Penicillin Antibiotics Research Articles

A prototrophic suppressor of a Vibrio fischeri D-glutamate auxotroph reveals a member of the periplasmic broad-spectrum racemase family (BsrF).

D-Amino acids are used and produced by organisms across all domains of life, but often, their origins and roles are not well understood. In bacteria, D-ala and D-glu are structural components of the canonical peptidoglycan cell wall and are generated by dedicated racemases Alr and MurI, respectively. The more recent discovery of additional bacterial racemases is broadening our view and deepening our understanding of D-amino acid metabolism. Here, while exploring alternative PG biosynthetic pathways in Vibrio fischeri, we unexpectedly shed light on an unusual racemase, BsrF. Our results illustrate a novel mechanism for the evolution of antibiotic resistance and provide a new avenue for exploring the roles of non-canonical racemases and D-amino acids in bacteria.

Synthesis, antibacterial activity, and 3D-QASR studies of matrine-indole derivatives as potential antibiotics

Synthesis, antibacterial activity, and 3D-QASR studies of matrine-indole derivatives as potential antibiotics

Identification of a CTX-M-255 β-lactamase containing a G239S substitution selectively conferring resistance to penicillin/β-lactamase inhibitor combinations.

An Escherichia coli isolate, WGS1363, showed resistance to piperacillin/tazobactam but susceptibility to cephalosporins and contained a previously unrecognized β-lactamase, CTX-M-255, as the only acquired β-lactamase. CTX-M-255 was identical to CTX-M-27 except for a G239S substitution. Here, we characterize the hydrolytic spectrum of CTX-M-255 and a previously reported β-lactamase, CTX-M-178, also containing a G239S substitution and compare it to their respective parental enzymes, CTX-M-27 and CTX-M-15. All β-lactamase genes were expressed in E. coli TOP10 and MICs to representative β-lactam-antibiotics were determined. Furthermore, blaCTX-M-15, blaCTX-M-27, blaCTX-M-178 and blaCTX-M-255 with C-terminal His-tag fusions were affinity purified for enzyme kinetic assays determining Michaelis-Menten kinetic parameters against representative β-lactam-antibiotics and IC50s of clavulanate, sulbactam, tazobactam and avibactam. TOP10-transformants expressing blaCTX-M-178 and blaCTX-M-255 showed resistance to penicillin/β-lactamase combinations and susceptibility to cephalothin and cefotaxime in contrast to transformants expressing blaCTX-M-15 and blaCTX-M-27. Determination of enzyme kinetic parameters showed that CTX-M-178 and CTX-M-255 both lacked hydrolytic activity against cephalosporins and showed impaired hydrolytic efficiency against penicillin antibiotics compared to their parental enzymes. Both enzymes appeared more active against piperacillin compared to benzylpenicillin and ampicillin. Compared to their parental enzymes, IC50s of β-lactamase-inhibitors were increased more than 1000-fold for CTX-M-178 and CTX-M-255. CTX-M-178 and CTX-M-255, both containing a G239S substitution, conferred resistance to piperacillin/tazobactam and may be characterized as inhibitor-resistant CTX-M β-lactamases. Inhibitor resistance was accompanied by loss of activity against cephalosporins and monobactams. These findings add to the necessary knowledge base for predicting antibiotic susceptibility from genotypic data.

Optical Mapping: Detecting Genomic Resistance Cassettes in MRSA.

Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) is a multidrug-resistant bacterium with a global presence in healthcare facilities as well as community settings. The resistance of MRSA to beta-lactam antibiotics can be attributed to a mobile genetic element called the staphylococcal cassette chromosome mec (SCCmec), ranging from 23 to 68 kilobase pairs in length. The mec gene complex contained in SCCmec allows MRSA to survive in the presence of penicillin and other beta-lactam antibiotics. We demonstrate that optical mapping (OM) is able to identify the bacterium as S. aureus, followed by an investigation of the presence of kilobase pair range SCCmec elements by examining the associated OM-generated barcode patterns. By employing OM as an alternative to traditional DNA sequencing, we showcase its potential for the detection of complex genetic elements such as SCCmec in MRSA. This approach holds promise for enhancing our understanding of antibiotic resistance mechanisms and facilitating the development of targeted interventions against MRSA infections.

Neuroretinitis et causa Ocular Syphillis Vision Recovery after Multidisciplinary Management: Case Report

Abstract
 Introduction : Ocular syphilis is a sight-threatening condition caused by spirochete infection, Treponema pallidum, with varied clinical presentations. Although uncommon, human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection increases the risk of ocular syphilis. If left untreated, it may lead to blindness. The disease can be treated effectively with appropriate antibiotic therapy from a multidisciplinary department. Therefore, early investigation and timely management can prevent infection progression and save patients’ eyesight.
 Case Illustration : A 29-year-old man complained of blurry vision with visual acuity light perception in both eyes one month before admission. The patient underwent examination and laboratory workup and was later diagnosed with HIV and ocular syphilis. A multidisciplinary approach was carried out with dermato- venerology, neurology, and internal medicine departments to treat the ocular and systemic infection. The patient was medicated with the antibiotic regimens Benzathine Penicillin 7.2 million IU and Ceftriaxone 1 g for 14 days. Visual acuity was later examined three weeks with a significant result for best corrected visual acuity (BCVA) in decimal 0.8 for the right eye and 0.67 for the left eye.
 Discussion : The patient was in poor eyesight condition when initially examined. According to reports, syphilis could be cured if it was diagnosed early and completely treated. Therefore, an immediately established diagnosis helped the patient get suitable therapy thus improving visual acuity.
 Conclusion : Early investigation and proper treatment are critical to managing systemic and ocular infections of HIV and syphilis. A multidisciplinary approach is required to achieve optimal results.

Cryptocarya moschata extract decreases single and mixed biofilms on acrylic resins.

This study proposed to assess the effect of Cryptocarya moschata extract on single and mixed biofilms formed on denture base and reline acrylic resin. Single and mixed biofilms of Candida albicans and Streptococcus mutans were formed on the samples and treated with C. moschata extract; Nystatin solution at 100,000 IU/mL or Penicillin antibiotic solution at 100,000 IU/mL; or PBS solution. Antimicrobial activity was analyzed by counting colony-forming units, metabolism assay, assessment of protein components of the biofilm matrix, and of cell viability using confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM). Data were submitted to ANOVA and Tukey's post-test (α = 0.05). Cryptocarya moschata extract reduced cell viability of C. albicans and S. mutans single and mixed biofilms formed on samples. For all types of biofilms in the C. moschata group, there was a log reduction of the biofilm, proven by the Alamar Blue assay. Analyzing the extracellular matrix protein components, groups treated with the extract exhibited a lower level of fluorescence compared to the PBS groups. Reduction in thickness biofilm and viable cells was perceptible in the C. moschata group when assessing through CLSM. Cryptocarya moschata extract reduced the single and mixed biofilms of C. albicans and S. mutans on acrylic resins.

Invasive Streptococcus suis isolated in Spain contain a highly promiscuous and dynamic resistome.

Streptococcus suis is a major pathogen for swine and human. Here we aimed to know the rates of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) in invasive S. suis isolates recovered along Spain between 2016 - 2021 and elucidate their genetic origin. Antibiotic susceptibility testing was performed for 116 isolates of different genetic backgrounds and geographic origins against 18 antibiotics of 9 families. The association between AMR and genotypes and the origin of the isolates were statistically analyzed using Pearson´s chi-square test and the likelihood ratio. The antimicrobial resistant genes were identified by whole genome sequencing analysis and PCR screenings. High AMR rates (>80%) were detected for tetracyclines, spectinomycin, lincosamides, and marbofloxacin, medium (20-40%) for sulphonamides/trimethoprim, tiamulin, penicillin G, and enrofloxacin, and low (< 20%) for florfenicol, and four additional β-lactams. The occurrence of multidrug resistance was observed in 90% of isolates. For certain antibiotics (penicillin G, enrofloxacin, marbofloxacin, tilmicosin, and erythromycin), AMR was significantly associated with particular sequence types (STs), geographic regions, age of pigs, and time course. Whole genome sequencing comparisons and PCR screenings identified 23 AMR genes, of which 19 were previously reported in S. suis (aph(3')-IIIa, sat4, aadE, spw, aac(6')-Ie-aph(2'')-Ia, fexA, optrA, erm(B), mef(A/E), mrs(D), mph(C), lnu(B), lsa(E), vga(F), tet(M), tet(O), tet(O/W/32/O), tet(W)), and 4 were novel (aph(2'')-IIIa, apmA, erm(47), tet(T)). These AMR genes explained the AMR to spectinomycin, macrolides, lincosamides, tiamulin, and tetracyclines. Several genes were located on mobile genetic elements which showed a variable organization and composition. As AMR gene homologs were identified in many human and animal pathogens, the resistome of S. suis has a different phylogenetic origin. Moreover, AMR to penicillin G, fluoroquinolones, and trimethoprim related to mutations in genes coding for target enzymes (pbp1a, pbp2b, pbp2x, mraY, gyrA, parC, and dhfr). Bioinformatic analysis estimated traits of recombination on target genes, also indicative of gene transfer events. Our work evidences that S. suis is a major contributor to AMR dissemination across veterinary and human pathogens. Therefore, control of AMR in S. suis should be considered from a One Health approach in regions with high pig production to properly tackle the issue of antimicrobial drug resistance.

Bacteriology in Diagnosing Oral Odontogenic Infections: A Scoping Review

Background: Odontogenic infection is an invasion of pathogenic microbes that originate from the tooth or its supporting structures and can spread to the surrounding tissue. Bacteriological examination to support the diagnosis. Objective: This study aims to discuss the role of bacteriological examination in helping to diagnose odontogenic infections. Method: Scoping review research type. Search for research gaps using the PCC strategy. PubMed, Scopus, ScienceDirect and Google Scholar databases were used to search for articles by entering keywords using Boolean Operators. Reporting of scoping review results using PRISMA-ScR guidelines. Results: Oral Streptococcus species in caries samples included S. mutans, S. salivarius, S. mitis and S. sanguis with the dominant bacteria being S. mutans. Results: The highest bacterial prevalence of odontogenic infections was Staphylococcus bacteria with high sensitivity to penicillin antibiotics. Periodontal pocket samples showed the highest differences in bacterial prevalence from the three articles, including Staphylococcus aureus, Fusobacterium nucleatum and Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans. Enterococcus was the dominant bacteria in two articles with samples taken from root canals. Odontogenic abscess samples showed that Gram-positive bacteria were more dominant than Gram-negative bacteria, which were the most common in the culture results of abscess patients. The spread of odontogenic infections in the facial space shows that Methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) strains are the dominant bacteria found. Conclusion: Bacteriological examination should be carried out to show the dominant bacteria that cause odontogenic infections, so that it has benefits to support the diagnosis and treatment plan by the dentist

Pathomolecular epidemiology, antimicrobial resistance, and virulence genes of Streptococcus dysgalactiae subsp. equisimilis isolates from slaughtered pigs in India.

We aimed to investigate the prevalence, pathology, and characterization of Streptococcus dysgalactiae subsp. equisimilis (SDSE) in slaughtered pigs of India. We collected 1254 morbid tissues (lungs-627 and spleen-627) and 627 heart-blood from 627 slaughtered pigs. The bacterial isolation, antibiogram, virulence gene profiling, and mouse pathogenicity testing were performed for the detection and characterization of SDSE. A total of 177 isolates (heart-blood-160 and tissues-17) were recovered from 627 slaughtered pigs with higher isolation rate in heart-blood (25.51%). The prevalence of SDSE was 11% in morbid tissues by polymerase chain reaction. Majority of isolates showed higher detection of streptolysin O, followed by streptokinase and extracellular phospholipase A virulence genes with higher degree of resistance to azithromycin, clindamycin, erythromycin, and penicillin antibiotics. Mouse pathogenicity testing confirmed virulence based on histopathological lesions and re-isolation of SDSE. Our findings highlight the high prevalence of SDSE in slaughtered pigs. The presence of virulence genes and mouse pathogenicity testing confirm their pathogenic potential.

Genomic insights into Penicillium chrysogenum adaptation to subseafloor sedimentary environments

BackgroundPenicillium chrysogenum is a filamentous fungal species with diverse habitats, yet little is known about its genetics in adapting to extreme subseafloor sedimental environments.ResultsHere, we report the discovery of P. chrysogenum strain 28R-6-F01, isolated from deep coal-bearing sediments 2306 m beneath the seafloor. This strain possesses exceptional characteristics, including the ability to thrive in extreme conditions such as high temperature (45 °C), high pressure (35 Mpa), and anaerobic environments, and exhibits broad-spectrum antimicrobial activity, producing the antibiotic penicillin at a concentration of 358 μg/mL. Genome sequencing and assembly revealed a genome size of 33.19 Mb with a GC content of 48.84%, containing 6959 coding genes. Comparative analysis with eight terrestrial strains identified 88 unique genes primarily associated with penicillin and aflatoxins biosynthesis, carbohydrate degradation, viral resistance, and three secondary metabolism gene clusters. Furthermore, significant expansions in gene families related to DNA repair were observed, likely linked to the strain’s adaptation to its environmental niche.ConclusionsOur findings provide insights into the genomic and biological characteristics of P. chrysogenum adaptation to extreme anaerobic subseafloor sedimentary environments, such as high temperature and pressure.

Assessing the Role of Lemon Juice in Combating Infections and Oxidative Stress

Background: Numerous foods and environmental sources contain bacteria that are resistant to at least one antimicrobial agent used in medicine and agriculture. Resistance to antibiotics in gram positive bacteria like Staphylococcu saureusis of special concern. Lemon juice has been reported to act as an antioxidant in various biological systems. They were reported to be effective against a variety of bacterial strains. Aim and objective: The aim of this study was to determine the antibacterial activity of lemon juice and to compare with that of the commercially available antibiotic penicillin in inhibiting the growth of Staphylococcus aureus. Materials and methods: The Kirby-Bauer disc diffusion technique was employed to evaluate the effect of lemon juice and commonly used antibiotic Penicillin on bacterial infections caused by Staphylococcus aureus. Results and discussion: The results indicate that penicillin was superior to lemon juice in inhibiting the growth of Staphylococcus aureus. However, lemon juice has also produced significant inhibitory results against the growth of gram-positive bacteria Staphylococcus aureus when compared to penicillin. One-way statistical analysis ANOVA followed by Dunnet's multiple comparison tests and the T test followed by the Mann Whitney test were used to conduct statistical analysis in GraphPad Prism 9.1. Conclusion: Lemon juice extract was shown to be less effective against Staphylococcus aureus than commercially available antibiotic penicillin. Keywords Antimicrobial agent; Staphylococcus aureus; Lemon juice; Penicillin; Gram positive bacteria

Detection of antibiotic residues in broiler chicken meat in traditional markets in Surakarta City

This research aims to detect the presence of penicillin, tetracycline, aminoglycoside, and macrolide antibiotic residues in broiler chicken meat sold in traditional markets in Surakarta City. A total of 60 research samples were collected from traditional markets. Subsequently, the samples were examined at BBVet Wates, Yogyakarta, to identify the presence of antibiotic residues. The results showed that 16.67% of the chicken breast meat samples tested positive for penicillin and 10% showed traces of macrolide antibiotic residues. For chicken thigh meat, 63.33% tested positive for penicillin, while 3.33% contained macrolide antibiotic residues. However, no tetracycline and aminoglycoside antibiotic residues were detected in any of the meat samples. The presence of antibiotic residues can be attributed to several factors, including the excessive addition of antibiotics in feed, improper use of antibiotics in livestock. Based on the research results, it can be concluded that penicillin and macrolide antibiotic residues are still prevalent in broiler chicken meat sold in traditional markets in Surakarta. This shows there is a pressing need to strengthen guidance and supervision of antibiotic use regulations, as well as to monitor antibiotic residues in the meat before it reaches the market.

Clinical Characteristics of Lung Abscess Caused by Streptococcus Constellatus Infection.

This study aimed to understand the clinical characteristics of pulmonary abscess caused by Streptococcus constellatus infection. The clinical manifestations, laboratory examination, drug sensitivity, chest CT manifestations, and treatment and prognosis of patients with pulmonary abscess caused by Streptococcus constellatus infection were retrospectively collected and analyzed. A total of 9 cases of pulmonary abscess caused by Streptococcus constellatus infection were confirmed; one case was confirmed by traditional cultures, while metagenomic next-generation sequencing (mNGS) confirmed the other 8 cases. All of the 9 patients had different degrees of cough, sputum, fever, chest pain, and/or dyspnea, and the physical examination showed fast breathing, reduced respiratory sound, or moist rales on the affected side. In laboratory tests, 8 patients had elevated white blood cells and hypoproteinemia upon admission. Blood gas analysis showed an oxygenation index < 300. The antimicrobial susceptibility testing results in 1 patient with culture-confirmed pathogen diagnosis showed that Streptococcus constellatus was susceptible to ampicillin, penicillin G, cefotaxime, ceftriaxone, cefepime, meropenem, chloramphenicol, linezolid, levofloxacin, and vancomycin and resistant to tetracycline and clindamycin. Relevant antibiotic resistance genes were not detected by mNGS in the 8 patients with negative culture and positive mNGS results. A chest CT showed lung consolidation or cavity formation in 9 patients admitted to the hospital, and 5 patients had pleural effusion. 3 cases were admitted to the respiratory intensive care unit (RICU) and 6 cases were admitted to the general ward. There were 3 cases of nasal catheter oxygen inhalation, 1 case of mask oxygen inhalation, and 5 cases of non-invasive ventilator assisted ventilation. All patients received penicillin or respiratory quinolones anti-infection therapy, and 3 cases were treated with a thoracic closed drainage tube. All patients were discharged from the hospital after improvement, and the hospital stay was 15 - 23 days. Patients with pulmonary abscess caused by Streptococcus constellatus infection have an urgent condition and rapid progression. It is helpful to use mNGS combined with traditional culture as soon as possible to identify the pathogenic bacteria. Penicillin antibiotics should be the first choice for pulmonary abscess caused by a suspected Streptococcus constellatus infection. If a patient´s condition worsens during the treatment, especially for patients who have lesions involving the interlobar fissure or pleura, compressive atelectasis caused by pleural fluid formation or an increase in the amount of pleural effusion needs to be highly suspected.

A high prevalence of antibiotic use at two large teaching hospitals in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia: a point prevalence survey.

Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) renders many bacterial infections untreatable and results in substantial morbidity and mortality worldwide. Understanding antibiotic use in clinical settings including hospitals is critical to optimize antibiotic use and prevent resistance. Hospital antibiotic point prevalence survey (PPS). The study was conducted in two large, teaching hospitals in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. We performed two survey rounds in December 2021 and January 2022 through real-time chart review using the World Health Organization PPS methodology. Data were collected using a web-based database, and descriptive statistics were performed to analyze antibiotic use by various characteristics. Among 1020 hospitalized patients, 318 (32%) were ≤14 years and 370 (36%) had surgery during the current hospitalization. A total of 662 (65%) were receiving an antibiotic on the day of survey and 346 (39%) were receiving ≥2 antibiotics. A community-acquired infection (43%) was the most common indication for an antibiotic followed by surgical prophylaxis (27%) and hospital-acquired infection (23%). Antibiotic use was highest among those ≤24 months in age and among patients in trauma, surgical, and pediatric wards. Cephalosporin (42%) and penicillin (16%) antibiotics were the most frequently prescribed classes. Only 11% of patients on antibiotics had samples collected for microbiological testing; hence, almost all antibiotic therapy was empiric. Despite global and national efforts to improve antimicrobial stewardship, antibiotic use remains high in urban teaching hospitals in Ethiopia. Implementation of antimicrobial stewardship activities and microbiology utilization are needed to guide antimicrobial selection and curtail antibiotic overuse.

Analysis of Risk Factors and Antibiotic Resistance of Pathogenic Escherichia Coli Strains Isolated from Livestock Layer Chicken in Binjai, Indonesia

Binjai is one of the cities in North Sumatra Province Indonesia, with the second largest layer chicken population in North Sumatra. Studies on the use of antibiotics in layer chicken farms in North Sumatra, especially in Binjai, are still relatively minimal, so studies are still needed to find out the picture of antibiotic use and levels of antibiotic resistance. The aim of this study was to determine the level of resistance of pathogenic E. coli bacterial strains to antibiotics in layers of chicken farms in the city of Binjai and to find out which pathogenic E. coli bacterial strains O157:H7 are resistant type of antibiotic Tetracycline and Penicillin. The data were analyzed using a multivariable logistic regression model (SPSS). The results of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) testing against 9 types of antibiotics showed that the antibiotic Amoxicillin has the highest level of resistance. Based on the results of the analysis of risk factors for the occurrence of pathogenic E. coli strains in 120 isolates, there were possible causes for the occurrence of pathogenic E. coli at the research location, basically poor cage cleanliness and the provision of antibiotics as a preventative, through drinking water, so that the dosage were unmeasured and usage patterns were inappropriately monitored.

ОБНАРУЖЕНИЕ АНТИБИОТИКОВ В МОЛОКЕ ПО ЕГО ФОТОЛЮМИНЕСЦЕНТНЫМ СВОЙСТВАМ

The use of antibiotics in the breeding of farm animals is an urgent problem with regard to food safety. For the dairy industry, the detection of residual amounts of antibiotics is crucial because of their inhibitory effect on fermentation processes. The most promising are optical screening methods for detecting these substances in milk and its processed products. Using optical sensors, it is possible to recognize a wide range of substances with high sensitivity and detect the residual content of various antibiotics, including the penicillin group. (Research Purpose) The research purpose is studying the possibility of detecting antibiotics of the penicillin group in milk by its photoluminescent properties. (Materials and methods) The spectral characteristics of milk excitation were measured on a CM 2203 spectrofluorimeter in the range from 200-500 nanometers. The control measurement of the antibiotic content in milk was carried out using BIOEASY 4in1 BSCT test kits. (Results and discussion) Four waves with a maximum length of 290, 324, 360 and 445 nanometers were present in the excitation spectrum of all milk samples. The spectra are measured and the integral fluxes of milk photoluminescence are calculated. (Conclusions) The presence of penicillin antibiotics in milk affects the optical properties of photoluminescence. The most informative are the excitation wavelength 360 and the photoluminescence detection range at 400-650 nanometers. The conducted studies confirm the possibility of qualitative determination of the presence of antibiotics in milk at a concentration of 0.001 mg/kg and above, which is 3-4 times more accurate than using the method with BIOEASY 4in1 BSCT test kits.

Cephalosporin C acylase: Important role, obstacles, and strategies to optimize expression in E. coli

Cephalosporins have gained popularity due to the increasing resistance to penicillin antibiotics. Since the first discovery of cephalosporin C in 1945, the development of cephalosporin-class antibiotics has continued. Cephalosporin C was converted into a 7-aminocephalosporanic acid (7-ACA) compound which became a precursor for producing cephalosporin class antibiotics through side chain modification. The conversion of cephalosporin C to 7-ACA is more beneficial when performed enzymatically using the enzyme cephalosporin C acylase (CA) compared to chemical methods. This article will present the importance of cephalosporin CA enzymes in the development of cephalosporin antibiotics, the obstacles, and strategies to optimize the expression of these enzymes in Escherichia coli hosts.

Discovery of novel 1,2,4-triazole tethered β-hydroxy sulfides as bacterial tyrosinase inhibitors: synthesis and biophysical evaluation through in vitro and in silico approaches.

In this study, a series of 1,2,4-triazole-tethered β-hydroxy sulfide scaffolds 11a-h was synthesized in good to remarkable yields (69-90%) through the thiolysis of oxiranes by the thiols in aqueous basic catalytic conditions. The synthesized 1,2,4-triazole-tethered β-hydroxy sulfides were screened against bacterial tyrosinase enzyme, and Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacterial cultures i.e., (S. aureus) Staphylococcus aureus & (E. coli) Escherichia coli. Among the synthesized derivatives, the molecules 11a (IC50 = 7.67 ± 1.00 μM), 11c (IC50 = 4.52 ± 0.09 μM), 11d (IC50 = 6.60 ± 1.25 μM), and 11f (IC50 = 5.93 ± 0.50 μM) displayed the better tyrosinase inhibitory activity in comparison to reference drugs ascorbic acid (IC50 = 11.5 ± 1.00 μM) and kojic acid (IC50 = 30.34 ± 0.75 μM). The molecule benzofuran-triazol-propan-2-ol 11c proved to be the most potent bacterial tyrosinase inhibitory agent with a minimum IC50 of 4.52 ± 0.09 μM, as compared to other synthesized counterparts and both standards (kojic acid and ascorbic acid). The compound diphenyl-triazol-propan-2-ol 11a and benzofuran-triazole-propan-2-ol 11c showed comparable anti-bacterial chemotherapeutic efficacy with minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC = 2.0 ± 2.25 mg mL-1 and 2.5 ± 0.00 mg mL-1, respectively) against S. aureus bacterial strain in comparison with standard antibiotic penicillin (MIC = 2.2 ± 1.15 mg mL-1). Furthermore, among the synthesized derivatives, only compound 11c demonstrated better anti-bacterial activity (MIC = 10 ± 0.40 mg mL-1) against E. coli, which was slightly less than the standard antibiotic i.e., penicillin (MIC = 2.4 ± 1.00 mg mL-1). The compound 11c demonstrated a better binding score (-7.08 kcal mol-1) than ascorbic acid (-5.59 kcal mol-1) and kojic acid (-5.78 kcal mol-1). Molecular docking studies also validate the in vitro anti-tyrosinase assay results; therefore, the molecule 11c can be the lead bacterial tyrosinase inhibitor as well as the antibacterial agent against both types of bacterial strains after suitable structural modifications.

Performance analysis and green profile assessment of synthesised amino-functionalised magnetic silica nanocomposite for magnetic micro-solid phase extraction of penicillin antibiotics from milk samples

Performance analysis and green profile assessment of synthesised amino-functionalised magnetic silica nanocomposite for magnetic micro-solid phase extraction of penicillin antibiotics from milk samples

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