People In Years Research Articles

Youth Mental Health in the Wake of the COVID-19 Pandemic.

In this article we examine the current state of youth mental health across the United States and in Delaware, and discuss the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the mental health and well-being of children and adolescents. We review available literature detailing the short- and long-term effects of the COVID-19 pandemic on youth mental health and discuss the resultant programmatic and legislative efforts in Delaware and nationally. The COVID-19 pandemic had a severe impact on the mental health of young people. The prevalence of depression and anxiety among children and adolescents, which was already increasing pre-pandemic, spiked after the pandemic's onset. Even as public health precautions have lifted, young people continue to struggle with mental health in conjunction with lower levels of educational achievement, hindered social development, increased screen time, diminished access to effective mental healthcare, and economic instability. The negative impact of the pandemic will continue to have ramifications on the health and wellbeing of young people for years to come. Compiling evidence examining mental health trends is an important first step to understanding the impact of the pandemic on child and adolescent mental health and developing effective solutions. Although the official state of emergency is over, the effects of the COVID-19 pandemic are far-reaching and long-lasting. It is imperative that legislators and program administrators in Delaware and nationally work to ensure that young people and their families have access to affordable, high quality mental healthcare.

Determination of Some Antioxidant Activity Values in Wines of Vitis vinifera L. Karalahna, Karasakız and Çavuş Grape Varieties Produced in Bozcaada

Vinifera linné subsp., whose traditional names are Karalahna, Çavuş and Karasakız, in Çanakkale Bozcaada region, which has witnessed different cultures and periods for centuries due to its strategic location. It is known that wines made from grapes belonging to vinifera species have been consumed by local people for years. Wine is a traditional fermented beverage rich in phenolic substances and antioxidant properties, where product is kept in red wine with its skins, especially during maceration stage, due to production process. Phenolic content and antioxidant properties vary depending on grape variety, and these properties are important for human health. In this study, 2,2-diphenyl-1-picryl-hydrazyl (red wine), çavuş (white wine) and karasakız (red wine) wines produced from karalahna, karasakız (kuntra) and çavuş grapes of the 2020-2021 harvest period were examined. DPPH• free radical scavenging activity, total phenolic substance (Folin-Ciocalteu), Fe+3 reducing power, total flavonoid, anthocyanin, condensed tannin properties were examined.

Phytochemicals, Herbal Extracts, and Dietary Supplements for Metabolic Disease Management.

Comprehensive and effective care techniques have become essential due to the global epidemic dimensions of metabolic disorders, including diabetes, obesity, and cardiovascular ailments. Recent research highlights the potential of dietary supplements, herbal extracts, and phytochemicals in treating metabolic diseases. This abstract conveys the current state of the science in this field by highlighting these findings' underlying mechanisms and potential therapeutic applications. Plant-based diets contain naturally occurring bioactive molecules termed phytochemicals, which have shown promise in treating various metabolic illnesses. Examples include curcumin, flavonoids, and polyphenols' insulin-sensitizing, antioxidant, and antiinflammatory properties. Herbal extracts, derived from ancient medicinal herbs, have been used by people for years to treat a wide range of ailments. Recent studies have shown the efficacy of these strategies in improving lipid profiles, glucose metabolism, and overall cardiovascular health. Omega-3 fatty acids, vitamins, and minerals are just a few of the numerous nutritional supplements that are critical to metabolic health. These vitamins improve insulin sensitivity, regulate blood sugar, and decrease inflammation. Probiotics and prebiotics also affect the gut flora, which significantly affects metabolic function. These natural medicines' ability to treat metabolic diseases either by themselves or in combination with conventional medical interventions. However, when using it therapeutically, one must consider the differences in doses, individual responses, and bioavailability. The article concludes that phytochemicals, plant extracts, and food supplements offer a promising avenue for the management of metabolic illnesses. Comprehensive research, including clinical studies, is needed to ascertain their safety and efficacy characteristics. When added to treatment strategies, these natural therapies could be helpful supplements that improve overall health and the quality of life among individuals with metabolic diseases. Naringenin, a citrus flavonoid, can potentially prevent kidney injury in hyperuricemia by reducing uric acid, inflammation, apoptosis, DNA damage, and activating antioxidants. Further research and professional consultation are essential. Factors contributing to metabolic diseases, current approaches to management nutritional approaches for managing obesityassociated metabolic impairments in the liver and small intestine, and nutritional approaches for managing obesity-associated metabolic dysregulation are also explained briefly.

Global Solar Energy availability model and use in relationship to Ecological Human imprint: Economic Sustainability Impact and Assessment

The present study is to assess the solar-energy extraction from the global Earth land, the continuation demands and the availability use in relation to human population growth in the world through the modeling of different scenarios. For the last few years, global energy becomes the most important commodity for the continuation the life on this Earth. This is due to the decreasing the non-renewable resources such as oil. According to our model, the human population growth in the world will be between 9.5 to 11.00 billion people living on this earth by year 2050 at the current trend of human population growth rate, and we may be facing with shortening of availability of energy. It is important to stress that the energy should be replenished through non-tradition energy supply, but we have to concentrate on the renewable energy, which we can develop to the extent of harvesting this energy in efficient ways. An example for the needs of energy from the land is to calculate how much the Earth can be supporting the human beings. For this regard, if each human being is required to live daily is in need for 2000 calories/per day on an average from the food. This means that the global Earth size has to produce about 15000 billion calories/day and 5475000 billion calories per year as the current estimate of human population of the earth (i.e. 7.5 billion people in year 2017). The question is the Earth can produce these calories to support 7.5 billion people, and we need more calories when the human population grows to be more than 9.5 billion people in the year 2050 in this Earth. This is only for the food that we are consuming and what about another required energy necessity for our continuation of life for production of other commodities that we are in need such as energy for fulling our cars, trucks and other factories. Therefore, solar engineering harvesting from the Earth should be important, and we have to think how we accomplish it. Additionally, we need to sustain our environment by conserving our water resources, and keeping our global climate https://doi.org/10.24084/repqj17.363 environmentally in best condition to sustain the land economic and social standards. Further, in this paper, we are discussing the impacts of changing different parameters that affect global energy in this Earth, and what are the useful lessons that we can learn from it. Furthermore, we assess the availability of solar- energy and how to harvest and economic aspects of it. This will lead to sustainability of non-renewable resources such as oil.

TOWARD DATA LAKES FOR CRISIS MANAGEMENT

Abstract. The content of the data lake comes (is filled) from different sources, and different users (experts in various fields) of the same data can download and analyse the same data for their (different) needs and analysis. Big Data about the human environment and the effect of natural and human-caused disasters (in this case: heat islands, earthquakes and lava flows, and landmine contamination) on that environment have been available to many people for years and are the subject of discussions, but there are still numerous research challenges in the form of structuring and storing data and analysis results. This implies certain requirements for efficient integration, access and querying of the various data in the data repository for the described purpose. Data lakes and data warehouses are offered as solutions to this problem. Well-designed data lakes can be a basic building block for different solutions in the analysis of the effects of disasters on the environment, and high-quality data warehouses for modelling future potential disasters in the same area. This paper presents certain personal observations and certain proposals for the creation of efficient data lakes and data warehouses (based on many years of work on problems in areas: humanitarian demining, heat islands and volcanic activity) for the needs of decision-making in crisis based on examples from practice. The goal is to influence the development of a unique framework for the creation and maintenance of a data lake, in terms of its better utilization so that it does not become a data swamp.

Влияние учета производственных угроз на эффективность управления профессиональными рисками

In accordance with the decisions of the Government of the Russian Federation, the occupational safety management system is being reformed in the country. The new model of this system, built on the basis of occupational risk management techniques, in particular, using the Deming — Shewhart cycle, makes it possible to qualitatively improve the prevention of occupational injuries. To methodologically support the transition to a new model of labor protection, the main regulatory documents were prepared and approved, and additions were made to the Labor Code of the Russian Federation. However, the introduction of preventive mechanisms to improve working conditions is hampered by the problem of taking into account injuries of light and moderate severity. The established long-term practice of ignoring a significant number of industrial hazards conflicts with the requirements of mandatory implementation of procedures for managing occupational risks, which affects the efficiency of the activities carried out. In particular, in the European Union countries 10–40 times more accidents are registered than in Russia, but at the same time the injury severity rate there is 10 times lower. The International Labor Organization, using a special indicator on fatal injury statistics, suggested that the real number of people injured at work in Russia could range from 600 thousand to 1.2 million people in year. Using the example of Heinrich injury pyramid, the methods for recognizing industrial hazards that are in an obvious and hidden state are considered. Evidence-based statistics on the positive impact of the number of identified hazards on workplace safety are also provided. Taking into account the existing practice of risk accounting, it is proposed to use the injury severity coefficient as the main indicator of production safety. At the same time, one should strive not to reduce the injury frequency rate, but, on the contrary, to increase it, which will indicate an improvement in the recording of injuries.

Analysing the Social Security Issue of Unorganised Sector in India

As we all aware that India is swiftly transferring or selling their ownership in public enterprise to private players to increase efficiency, foster economic growth, enable competitiveness and for other reasons. But in storm of this privatisation state should be not allow to forget its social, constitutional and international obligation which is sine qua non for democratic setup. In India, total 50 crore workers are employed in organised and unorganised sector, out of which 45 crore workers employed in the unorganised sectors and 50-70 lakhs of workers join labour market annually. Probably this digit will increase in future due to mass privatisation and overpopulation. According to National Commission for Enterprises in the Unorganised Sector (2007), unorganised workers are “those working in the unorganised enterprises or households, excluding regular workers with social security benefits, and the workers in the formal sector without any employer/social security benefits provided by the employers.” Often unorganised sector work considers as precarious work because its offer insecure, unprotected, short-term and poorly paid jobs with no social security. Protection and promotion of rights of these workers has become more unfeasible when we study that top 10% of the Indian population holds 77% of the total national wealth and only a 1% wealth has been increased of 67 million people in year 2017. Mostly, workers employed in this sector belongs to underprivileged section of society having low level of skills and education which make situation worse. In this paper, author seeks to identify the rights of unorganised workers under national as well international law and issues affecting their working and living condition and responsibility of government to maintain the minimum standard of living of these workers and save them from exploitation.

Camphor and Menthol as Anticancer Agents: Synthesis, Structure-Activity Relationship and Interaction with Cancer Cell Lines.

Cancer is a type of human cell degenerative disease that has afflicted a large number of people for years. Cancer is caused due to the abnormal proliferation of cells in any part of the body. Most of the prescribed anticancer drugs are synthetic in nature and have been reported with enormous adverse effects. The researchers are very much enthusiastic about the use of natural compounds and their derivatives, which have been reported with less toxicity. Natural compounds have emerged as promising synergistic compounds with potential anticancer effects. In vitro anticancer activity of natural compounds with special reference to camphor and menthol has been investigated against different cancer cell lines. It has been found that camphor and menthol derivatives have potential cytotoxic activity. The present literature review outlines the various methods for the synthesis of camphor and menthol derivatives, which have potential cytotoxic activity. It highlights various cancer cell lines, which are the target of these camphor and menthol derivatives as ligands, along with structure-activity studies.

Assessing the impact of regional transformative outreach activities aimed at widening university access, and participation among under-represented groups in schools

Transformative outreach activities, including study skills workshops, motivational speakers and campus visits, are common across the educational sector. However, little is known about their impact on non- traditional students' decisions regarding higher education. Designed to raise the higher education aspirations of young people in Years 9 to 13 (aged 13 – 18), the Uni Connect programme delivers outreach activities to young people in areas in England, UK, where higher education participation is much lower than expected based on attainment in national examinations taken at ages 15 and 16. This article presents the findings of a student activity survey conducted as part of the Lincolnshire Uni Connect regional evaluation. Surveys were sent to participating students between May and July 2020 to assess the impact of the outreach activities they had received during the school year. A total of 672 valid responses were received: 247 (37%) from Uni Connect students. Impact was measured against the NERUPI evaluation framework, which comprises five elements: knowing, choosing, becoming, practicing and understanding, and is designed to determine the success of widening participation initiatives. The data showed activities focusing on NERUPI outcomes 'know' and 'become' were the most effective. Findings from the study raise important questions about the choice and effectiveness of transformative activities aimed at underrepresented groups.

Body-related bullying, desire to lose weight and negative health behaviours among young people in the United Kingdom: a secondary data analysis

Background: There has been an increase in the prevalence of body dissatisfaction and a desire to lose weight among young people. This trend presents as a concern, particularly at a time of important developmental growth, as well as a period characterised by increasingly autonomous eating habits and other health behaviours. Similar to other countries, body-related (BR) bullying in the United Kingdom (UK) may significantly contribute to young people's desire to lose weight. Therefore, this paper examines the relationships between weight loss desire and a number of health behaviours, as well as BR bullying, among young people who wish to lose weight. Methods: Data were extracted from the 2017 Health-Related Behaviour Questionnaire. A total of 26,911 school-aged young people in Years 8 and 10 (11-16 year olds) were analysed across the UK. Results: Overall, 45.1% of young people expressed a desire to lose weight, with a prevalence rate of 24.7% recorded for those who experienced BR bullying. Young people wishing to lose weight were significantly more likely to skip meals (24.4% vs. 13.2%), smoke (17.3% vs. 13.2%) and consume alcohol (14.7% vs. 10.7%), as compared to those who were not losing weight (p<0.001). Unhealthy food intake was significantly higher in the weight loss-wishing cohort than for those with no desire to lose weight. No significant relationship occurred between weight loss desire and frequent physical activity, while the former was significantly associated with frequent sedentary behaviours (p=0.030). Young people wishing to lose weight, who were the subjected to bullying, were more likely to skip meals, smoke and drink alcohol than the non-bullied cohort (p<0.01). This was true of both males and females, with the exception of alcohol consumption, which manifested for females only. A significant relationship occurred between being bullied and frequent sedentary behaviour in males only (p<0.003). Conclusion: Young people wishing to lose weight are more likely to exhibit negative health behaviours than those who do not wish to lose weight. BR bullying was found to generate greater negative effects in the weight loss-wishing group. Physical and mental health weight management supports are required for young people.

Алгоритм определения предельных показателей индивидуального пожарного риска для Вьетнама

Introduction. Fire risk management is an important part of any country's fire safety. For fire risk management, the normative value of individual fire risk (IFR) is important. This indicator allows fire safety specialists to compare the actual (calculated) values of an individual fire risk with its standard value. In many countries of the world, the values of IFR are defined, but in Vietnam such a standard has not yet been established, which complicates management activities in the field of fire safety. To establish the value of IFR, the limiting indicators of this value are initially determined. Aims and Purposes. The purpose of this article is to define an upper and lower limit for individual fire risk. To achieve this goal, it is necessary to develop an algorithm and apply it to determine the limiting values of the IFR. Methods. Used methods of mathematical analysis and methods of mathematical statistics. Results and discussion. Based on the results of the study, an algorithm was obtained for determining the upper and lower limit levels of individual fire risk in Vietnam and their specific values. This is an important step in directly defining the value of the IFR for Vietnam. Creating the value of IFR is extremely necessary when making managerial decisions to ensure the fire safety of territories and objects economically in Vietnam. Conclusions. Based on the developed algorithm, it was found that the indicator of the upper limit level of individual fire risk for Vietnam is 3,7∙10-6 and the indicator of the lower limit level is 3,7∙10-8. This means that the death toll from the fires in Vietnam must be higher than 3,7 deaths per 100 million people. per year and below 3,7 victims. per 1 million people in year. The value of the normative individual fire risk in Vietnam should be within these limits. Keywords: individual fire risk, marginal risk level, null hypothesis, ALARP principle, regression analysis.

Comparison of anteroposterior lip positions of the most preferred facial profiles of the Nepalese people

Introduction: Though cephalometric analysis of both hard and soft tissue has been done extensively for the treatment planning in orthodontics and orthognathic surgery in Nepalese people for years, they are all based on the norms for the Caucasians. No research has been done to establish the most favored profile amongst the Nepalese. The purpose of this study was to find out the most preferred well balanced or most favored facial profile from a series of 13 silhouettes with varying position of anteroposterior lip position by a group of Nepalese lay persons and general dental surgeons. Materials and Methods: Average profile for male and female were constructed from the profile of 50 Nepalese males and females with normal occlusions and without history of orthodontic and prosthetic replacement. The lips were then protruded or retruded in 1-mm increments and a series of 13 silhouettes were constructed for each male and female with the average profile in the center. The silhouettes were then given to 500 dental surgeons and lay persons each and were asked to rank the 3 most preferred facial profiles in order of preferences. Result: Both the general dental surgeons and the lay persons tend to prefer flatter profile than average for both the sexes. Both the groups preferred more flat profile for women compared to males. The least favored profile was the most protrusive one for both the groups. Conclusion: This research shows that lay persons and the general dental surgeons preferred retruded profile than the average profile though prior research show that Nepalese people have an average profile convex

Case Report on Guillain Barre Syndrome: Acute Inflammatory Demyelinating Polyneuropathy

Guillain Barre Syndrome (GBS) is an autoimmune disorder which affects the peripheral nervous system. It is a rare disorder affects in 1 per million people in year. It is characterized by symmetrical, progressive limb weakness and tingling. Case Report: A 53 year old male patient was presented with insidious onset of difficulty in moving right upper and lower limbs as well as gradual weakness of left limbs, and breathing difficulty, known case of diabetics’ mellitus and hypertension. Nerve conduction study shows suggest axonopathy; Acute Inflammatory Demyelinating Polyneuropathy (AIDP) is identified, which is a subtype of Guillain Barre Syndrome. Patient gradually develops areflexia, bifacial weakness, and quadriparesis. Patient was treated with IV immunoglobulin and intranasal oxygen therapy. Patient shows slight improvement in his medical condition, shows improvement in the power of lower limbs after one week of therapy. Physiotherapy was suggested. Keywords: Guillain Barre Syndrome, GBS, Acute Inflammatory Demyelinating Polyneuropathy, AIDP.

In Case You Haven't Heard…

As Katie Witkiewitz, Ph.D., has been telling people for years, people with alcohol use disorder (AUD) can be in recovery even if they still drink. In some cases, they are drinking a lot, but not as much as they used to. In “Can Individuals With Alcohol Use Disorder Sustain Non‐abstinent Recovery? Non‐abstinent Outcomes 10 Years After Alcohol Use Disorder Treatment,” Witkiewitz and colleagues answer the question with a resounding yes. “Controlled drinking” has been controversial for the 40 years since it was first promoted. Using a 10‐year follow‐up of Project MATCH (the New Mexico site only), the researchers defined recovery based on psychosocial functioning and alcohol consumption three years after treatment. Ten years after treatment, drinking practices and consequences, depression, purpose in life and anger were assessed. High‐functioning profiles at three years had the highest level of psychological functioning at 10 years, regardless of alcohol consumption level. Significantly, abstinence at three years did not predict better psychological functioning at 10 years. The study was published in the July‐August issue of the Journal of Addiction Medicine. Note: George Koob, Ph.D., director of the National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, told us again this week that he “detests” the term “high‐functioning alcoholic.” So the entire issue is still controversial. But it's essential for the conversation to continue (see story, p. 1).

Analysis of the causes and effects of cyclist-pedestrian accidents in biggest Polish cities

Traffic incidents between pedestrians and cyclists result in an incomparably smaller number of victims (injured and killed) than accidents between unprotected traffic participants and other vehicles. However, such incidents cannot be underestimated, as in most cases they take place on elements of infrastructure designed for pedestrians and cyclists, and thus negatively affect the sense of safety of users in places where they should not only feel safe but also comfortable. This paper presents an analysis of such traffic incidents, aimed at recognizing the share of pedestrians and cyclists as perpetrators and also victims of accidents. Three research hypotheses were examined: that the type of infrastructure and also light and weather conditions influences the structure of perpetrators and victims, that the proportion of accidents between pedestrians and cyclists caused by pedestrians is increasing, and that the proportion of victims of accidents between pedestrians and cyclists in the pedestrian group is de-creasing. Analyses were performed based on the number of traffic incidents involving cyclists and pedestrians in the six largest Polish cities, registered in the Police Accident and Collision Records System. A total of 1,702 incidents involving 1,034 injured and killed people in years 2007-2018 were considered. Each traffic incident was considered individually, taking into account changes in perpetrator and victim proportions depending on the type and purpose of the infrastructure and external conditions, as well as variability of these proportions over subsequent years. The tools of mathematical statistics were used, including – among others - significance tests for independent proportions and Chi-squared test for trend. On the basis of the conducted statistical analyses, all research hypothesis were proved. It also confirmed that although the proportions are changing, there are still much more traffic incidents are caused by cyclists, but more victims are in group of pedestrians. The results of the research confirm the need to take action to develop effective mechanisms of mutual interaction between pedestri-ans and cyclists. Especially in view of the growing bicycle traffic in Polish cities.

Interim findings from the Uni Connect Raising Higher Education Aspirations evaluation in Lincolnshire

This short article summarises the evaluation findings from the end of Year 1 Phase 2 Uni Connect Raising Higher Education Aspirations project in Lincolnshire. This national initiative, funded by the Office for Students, delivers targeted Higher Education outreach activities to young people in Years 9 to 13 in areas where the Higher Education participation of young people is much lower than expected based on GCSE-level attainment. These areas often coincide with where universities focus their widening participation efforts to help them meet their Access and Participation Plans. In Lincolnshire the project is managed and delivered by LiNCHigher, one of 29 local learning partnerships involved in the project nationally. The data were collected between March and July 2020 during the Covid-19 national lockdown when all schools were closed and draws primarily on data collected from six case study schools. Evaluation activity comprised an online student activity survey, semi-structured interviews with School and College Leads, LiNCHigher Area Engagement Officers and two student focus groups, conducted just prior to lockdown in early March. The evaluation found that, prior to Covid-19, interventions were beginning to have a positive impact on the Higher Education aspirations of all students and that schools both welcomed and valued the initiative highly. The evaluation report made several recommendations, including ensuring workshops are more interactive.

A SYSTEMATIC REVIEW ON SELECTED MEDICINAL PLANTS USED IN THE MANAGEMENT OF NEERCHURUKKU (UTI)

The Neerchurukku (UTI) can be corrected with urinary tract infection (UTI) in modern medicine according their sign and symptoms. As per WHO an estimated 50% of females were reporting UTI. It’s affecting 150 million people in year in around the world. Aim of this study is to collect and review the medicinal plants used in the management of Neerchurukku noi. The Objectives were to list out the medicinal plants used for management of Neerchurukku noi, and to document the pharmacological studies of plants which are used for management of Neerchurukku noi. Research Type: Review study by systematic review method. study performed in Library, Government Siddha Med- ical College, Palayamkottai and PubMed, Google search from the published journal articles. This research finally concluded as collected and reviewed the 39 medicinal plants used in the management of Neerchurukku noi (UTI). listed out the 39 medicinal plants used for management of Neerchurukku no. Fabaceae family’s plants were 5, Asteracea and Malvaceae family plants were 4, Lamiaceae family’s plants were 3, Apiaceae, Euphorbiaceae and Mimosaceae family’s plants were 2. Other 1 plant in various 17 families out of the 24 families. Plant’s Parts used for management of UTS as; leaves were most used in 18 plants (38%), roots were used in 9 plants (19%), barks were 7 plants (15%), 4 plants of fruits and seeds used (9%) and aerial parts, whole plants, stem flower and gum were used by only one plant (2%). Documented Antibacterial, Antifungal, Anti-plasmodial, Antimicrobial, Antiox- idant, inhibits α-glucosidase, Antiviral and Anti-inflammatory pharmacological actions of plants which are used for management of Neerchurukku noi. Decoction was most common prepared form of medicine to manage the Neer- churukku noi (UTI) by these medicinal plants.

The suitcase series: an enduring participatory theatre making program in even more urgent times

ABSTRACT Malthouse Theatre’s The Suitcase Series celebrated ten years in 2020. As a participatory theatre making program for young people in Years 9 and 10 of secondary education, it holds a unique position in the Victorian and, arguably, the Australian theatre education landscape. Since 2010 Malthouse Theatre has commissioned an original script by a new playwright every two years, then challenging young people to give voice to their thoughts and feelings to the issue through the interrelated roles of creator-performer-audience-critical peer. This paper offers critical insight into the origin, intentions, process, and social and artistic impacts of the program across ten years. It positions the Malthouse as a key contributor to the field of participatory theatre programs in Australia, and considers how theatre can create ‘something very forceful, something that we believe, then offer to students in a way that doesn’t crush them’ (Lynch, 2010).

Interpretation of the image of national liberation fighters (on the example of the heroes of bahodir murodali's story “ko‘kto'nliklar”)

This article comments on the interpretation of the image of national liberation fighters through the story “Koktonliklar” by Bahodir Murodali. The policy ofperestroika that emerged in the mid-1980s and the disintegration of the USSR make it possible to study and shed light on historical documents that have been kept secret from the people for years. As a result, many things become clear. In particular, the emergence of the national liberation movement and their true identities were revealed. This is also reflected in the works. One of them is the story of the young writer Bahodir Murad Ali “Ko‘kto'nliklar”.

US intervention in Afghanistan: Justifying the Unjustifiable?

This article argues that the USA and its Western allies have misused ‘Just War’ narratives to legitimise an external intervention in Afghanistan and their use of force during the War on Terror. It explores the extent to which such external interventions, military strategies, narratives and justifications by the USA may have contributed to state failure in Afghanistan. As the legitimacy of earlier external interventions is called into question, while the road ahead for Afghanistan remains precarious, thinking about a new paradigm of post-war reconstruction becomes important for the country and its people in years to come.