People Of Different Social Groups Research Articles

Social interaction in an inclusive educational space in the context of studying the existential foundations of being a person with disabilities

Introduction. Considering the existential foundations of the existence of a person with disabilities in an inclusive educational space is conceptually, practically, and methodologically significant for philosophical and socio-cultural aspects of studying the specifics of inclusive reality. In line with modern philosophical trends, searching for and forming a correct conceptual and categorical apparatus is crucial; such an apparatus will be the theoretical basis for adequate presentation and interpretation of issues arising in the study of an inclusive society. Using the concept of social interaction, the work aims to consider how individual existential aspects of a person with disabilities are formed and implemented in an inclusive educational space. Materials and methods. The theoretical basis of the work is scientific sources concerning the everyday issues of people with disabilities, associated with a systematic approach to the functional features and mechanisms of the inclusive educational space. Correct and adequate presentation of priority tasks and transformation directions for an inclusive society, based on existential and phenomenological approaches, actualizes the use of symbolic interactionism, phenomenological reduction, and the praxemic method. Research results. An integral study of the life activity of people in different social groups and strata, complexes of motives for behavioral activity, and psycho-emotional reflection of radical transformations in the inclusive society are priorities of theoretical understanding of an inclusive educational space. Social interaction in the educational space is associated with the fact that a cognitive individual with disabilities reconstructs other subjects with disabilities as completely conscious objects from the point of view of intersubjectivity and using one’s own experience of understanding and interpreting the origins and essence of one’s own individual existence. Conclusion. Considering the existential foundations of an individual with disabilities primarily concerns their construction in relation to individual experience and with an emphasis on the complex of associations and experiences of sensory representations and the system of mental images. Substantial characteristics of individual experience allow constructing multi-level models that reflect the complexity of intentions and existential experiences of a person with disabilities and the features of their own interval trajectory of involvement in the inclusive educational space.

Walking in Social Groups: Role of Intra-Group Interactions

Interestingly, the interactions between members of a social group and across people of different social groups often happen through mutual understanding and reciprocate behaviour by means of gestures or eye contact. A controlled laboratory experiment is used to test the effect of interactions between members of a social group and across social groups on the walk dynamics of people. This study tries to discover the trade-off made by people between the need to communicate/interact between group members and the need to avoid collision with opposing pedestrians in a bidirectional flow. Thirty adults participated in a series of controlled experiments. The individuals and group characteristics were compared to study the effect of social groups. Spatial patterns/group formations, average walking speeds, and deviation from the desired direction of motion were assessed. The analysis shows that time to cross the platform is the least when triads adopt the river and inverted V group formations. In contrast, V and line-abreast group formations require slightly more time and are better suited to promote interactions between the group members. Irrespective of the initial formation adopted by participants, there is a higher tendency for the groups to shift to river formation or inverted V formations. This may be a result of the higher group speeds observed in the Inverted V and river formations, which accelerates their progress in the direction of motion. The understanding of walking dynamics of social groups from this study can enable better planning of pedestrian facilities and crowded events.

Private vs. Community Management Responses to De-Collectivization: Illustrative Cases from China

Over the last several decades, China has undergone several distinct episodes of collectivization and de-collectivization of forest property rights. China’s latest round of collective forest property reforms, launched in 2003, have promoted individual land holding and management, reviving the longstanding debate on whether privatization would improve profits, rural welfare, and forest management. To uncover reasons for different institutional choices in response to land reform and their effects on forest management, we present two cases, from villages in Guizhou and Yunnan provinces. At the local level, these concepts are confronted by diverse groups of actors and management systems with complex arrangements concerning property and forest use rights. As reforms unfold, they are implemented to differing extents and in various manners, reflecting unique socio-ecological and historical contexts, social relations, community dynamics, and global economic trends. Key factors affecting outcomes were prior traditions, social cohesion, and market incentives to manage resources. In the Guizhou case, with a history of private ownership by people of different social groups and a reliance on restricted timber resources, reforms resulted in a fragmented forest management system. In the Yunnan case, a tradition of collective forest management by a tight-knit social group and access to a lucrative non-timber product resulted in a new and effective collective management system. These findings are important to inform policies on forest property in China and beyond as they call into question a link between privatization and marketization favoring effective resource management.

Residential relocation and life satisfaction change: Is there a difference between household couples?

Intra-household differences in the outcomes of residential relocation have been largely overlooked in existing literature. This study focuses on the differences between household couples in terms of life satisfaction outcomes resulted from home relocation. Using data from a two-wave household questionnaire survey in Beijing, this study explores changes in life satisfaction following a residential relocation, and how these changes differ between household couples. Two modelling approaches are adopted: a multilevel modelling framework for the whole sample, and two seemingly unrelated regression equations to estimate life satisfaction changes experienced by male and female household heads separately. By comparing the model results, it shows that there are significant life satisfaction improvements for both household heads and no significant difference in the magnitude of improvements between males and females. That said, life satisfaction increases are explained by improvements in different life domains for couples: improvements in social relationship and neighbourhood physical environment significantly contribute to male household heads' life satisfaction increase, whereas improvements in travel convenience explain female household heads' life satisfaction increase. Findings of this study suggest that policymakers should be aware of the importance of ‘differences’ between not only people of different social groups, but also people of the same households.

О записи крестьян в служилые люди крепостей Юга России в конце XVI века

We consider peasants record features in service class people in the late of 16th century in the conditions of St. George’s day norms cancellation. During the period under review, new fortresses were built on the southern outskirts of Russia. Their population was represented by serving class people of different social groups, mainly, city Cossacks and streltsy. The government allowed employing peasants who were willing to change their social status. We show the special rules of recording peasants in service class people, also we consider their service organization features for the first time in the garrison of the fortress.

Narratives of ideal and second-option jobs among young adults with high functioning autism

ABSTRACTThe meaning of work is different for people in different social groups, and research exploring perceptions of meaningful work among adults with high-functioning autism (HFA) is scarce. The aim of this paper is to explore how narratives of satisfactory and meaningful future jobs are portrayed relative to two alternative discourses of work – the ‘obligation to work’ discourse, and the ‘disability rights’ discourse. This group of individuals are high functioning on the one hand, while at the same time holding legally-mandated special disability rights, an exploration of how this group reason about work-life and satisfactory jobs is particularly interesting. Through ethnographic fieldwork in Sweden, seven young adults with HFA were followed, and 17 interviews were conducted. The main findings and conclusions are that jobs that are individually assessed to be ‘ideal’, are put aside in favor of jobs that are more compatible with general labor market demands, as long as enjoyment and meaningfulness can still be experienced.

Social Differences in CMC: a Case Study of Japanese Mobile Phone E-mail

This study investigates how people in different social groups use computer-mediated communication (CMC) in their communication, using Japanese mobile phone e-mail exchanges as an example. The data corpus for this study—43,295 mails for communication purposes from 60 Japanese young people—is analysed, including non-parametric statistical analysis (Mann-Whitney U test and Steel-Dwass test). As for intergroup differences, Keitai-mail are found to be used differently by different age and gender groups. Women create longer texts with more emoticons and non-standard usage of language than men do. At the same time, they also change their style of composition based on the interlocutors’ gender. These differences suggest that code-switching is actively applied in Keitai-mail communication. Other differences found among different gender and age groups relate to what kind of topics they mainly discuss in Keitai-mail: the topics which they generally choose or which are even unconsciously chosen are reflections of their lifestyle. This study illustrates the different uses of a CMC practice based on users’ properties, and further experimental studies (e.g. structural equation modelling) will elucidate more detailed mechanisms of communication practices, or longitude clinical research will evaluate the factors relating to CMC how critical and prolonged they are, with better treatment outcomes.

Реалии корейской традиционной культуры и художественный перевод (на примере перевода романа Пак Гённи "Дочери аптекаря Кима")

Famous South Korean writer Park Kyongni’s novel «Daughters of Pharmacist Kim» covers the period from the end of the 19th century to the beginning of the 20th century which was tragic for Korean people and their social norms because of the Japanese occupation. It depicts particularly the religious beliefs of Korean people, the relationships in the society and the family, the role of the woman, and the daily life of people of different social groups (aristocrats, the wealthy, servants). The objective of this article is to critically analyze the translation of the novel that touches upon many phenomena exotic for most Russian readers, such as the national identity of Korean culture or the material and spiritual life of Korean society. The comparison of the Korean and the Russian texts shows that the translation of some ethnographic realia does not quite match the original. For example, some words related to the following phenomena are translated incorrectly: Korean traditional underfloor heating (ondol), superstitions, Koreans’ religious beliefs and their perception of ancestors’ spirits, supernatural forces, mourning ceremonies, and attire worn to a funeral. In addition to believing in ancestors’ spirits, Koreans also believed in prophecies. For example, children of someone who died of arsenic poisoning were believed to be destined to leave no male offspring. This prophecy comes true in the novel: Pharmacist Kim’s first son dies in childhood and six daughters are born afterwards. Koreans paid special attention to shamans and believed in their supernatural essence. To this day, Koreans’ religious beliefs dating back to ancient times and various folk beliefs peacefully coexist with other world religions. In modern South Korea, people still observe customs and traditions related to funeral rites and wakes, they fear and revere the spirits of the dead, and perform «feeding ancestors’ spirits» ceremonies twice a year on certain days chosen according to the lunar calendar. In addition to the shortcomings of the Russian translation described above, some dialectal items of the Southern province Kyungsan-do are translated incorrectly, and so are occasionally rendered the rules of the traditional verbal etiquette. It may be considered as a gross error because the latter are anchored in the very essence of Korean language and make up an important part of Korean mentality. Conclusion. So, this analysis of conveying background information through Korean realia in the novel «Daughters of Pharmacist Kim» confirms the theorists’ conclusion that the translator must know background cultural information of the source text. Errors and flaws found in the translation of some ethnographic realia show that those errors and flaws are not likely to affect significantly the novel’s content or its artistic value. At the same time, the fictional quality of the novel is affected by the lack of translator’s knowledge of its dialectal peculiarities and some facts of non-material culture related to customs, elements of cult and public relations among Koreans. All of the above leads to the incorrect perception of some cultural realia of Korea described in the novel of Korean classic writer Park Kyongni.

The social competence of swimming instructor

Introduction. Sport in our times is becoming part of the lifestyle in the growing number of people in different social groups and this activity is participated in every age. It is important that the instructor had the competence or personality dispositions that determine the effectiveness of the task in hand . Aim of the study. The aim of this article is identify the role of social skills in work as swimming instructor .Methods and materials. The studies is based on qualitative research inquiries. In the article analyzed views and studies relating to issues within the scope of this article.Results. Social competences are a group of skills necessary to establish a relationship of partnership in the sport.Conclusions. The lack of social competence, if not impossible, then at least significantly hinders the achievement of the activities of learning to swim.

Cultivating Reality through Stereotyping in the Media

Often our judgment related to certain people or groups in the society are created with no actual contact and with superficial cues. In nowadays society the information we got on the world are much greater, as a result of increasing of the role media plays in the society. Today media using major achivements of communication tools&techniques, manages to reach every member of society. In particular, the extraordinary growth of the Internet has become an enrmous tool to access media which to uses this new channel of communication, in addition to other traditional channels such as television, radio or newspapers. This access has made society utterly dependent and on the other hand has made media an important factor which creates perceptions and even affects the education of whole society categories. In particular, the impact is greater among children and young people with less life-experince. They create shared convictions and beliefs influenced by the media. In this context, in many cases, if a media creates stereotypes of various persons or social categories, they are transmitted through it to a large part of society, affecting primarly those with less life-experince. This a how, often, a stereotype is communly believed as truth. This phenomena can be observed greatly even in the Albanian media, which commonly categorizes people of different social groups, based only on one point of view. This impacts society greatly in creating prejudices that affect directly our lives and those of others. This article assumes precisely analysis through focus group discussions with students of communication sciences. These students are able to think critically about the role and influence of stereotypes in the media and give their opinion on this phenomenon. DOI: 10.5901/ajis.2015.v4n3s1p618

Kanonizacja nowomęczenników okresu niewoli tureckiej w Kościele prawosławnym i ich znaczenie

Article is devoted to the issue of the canonization of the so-called new-martyrs of the Balkans in the Orthodox Church, the issue that has not been in the Polish language studied yet. It concerns the saints who died for Christ after the conquest of Constantinople by the Turks in 1453. The considerations on the subject is preceded by a short introduction on the role of the martyrs in the Church. Article also refers to the issue of nomenclature, i.e. the definition of the term “new-martyr”, and its appearance in Christianity. Nearly 300 of the new-martyrs of the period of Ottoman slavery are known by the name. This group includes people of different social groups: the hierarchy, the rulers, the monks, married priests and lay people. It is probably only a small part of people who have suffered the death during this period in defense of Orthodoxy. The researchers divided them into four groups, which, the author presents. Their cult for centuries was limited because of the fear of consequences from the Turkish authorities. Only part of them was canonized after 1821, when as a result of uprising the independence of the Greece was proclaimed. The article also contains a part in which the importance of the new-martyrs of the Ottoman period for the Orthodox Church and its faithful is explained. Their importance was emphasized already by their contemporaries. This importance is multi-faceted and refers to the role of the Church plays from its beginning by the martyrs.

Forming Life Satisfaction among Different Social Groups during the Modernization of China

Quality of life has become a notable concern in the modernization of China. However, there are no adequate data to chart the formation of quality of life, in terms of life satisfaction, and in relation to the societal conditions of modernization. Moreover, it is still a question concerning how life satisfaction forms among people of different social groups, differentiated by class, education, age, and gender. To answer the questions, the present study involved a random sample survey of 732 inhabitants in Beijing. Results indicate the contributions of income, age, perceived modern economic conditions in society, and satisfaction with societal economic conditions. In contrast, education and the ownership class appear to predict lower life satisfaction. Furthermore, there are significant variations in the effects of the factors in predicting the life satisfaction of people in different social groups. Notably, perceived economic conditions appear to be less important to people of higher class positions.

What is Specific about Art/Cultural Projects?

The present issue focuses on the contribution made by art/cultural initiatives to the development of multiple identity in some of the European cities having in mind the subjectivity of the artists and plurality of the surrounding cultures. The art/cultural projects (AES - Russia, Europe Art Train - Holland, Life Station - Austria and some others) with intercultural dimension have a special character to offer because: they are dealing with meaning, and enable dialogue between people in different social groups. The examples will be taken from different European countries, which aim to reinterpret the reality of life, to show, answer, and question its contradictions. The attention will be focused on their political, educational and aesthetic contribution to the community construction having in mind their desire for new intercultural policy and practices. Every artist crosses borders daily but those who choose to cross cultural borders (language, expression, music, tradition) enter into a fertile, but dangerous field. Artists do not aim specifically to produce multicultural work but since they are living in specific time, and since art is rooted in real life, the realities of everyday life are transposed into their work. This paper is fundamentally interested in the role that art projects can play in a modern society and promotes the initiative that links an artistic dimension to a form of interactive social urban situation. All projects are representing laboratories that use public spaces. It is more than obvious that the social and the economic fields are not separated from the cultural one beside the tendency that is putting them in opposition as artists and the world rather than artists in the world. In the last two decades, the world of the arts has economised rapidly. Increasingly, artists have turned the economy into a subject of their own work. Art/cultural projects engage people's creativity, and so lead to problem-solving. They encourage questioning, and the imagination of possible future actions. They offer self-expression, which is an essential characteristic of the active citizen. Some experiences from the art/cultural field are shifting attention towards the people themselves: their imagination, motivation, demands, fantasies and only then the city is becoming a cultural product, a community construction.

Group membership, social rules, and power: A social-psychological perspective on emotional communication

This paper reviews research on the language and communication of emotion in interpersonal situations between people in different social groups. Three main areas are reviewed: self-disclosures between people of different ages or different social status, conflict in close relationships, including the tendency of men to withdraw and women to engage conflict; and assertive communication. All these contexts are highly rule-governed, and power is also a highly salient variable in all of them. Overall, the literature suggests that people communicate their emotions in such difficult contexts using strategies that maximise their own comfort and sense of power. These strategies are closely tied to sociostructural power differences.