the Ukrainian Socialist Soviet Republic of the period 1920 – 1930. The author emphasizes that during this period the leadership of the system of educational and pedagogical forecasting was taken over by the People's Commissariat of Education, which took a number of steps to reform the education sector. The teacher covers the education system of this period. The scientist analyzes the principles of the new educational paradigm. The researcher claims that the Ukrainian public education system was based on social education, which involved expanding society's influence on the child's life, education and upbringing, and displacing "non-social" educational influences – especially the family, disorganized environment. The educator identifies trends in the development of public preschool education. The author notes that the Ukrainian education system of the period under study was primarily focused on the plans and realities of industrial and agricultural development of the country. The scientist concludes that the peculiarities of the management of the system of educational and pedagogical forecasting in the Ukrainian Socialist Soviet Republic of the period 1920-1930 are characterized by a creative search for pedagogical systems, models, educational and professional programs of pedagogical training, updating its content.

Hospital business - at the level of tasks set by the government and the party

Recently, the teams of the All-Union Central Council of Trade Unions, the People's Commissariat for Health, the NK RCI and the State Planning Commission examined a number of hospitals both in Moscow and Leningrad, and in the regions - Ural, Ivanovo, Central Chernozem, Moscow and along the edges - North Caucasian, Western Siberian and Gorkovsky. On the results of this examination by the Collegium of the People's Commissariat of Health on April 15, p. A report was heard and a number of measures were developed to improve the organization of hospital affairs in the RSFSR.

Methods of work of a health center in dairy and livestock sovkhozes

On the basis of the decree of the Central Committee of the All-Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks) and the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR dated 30/31/31 - the central task for the near future in the field of agriculture is the organization and strengthening of the socialist sector of animal husbandry - state farms and collective farm dairy farms, 1931 and 1932. should be the years of the same decisive turning point in the development of animal husbandry as 1929 and 1930 were in the organization of socialist grain farming.

Sketch of the work of the scientific and clinical sanatorium Tsusstrakh named after Lenin

People's Commissar of Health Comrade Vladimirsky in his report at the Moscow city-wide party meeting of medical workers 4 / II 1933 "On the results of the January plenum of the Central Committee and Central Control Commission of the All-Union Communist Party of Bolsheviks" noted the major achievements in the field of health care, which were the result of the general successes of socialist construction, and led to a significant increase in the inpatient fund, reached in the USSR in 1932 - 800,000 beds, which changed the very type of institution and the system of medical care; at the same time outlined a number of measures aimed at strengthening the health of the workers of our country.

Special Troika of the Krasnoyarsk NKVD: the Number of the Repressed in the Fall of 1938

The research featured the Special Troika of the Krasnoyarsk Territory, i.e. a committee of three officials who issued sentences without public trial. The authors focused on the number of the convicted on the so-called ethnic cases during the late Great Terror in the fall of 1938. The study was based on the archival documents of the Special Troika of the Krasnoyarsk Territory. According to the protocols, 1,894 local residents were found guilty in the ethnic cases in in the fall of 1938. Out of 1,690 people who were sentenced to capital punishment, less than 1% were executed. On November 26, 1938, the NKVD issued Order No. 00762, which marked the end of the Great Terror and recommended to transfer the remaining cases to the courts. Those convicted on the last day of mass repressions were released, and the NKVD authorities were forbidden to carry out sentences approved by the Special Troika after November 15, 1938. On December 22, 1938, People's Commissar of Internal Affairs L. P. Beria declared that all execution sentences issued by the Troika before November 17, 1928, became invalid.

Участие контрольных комиссий РКП(б) в составе Наркомата Рабоче-крестьянской инспекции в формировании командно-административной системы СССР. 1923-1924 гг.

The article analyzes the process of radical improvement of Soviet state apparatus outlined by the Central Committee of the RCP (B) and launched in connection with the illness and death of V.I. Lenin in 1923–24. The personnel (and personnel reserve) problem was aggravated by bitter struggles for inheritance and leadership over the party and Soviet state within the Central Committee of the RCP (B). In Soviet historiography, this problem was hushed up; in modern historiography it remains insufficiently studied. To fill in the historiographic gaps, the author uses method of source study. It has been revealed that in the studied period, Soviet civil servants, who occupied their high positions on the basis of pre-revolutionary (underground) party experience, did not meet the qualification criteria; many of them cared about their own well-being to the detriment of the case entrusted them by the party, embezzled, encouraged protectionism, had mistresses, and were surrounded by bureaucrats and personalities with a dubious past and present. Administrative measures adopted in 1923–24 to reduce the state apparatus of the People's Commissariats by 12–40 percent did not produce the desired result: the payroll not only failed to decrease, it actually grew by 100 percent due to so-called special rates of payment for management personnel and specialists. As a palliative measure, the 13th Party Congress planned to strengthen the Central Control Commission of the RCP (B) and the People's Commissariat of the Workers' and Peasants' Inspection. In 1923– 24, members of regional party boards and personnel of the People's Commissariat of the Workers' and Peasants' Inspection conducted important surveys of the Soviet bodies and institutions. Mass checks were run simultaneously in Soviet and party agencies. Party leaders and civil servants were checked by “troikas” of party and state auditors for adequacy to their posts; conflicts between party leaders and non-party employees were revealed, as well as facts of corruption, opposition, petty-bourgeois bias, drunkenness, domestic corruption, etc. Imposed punishments, however, were to take into account the low cultural level of managers from former workers and peasants or representatives of national republics. Following the inspections, the regional party boards were recommended “to keep an eye on” managers, while treating their shortcomings with understanding. It has been revealed that according to the plans of the Central Committee of the RCP (B), party collegiums of control commissions were not to turn into purely judicial bodies considering cases of misconduct, they were to prevent the negative phenomena. Introduction of massive control over leading personnel accelerated the formation of the command-and-control system in Soviet Russia, with all its advantages and disadvantages.

ХОЗЯЙСТВЕННЫЕ ВЕДОМСТВА ВО ВТОРОЙ ПОЛОВИНЕ 1940-Х ГГ.: К ТИПОЛОГИИ «ЛОББИСТСКИХ ГРУПП» В СОВЕТСКОЙ ПЛАНОВОЙ СИСТЕМЕ. ЧАСТЬ I

The author decomposes mechanisms of cooperative actions taken by departmental struggling parties (People's Commissariats -Ministries above all else) to defend their economic interests. The study covers chronological time range between 1945 and 1950s, period of developing and implementation of the 4th Five-year industrial plan. The specificity of this period was determined by the conversion transition marked the “end of the war”, during which all sectors of the Soviet economy were adapted to work in peacetime. The struggle between the People's commissariats (Ministries) for more reasonable conditions for the fulfillment of economic obligations forced their leaders to create informal groups, which the author calls «lobby groups». Each of them was formed to protect the interests of the industrial sector it represented. The author proposes a typology of such groups based on the analysis of correspondence between economic departments and Stalin's governmental deputies, who were responsible for the success of one or another initiative by industry lobbyists.

Государственный оптический институт в эвакуации 1941–1945 гг. По документам Государственного архива Республики Марий Эл

The article analyzes documents from the fonds of the State Archive of the Mari El Republic (GARME) and considers the circumstances of the State Optical Institute (GOI) under the People’s Commissariat of Armament of the USSR evacuated to the city of Yoshkar-Ola of the Mari ASSR in the days of the Great Patriotic War. The authors study materials from the fonds of departments for economic arrangement of evacuated population under the Council of People's Commissars of the Mari ASSR and the Executive Committee of the Yoshkar-Ola City Council of Workers’ Deputies of the Mari ASSR; those of the M. Gorky Volga State Forestry Institute; the Ministry for Higher and Specialized Secondary Education of the RSFSR; the Directorate for Vocational and Technical Education under the Council of Ministers of the Mari ASSR; the Mari Republican and Yoshkar-Ola City Committees of the Communist Party of the RSFSR; the Council of Ministers of the Mari ASSR. They focus on the working conditions in the institute and its structural divisions, trends of scientific research, provision of its employees. On July 11, 1941, the State Defense Committee of the USSR issued a decree “On the Evacuation of Industrial Enterprises,” according to which the GOI was transferred from Leningrad to Yoshkar-Ola. The institute’s output was scientific work in the field of optics, both theoretical and applied, calculation of optical systems, design of optical devices and their prototypes, as well as research of new types of optical glass and its technology. In the years of the GOI’s evacuation to Yoshkar-Ola (1941 to 1945), more than 70 types of optical devices were invented. The Institute performed scientific and technical management of the optical industry factories work, covered defense requests, including supervising the production activities of one of the optical industry enterprises evacuated to Yoshkar-Ola, factory no. 297 of the People’s Commissariat of Armament (now a leading enterprise of the Mari El Republic, Mari Machine-Building Factory). The best work of the GOI scientists was awarded state awards, and even Stalin Prize. The complex of archival documents from the fonds of the State Military Academy of Economics, which has been introduced into scientific use, reflects the role of the party and state bodies of the Mari ASSR in organizing reception and accommodation of and assistance to scientists, engineers, designers, qualified workers of the State Optical Institute under the People's Commissariat of Armament in pilot production of new weapons samples for the Red Army, which was of particular importance in the wartime.

Establishment of international relations of the People's Commissariat of Health of the RSFSR on the example of the newspaper "News of the People's Commissariat of Health of the RSFSR"

Establishment of international relations of the People's Commissariat of Health of the RSFSR on the example of the newspaper "News of the People's Commissariat of Health of the RSFSR"