Pentasodium Tripolyphosphate Research Articles

Green extraction of Rosa canina L. and Prunus spinosa L. by NaDES and their encapsulation in chitosan nanoparticles for cosmetic industry

The cosmetic industries increasingly value innovative natural ingredients as markers of sustainability. This work investigated the preparation of extracts from rosehips and blackthorns using natural deep eutectic solvents (NaDES) and their encapsulation in chitosan nanoparticles for cosmetic applications. The phenolic composition of the extracts, obtained either using ethanolic solution or NaDES, was evaluated through phytochemical assays. Chitosan nanoparticles were prepared using various crosslinking agents and polymer concentrations, followed by characterization of their physicochemical properties. Cell viability studies were conducted on the human dermal fibroblast cell line WS1. The NaDES extracts exhibited promising results, showing a total phenolic content of 35.26±2.41 and 8.65±0.42 mg GAE/g FW and antioxidant activity by DPPH assay of 92.67±0.74 and 86.06±1.88 % for rosehip and blackthorn, respectively. The optimized nanoparticles formulation was achieved using pentasodium tripolyphosphate solid as the crosslinking agent and a chitosan concentration of 2 mg/mL. Nanoparticle characterization revealed that they were small in size with entrapment efficiency of 63.43±0.54 and 72.64±0.68 % for rosehips and blackthorns extract, respectively. Furthermore, the chosen formulations were stable for 8 weeks and exhibited good cell viability. In conclusion, chitosan nanoparticles loaded with NaDES extract of rosehip and blackthorn could be a novel and green antioxidant formulation for cosmetic application.

Enhancing HepG2 cell apoptosis with a combined nanoparticle delivery of miR-128–3p agomir and Oroxin B: A novel drug delivery approach based on PI3K-AKT and VEGF pathway crosstalk

Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) shows the highest morbidity among liver cancers and accounts for a major factor inducing cancer-associated mortality globally. It is characterized by genetic mutations in hepatocytes, leading to uncontrolled cell growth and proliferation. Treatment options for HCC include surgery, chemotherapy, and immunotherapy. But chemotherapeutics, which focus on single-targeted drug therapy, are still associated with certain limitations and may affect the treatment outcomes. Compared with chemotherapy drugs, natural products also show the anticancer effect of HCC and hypotoxicity, but overall low activity of natural products limits their further application. MiRNAs can modulate post-transcriptional functions of target genes. An increasing body of evidence has demonstrated that miRNAs are the key regulators in HCC by targeting different molecules in different signaling pathways. However, miRNAs are fragile and liable to catabolism by RNases in serum and other body fluids and small molecules separated from natural products may have limited bio-availability. According to this background, a chitosan based, targeted sustained-release nanoparticle delivery miR-128–3p agomir (NA-miR-128–3p) was developed in this work. This nanoparticle was prepared by pentasodium tripolyphosphate (TPP), chitosan hydrochloride, and miR-128–3p agomir with target aptamer which was loaded into the chitosan nanoparticle by self-assembly. It can intervene in HCC progress by affecting AKT1 expression. Based on this, a novel, efficient, long-acting, multi-mechanism, low-dosage combination drug delivery strategy was proposed in this work and showed a prominent anti-tumor effect. NA-miR-128–3p combined with natural product Oroxin B significantly affected HCC progression by the interference with VEGF and PI3K-AKT pathways, better than using NA-miR-128–3p and Oroxin B alone. Taken together, this nanoparticle and combinative administration compensate for the shortcomings of the fragile RNA drugs and the low activity of natural products, with high prospects in HCC treatment.

Drug-in-cyclodextrin-in-polymeric nanoparticles: A promising strategy for rifampicin administration

The aim of this work was to develop novel chitosan (CH) based nanoparticles (NPs) for rifampicin (RIF) delivery. RIF, a lipophilic molecule, was incorporated inside NPs as a complex with an anionic cyclodextrin, sulphobutyl-ether-β-cyclodextrin (SBE-β-CD). NPs were then prepared through the ionic gelation method by exploiting the interaction between CH and SBE-β-CD-RIF complex (CH/SBE-β-CD-RIF NPs), possibly in the presence of other crosslinkers, like carboxymethylcellulose (CH/SBE-β-CD-RIF/CMC NPs) and pentasodium tripolyphosphate (CH/SBE-β-CD-RIF/TPP NPs). NPs were then characterized for their size, ζ-potential, morphology, yield, drug loading, stability, mucoadhesion, in vitro drug release and antimicrobial activity. Results demonstrated that the functional properties of loaded NPs, like their size, ζ-potential, and stability, varied on the basis of the CH/crosslinker weight ratio. Interestingly, all the developed NPs had a round shape and were characterized by high yield values and mucoadhesive properties. Among them, NPs based on CH/SBE-β-CD-RIF and CH/SBE-β-CD-RIF/CMC have gained high drug loading, provided a sustained release of RIF and showed the best antimicrobial activity. Thus, both types of NPs may be considered as promising nanocarriers for the release of RIF.

Chitosan-Based Delivery Systems Loaded with Glibenclamide and Lipoic Acid: Formulation, Characterization, and Kinetic Release Studies

Glibenclamide and lipoic acid are two drugs frequently recommended for the management of diabetes mellitus, and so, the development of a new formulation containing both substances has a great benefit in terms of efficiency and compliance, acting also as a multi-target drug system. Accordingly, the aim of this study was the formulation and physicochemicalcharacterization of new polymeric systems based on chitosan (CS) in whose matrix were encapsulated glibenclamide (Gly) and lipoic acid (LA). The polymeric systems were prepared as microparticles (CS–Gly, CS–LA, and CS–Gly–LA) through ionic gelation method, using pentasodium tripolyphosphate (TPP) as crosslinking agent. The polymeric systems obtained were characterized in terms of particle size and morphology, IR spectroscopy, entrapment efficiency and drug loading, swelling degree, and therelease of the active substances from the chitosan matrix. The polymeric systems obtained were stable systems; the presence of glibenclamide and lipoic acid into the polymer matrix were proved by IR spectroscopy. The entrapment efficiency was 94.66% for Gly and 39.68% for LA. The developed polymeric systems proved a favorable swelling degree and drug release profile, the percentage of release being 88.68% for LA and 75.17% for Gly from CS–Gly–LA systems.

Ionically Crosslinked Chitosan Membranes Used as Drug Carriers for Cancer Therapy Application.

The aim of this paper was to prepare, by the freeze-drying method, ionically crosslinked chitosan membranes with different contents of pentasodium tripolyphosphate (TPP) and loaded with 1,4-naphthoquinone (NQ14) drug, in order to evaluate how the physical crosslinking affects NQ14 release from chitosan membranes for cancer therapy application. The membranes were characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), wide-angle X-ray diffraction (WAXD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), swelling degree, and through in vitro drug release and cytotoxicity studies. According to the results, the molecular structure, porosity and hydrophilicity of the chitosan membranes were affected by TPP concentration and, consequently, the NQ14 drug release behavior from the membranes was also affected. The release of NQ14 from crosslinked chitosan membranes decreased when the cross-linker TPP quantity increased. Thus, depending on the TPP amount, the crosslinked chitosan membranes would be a potential delivery system to control the release of NQ14 for cancer therapy application. Lastly, the inhibitory potential of chitosan membranes ionically crosslinked with TPP and loaded with NQ14 against the B16F10 melanoma cell line was confirmed through in vitro cytotoxicity studies assessed via MTT assay. The anti-proliferative effect of prepared membranes was directly related to the amount of cross-linker and among all membranes prepared, such that one crosslinked with 0.3% of TPP may become a potential delivery system for releasing NQ14 drug for cancer therapy.

Structural characterization of LbL assembled multilayers by using different polyelectrolytes on cotton fabrics

An alternative approach to application of chitosan based on layer by layer (LbL) assembled technique is studied in this paper. For this aim, chitosan (CHT) was used as a bio-based cationic polyelectrolyte and pentasodium tripolyphosphate (TPP) and poly(sodium 4-styrene sulfonate) (PSS) were selected as anionic polyelectrolyte. TPP/CHT and PSS/CHT based bilayers were fabricated on the cationized woven cotton fabrics via layer-by-layer self-assembly technique. The characterization of coatings on the fabric surface in terms of surface appearance, atomal content, and chemical bondings were made in detail through SEM, XPS, and FTIR-ATR analysis. Also, the antibacterial activity, air permeability, and water contact angle were measured. Surface analyses demonstrate the interaction between TPP, PSS and chitosan separately. XPS spectra also showed the existence of LbL deposition over cotton substrates in terms of both elemental composition and the presence of different types of bondings on the fabric surface. The antibacterial activity analysis revealed that the modified cotton fabric with the addition of CHT/TPP and CHT/PSS bilayers could increase the degree of inhibition on K. pneumanie and S. aureus bacteria.

Chitosan/Cyclodextrin/TPP Nanoparticles Loaded with Quercetin as Novel Bacterial Quorum Sensing Inhibitors.

The widespread emergence of antibiotic-resistant bacteria has highlighted the urgent need of alternative therapeutic approaches for human and animal health. Targeting virulence factors that are controlled by bacterial quorum sensing (QS), seems a promising approach. The aims of this study were to generate novel nanoparticles (NPs) composed of chitosan (CS), sulfo-butyl-ether-β-cyclodextrin (Captisol®) and/or pentasodium tripolyphosphate using ionotropic gelation technique, and to evaluate their potential capacity to arrest QS in bacteria. The resulting NPs were in the size range of 250–400 nm with CS70/5 and 330–600 nm with CS70/20, had low polydispersity index (<0.25) and highly positive zeta potential ranging from ζ ~+31 to +40 mV. Quercetin, a hydrophobic model flavonoid, could be incorporated proportionally with increasing amounts of Captisol® in the NPs formualtion, without altering significantly its physicochemical properties. Elemental analysis and FTIR studies revealed that Captisol® and quercetin were effectively integrated into the NPs. These NPs were stable in M9 bacterial medium for 7 h at 37 °C. Further, NPs containing Captisol® seem to prolong the release of associated drug. Bioassays against an E. coli Top 10 QS biosensor revealed that CS70/5 NPs could inhibit QS up to 61.12%, while CS70/20 NPs exhibited high antibacterial effects up to 88.32%. These results suggested that the interaction between NPs and the bacterial membrane could enhance either anti-QS or anti-bacterial activities.

Chitosan Ascorbate Nanoparticles for the Vaginal Delivery of Antibiotic Drugs in Atrophic Vaginitis.

The aim of the present work was the development of chitosan ascorbate nanoparticles (CSA NPs) loaded into a fast-dissolving matrix for the delivery of antibiotic drugs in the treatment of atrophic vaginitis. CSA NPs loaded with amoxicillin trihydrate (AX) were obtained by ionotropic gelation in the presence of pentasodium tripolyphosphate (TPP). Different CSA:TPP and CSA:AX weight ratios were considered and their influence on the particle size, polydispersion index and production yield were investigated. CSA NPs were characterized for mucoadhesive, wound healing and antimicrobial properties. Subsequently, CSA NPs were loaded in polymeric matrices, whose composition was optimized using a DoE (Design of Experiments) approach (simplex centroid design). Matrices were obtained by freeze-drying aqueous solutions of three hydrophilic excipients, polyvinylpirrolidone, mannitol and glycin. They should possess a mechanical resistance suitable for the administration into the vaginal cavity and should readily dissolve in the vaginal fluid. In addition to antioxidant properties, due to the presence of ascorbic acid, CSA NPs showed in vitro mucoadhesive, wound healing and antimicrobial properties. In particular, nanoparticles were characterized by an improved antimicrobial activity with respect to a chitosan solution, prepared at the same concentration. The optimized matrix was characterized by mechanical resistance and by the fast release in simulated vaginal fluid of nanoparticles characterized by unchanged size.

PH-responsive chitosan nanoparticles from a novel twin-chain anionic amphiphile for controlled and targeted delivery of vancomycin

The design and synthesis of novel pH-responsive nanoantibiotics is an emerging research area to address the antibiotic resistance crisis. The purpose of this study was therefore to synthesize a new anionic gemini surfactant (AGS) that could result in the formulation of pH-responsive chitosan nanoparticles (CSNPs) to treat methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) infections. The coupling of oleic acid with 2,2-dimethyl-5,5-bis(hydroxymethyl)-1,3-dioxane and subsequent deprotection followed by a reaction with succinic anhydride and sodium bicarbonate yielded AGS. Critical micelle concentration (CMC) was determined using conductometry and in vitro cytotoxicity was performed using a MTT assay. Vancomycin loaded CSNPs containing AGS (DL_CSSNPs) were prepared by ionotropic gelation of chitosan with pentasodium tripolyphosphate. CSNPs were characterized for size, polydispersity index (PDI), zeta potential (ZP), entrapment efficiency, surface morphology, in vitro drug release and in vitro antibacterial activity (at pH 6.5 and 7.4). Results from the in vitro antibacterial activity were further supported by an in vivo study using a mice skin infection model. The CMC of AGS was found to be 1.3mM/L and it was non-toxic. The DL_CSSNPs were spherical with size, PDI and ZP of 220.57±5.9nm, 0.299±0.004 and 21.9±0.9mV respectively. An increase in the vancomycin release from the DL_CSSNPs was observed at pH 6.5 compared to pH 7.4. The minimum inhibitory concentration values at pH 6.5 and 7.4 against MRSA were 7.81 and 62.5μg/ml respectively. In vivo antibacterial activity showed that the MRSA burden in mice treated with DL_CSSNPs was reduced by almost 8-fold compared to those treated with pure vancomycin.

Quality, Microstructure, and Technological Properties ofSheepMeat Marinated in Three Different Ways

The objective of this study was to explore the effect of 24 and 48 h alkaline (2% pentasodium tripolyphosphate), acid (2% sodium lactate), and water-oil marinating (water : sun flavor oil = 1 : 1 and 2% salt) as well as brine soaking (2% salt) on microstructure, changes in protein, and lipid fractions and technological properties of sheep (m. Longissimus dorsi). Strong myofibrillar fragmentation after 48 h alkaline marinating was observed. Significant swelling and increasing of spaces between myofibrils were found after 24 h brine soaking. Marinating in water-oil emulsions did not show a significant impact on the muscle microstructure. Alkaline and acid marinating as well as salt soaking promote the myofibrillar protein solubility and increased the free amino nitrogen content. After 24 h acid and 48 h alkaline marinating SDS-PAGE electrophoresis showed increasing of 25–30 kDa protein bands. The results obtained for the lipid and protein oxidation confirm prooxidant action of the sodium lactate (2%) and antioxidant effect of polyphosphates (2%) in marinated sheep.

Chitosan-based membranes with different ionic crosslinking density for pharmaceutical and industrial applications

Chitosan membranes (Ch), ionically crosslinked with pentasodium tripolyphosphate (TPP), were prepared using chitosan of medium and high molecular weight of similar degree of deacetylation and different crosslinking conditions. An effect of synthesis conditions (pH of crosslinking TPP solution equal to 5.5 and 9.0) on molecular and supermolecular structure and on crosslinking density of Ch/TPP membranes was confirmed using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), wide-angle X-ray diffraction (WAXD) method and energy dispersive X-ray (EDX) spectrometry. Atomic-force microscopy (AFM) and contact angle measurements indicated some differences in membrane roughness and hydrophilicity. The state of water in non-crosslinked and ionically crosslinked Ch membranes containing different amount of water was investigated by low temperature differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) measurements. DSC analysis confirmed presence of freezing and non-freezing water in non-crosslinked and ionically crosslinked membranes. The amount of non-freezing water generally decreased after Ch crosslinking and was affected by crosslinking conditions and crosslinking density. Molecular weight of Ch had only slight influence on all characterized properties of ionically crosslinked membranes.

Influence of HCl on the NPs-CdSe synthesis prepared by the colloidal method

Abstract Cadmium selenide nanoparticles (NPs-CdSe) were synthesized by colloidal route at room temperature and atmospheric pressure using cadmium chloride (CdCl2·2.5 hydrate) and elemental selenium (Se) as precursors. Sodium borohydride (NaBH4) was used as reducing agent to obtain Se2− ions and an aqueous solution with a NaOH and Penta sodium tripolyphosphate (STPP) was used to protect Cd2+ ions. To remove the by-products generated during the chemical reaction and to promote the precipitation of NPs-CdSe, a cleaning process with an aqueous solution of HCl was performed. The HCl volume was varied from 0.2 to 1.2 ml during the cleaning process to study its effects on CdSe synthesis. The crystalline structure was analyzed by inspection of the high-resolution transmission electron microscope (HR-TEM) and X-ray diffraction (XRD). This analysis showed that crystals of CdSe exhibit a face-centered cubic structure (FCC). The calculated crystallite size is 3.5 nm and increases to 4.5 nm as the HCl volume increases. The morphologies of the products were observed by SEM and TEM techniques. HRTEM images showed that NPs-CdSe synthetized to 0.8 ml are composed of a great number of homogeneous and smooth nanospheres which are not appreciable in SEM but are observable in TEM. By contrast, 0.2 and 1.2 ml HCl samples are comprised of a great deal of rods of compounds of Se mixed with CdSe spheres nanostructures. This work, which did not require the use of surfactants complexes or specials environment, is considered to have advantages over other works.

Chitosan nanoparticles produced with the gradual temperature decrease technique for sustained gene delivery

Different techniques have been employed to produce chitosan nanoparticles; thus, suitable alternatives and easy-handling production methods are highly desired. We used a tank reactor with baffles and mechanical stirring with Cowles impellers that can feasibly be up-scaled and allows for the production of homogenous chitosan nanoparticles. First, we explored the effects of temperature on the production of chitosan (CHI)/pentasodium tripolyphosphate (TPP) nanoparticles. We compared the effect of gradual temperature decrease between 40 to 55°C with the effect of isothermal processes (25, 45 and 55°C). CHI/TPP nanoparticles produced by the gradual temperature decrease technique had polydispersity indices (PDIs) that were significantly smaller than the nanoparticles produced by isothermal processes. To further control the production process, we employed an experimental design to determine the effects of CHI and TPP concentrations and CHI/TPP mass ratios in the gradual temperature decrease technique. Under all conditions, the sizes of the CHI/TPP nanoparticles were on the nanoscale. Gene delivery capacities of the nanoparticles were evaluated; the plasmid pEGFP-N1 was incorporated (10 and 40% of the chitosan weight) into the nanoparticles and incubated with 293A cells. The in vitro transfection efficiencies were evaluated over 120h and indicated sustained gene delivery at 10% pDNA. The polyplexes demonstrated some cytotoxicity after 120h. These findings will contribute to the development of processes for generating CHI/TPP nanoparticles for gene delivery applications.

Regioselective Sequential Modification of Chitosan via Azide-Alkyne Click Reaction: Synthesis, Characterization, and Antimicrobial Activity of Chitosan Derivatives and Nanoparticles.

Recently, the attention of researchers has been drawn toward the synthesis of chitosan derivatives and their nanoparticles with enhanced antimicrobial activities. In this study, chitosan derivatives with different azides and alkyne groups were synthesized using click chemistry, and these were further transformed into nanoparticles by using the ionotropic gelation method. A series of chitosan derivatives was successfully synthesized by regioselective modification of chitosan via an azide-alkyne click reaction. The amino moieties of chitosan were protected during derivatization by pthaloylation and subsequently unblocked at the end to restore their functionality. Nanoparticles of synthesized derivatives were fabricated by ionic gelation to form complexes of polyanionic penta-sodium tripolyphosphate (TPP) and cationic chitosan derivatives. Particle size analysis showed that nanoparticle size ranged from 181.03 ± 12.73 nm to 236.50 ± 14.32 nm and had narrow polydispersity index and positive surface charge. The derivatives and corresponding nanoparticles were evaluated in vitro for antibacterial and antifungal activities against three gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria and three fungal strains, respectively. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of all derivatives ranged from 31.3 to 250 µg/mL for bacteria and 188 to1500 µg/mL for fungi and was lower than that of native chitosan. The nanoparticles with MIC ranging from 1.56 to 25 µg/mLfor bacteria and 94 to 750 µg/mL for fungi exhibited higher activity than the chitosan derivatives. Chitosan O-(1-methylbenzene) triazolyl carbamate and chitosan O-(1-methyl phenyl sulfide) triazolyl carbamate were the most active against the tested bacterial and fungal strains. The hemolytic assay on erythrocytes and cell viability test on two different cell lines (Chinese hamster lung fibroblast cells V79 and Human hepatic cell line WRL68) demonstrated the safety; suggesting that these derivatives could be used in future medical applications. Chitosan derivatives with triazole functionality, synthesized by Huisgen 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition, and their nanoparticles showed significant enhancement in antibacterial and antifungal activities in comparison to those associated with native, non-altered chitosan.

Chitosan Cross-Linked Pentasodium Tripolyphosphate Micro/Nanoparticles Produced by Ionotropic Gelation

Chitosan cross-linked pentasodium tripolyphosphate particles were produced by ionotropic gelation. The aim of this study was to evaluate the influence of the molar mass and deacetylation degree of chitosan and of the concentration of pentasodium tripolyphosphate in the production of chitosan micro/nanoparticles. The obtained charge ratio (R±), mean particle size, surface electrical charge, polydispersity index, and tendency of particle aggregation were selected as dependent variables. Results demonstrated that stable particles exhibited a high zeta potential value, between +62 and +68 mV. Particles were produced in different size ranges controlling the R± between the positively charged chitosan and negatively charged pentasodium tripolyphosphate. Chitosan micro/nanoparticles were successfully prepared via the ionic gelation method controlling R±, therefore the association of an active ingredient to a micro/nanoparticle allows the molecule to intimately interact with specific structures, to overcome barriers and to prolong its residence time in the target. Chitosan cross-linked pentasodium tripolyphosphate particles are expected to be a good approach for active ingredients formulation in the agrofood sector and related industries.

Scalable production of highly concentrated chitosan/TPP nanoparticles in different pHs and evaluation of the in vitro transfection efficiency

Chitosan (CHI) pentasodium tripolyphosphate (TPP) nanoparticles have been studied extensively for biomedical applications. However, these studies do not attempt to develop a scalable and reproducible process. In this study, we investigated the production of CHI/TPP nanoparticles using a high concentration (5mg/mL) of chitosan at three different pHs (4, 5 and 5.5) in a scalable batch process using tank reactor with baffles and a cowles impeller. The smallest size was obtained when the pH was 4, but the polydispersity index (PDI) was the highest; the opposite behavior was observed at pH 5.5. CHI/TPP nanoparticles were also studied in terms of physico-chemical stability in two extreme situations: increasing the pH of the CHI/TPP nanoparticles to 7 and adding nanoparticles to PBS buffer (pH 7.4). In both cases, the buffer conditions modulated the nanoparticle properties and time was also an important parameter. Plasmid pVAX1Luc was used for incorporation into CHI/TPP nanoparticles (CHI:TPP 5.8:1 m/m) at 10 and 20% DNA/CHI w/w. The final DNA-loaded nanoparticles ranged in size from 142 to 248nm and 190 to 254nm for 10 and 20% DNA, respectively. The final physico-chemical properties and process differences in CHI/TPP nanoparticle production have a small influence on in vitro transfection studies.

Antibacterial finishing of cotton fabric via the chitosan/TPP self-assembled nano layers

In this study, chitosan and pentasodium tripolyphosphate (TPP)-based bilayers were fabricated on the cationized woven cotton fabrics via layer-by-layer (LBL) self-assembly technique. The initial cationic charges on cotton fabric were produced through the aminization procedure involving the covalent attachment of reactive dye to cotton fabric and subsequent reductive cleavage of the dye to free amine. Different numbers of bilayers (1, 5, and 10) consisting of chitosan/TPP have been deposited on the fabrics. The surface morphology, cationic group content, chemical surface modification, whiteness index, surface tension and antibacterial properties of the modified cotton samples were investigated using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), methylene blue test, FTIR, reflectance spectroscopy, water contact angle measurements and antibacterial test, respectively. The bacterial inhibition experiments demonstrated that the modified cotton fabric with the addition of chitosan/TPP bilayers can increase the degree of inhibition on E. coli and S. aureus bacteria. The utilized LBL method was an easy and cost-effective procedure for developing of novel antibacterial textiles with the highly attractive feature in the medical and hygienic products.

Synthesis and Characterization of CdSe Nanoparticles with Cadmium Precursor Variation in Colloidal Synthesis

A comparative study of the synthesis of cadmium selenide (CdSe) nanoparticles (NPs) using different cadmium precursors such as, cadmium nitrate (Cd (NO3)2·4H2O), cadmium acetate ((CH3COO)2Cd·2H2O) and cadmium chloride (CdCl2·2.5H2O) is presented in this work. The method used to obtain the CdSe NPs was the colloidal synthesis at low temperature and atmospheric pressure. The Cd2+ ions were obtained in aqueous solution at room temperature, the surfactant used in the process was an aqueous solution of sodium hydroxide (NaOH), penta-sodium tripolyphosphate and H2O named commonly extran, which not only helps to stabilize the NPs, but also allows adjusting the pH of the solution. Se2- ions were obtained with sodium borohydride (NaBH4) as reductant at 75 oC. The by-products from the reaction were eliminated through a cleaning process with hydrochloric acid (HCl). Molar concentration of Cd:Se was varied from 3:1 to 1:3 and the pH value was varied between 8 and 11. The obtained samples were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), it was seen that the obtained NPs present cubic centered face structure. The crystallite size from the powder was calculated using the Debye-Scherrer equation and was found between 3.3 nm and 5.6 nm, the variation in size depends on the molar concentration of cadmium and selenium. Morphological study was done using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and compositional analysis was done by energy dispersive x-ray analysis (EDAX).

Taguchi orthogonal array design for the optimization of hydrogel nanoparticles for the intravenous delivery of small‐molecule drugs

AbstractIn this study, a 16 runs Taguchi method was applied as an experimental design to establish the optimum conditions for hydrogel nanoparticle preparation. Five relevant factors, chitosan (CS) concentration, pentasodium tripolyphosphate (TPP) concentration, CS‐to‐TPP volume ratio, addition time of the TPP solution to the CS solution, and temperature, were selected as the main determinants, and the effects of each factor on the size of the hydrogel nanoparticles were studied at four levels. The statistical analysis revealed that the most important factors contributing to the achievement of minimum particle size were the CS‐to‐TPP volume ratio and the CS concentration. By solving a set of equations derived from the differentiation of the final model, we established the optimum conditions for hydrogel nanoparticle preparation as follows: CS concentration = 0.28% w/v, TPP concentration = 3.17% w/v, TPP/CS = 1 : 8, temperature = 25.66°C, and addition time of the TPP solution to the CS solution = 0.4 min. Also, an analysis of response at the different levels of the factors indicated that there was no remarkable interaction between them. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci., 2012

Preparation and evaluation of the effect of particle size on the properties of chitosan-montmorillonite nanoparticles loaded with isoniazid

In this report, efforts have been made to develop isoniazid loaded chitosan-montmorillonite nanoparticles by ionic gelation of chitosan with pentasodium tripolyphosphate. The nanoparticles have been characterized by FTIR, XRD, SEM and TEM. The effect of surfactant and particle size on chitosan nanoparticles have been assessed with regard to swelling, encapsulation efficiency and release of isoniazid in different mediums. Swelling experiments provide important information on drug diffusion properties, which indicates that the chitosan nanoparticles are highly sensitive to the pH environment. The drug release mechanism has been studied during different time periods using a UV-visible spectrophotometer. Cytotoxicity has been assessed by MTT assay analysis. Mucoadhesion properties have been appraised by an in vitro wash off test and an ex vivo mucoadhesion test. The results imply that chitosan-montmorillonite nanoparticles can be exploited as potential drug carriers for controlled-release applications.