Penaeus Monodon Research Articles (Page 1)

Aquaculture is sunshine sector and the culture of tiger shrimp (Penaeus monodon) generates huge earnings through exports. Diseases cause severe damage to the culture resulting huge losses to the farming community. Among the diseases, ciliate protozoan parasites pose a significant threat to the aquaculture of the Black Tiger Shrimp (P. monodon), often causing mass mortality and reduced yields. In the present research the seasonal distribution of Ciliate parasites (Acineta, Epistylis, Vorticella and Zoothammium) infections across various stages of P. monodon (Nauplii, Zoea, Mysis, Post-Larvae, Juvenile and Adult) and some selected physicochemical parameters of the water was studied. Samples were collected monthly across four hatcheries in the Andhra Pradesh coast of India from 2011 to 2012. The water parameters i.e. temperature, salinity, pH, and dissolved oxygen were recorded, and the parasites were identified. The pattern was distinctly seasonal, with the greatest prevalence occurring in the summer (pre-monsoon) months and ciliate infections evident in all life stages. Infection rates were high in post-larvae 23 days samples, with values recorded 66.6% in Pulicat Lake. Low infection rates were observed during autumn and winter. Also, some hatcheries, such as Gudur, demonstrated 55-70% infection rates, which was significantly higher relative to other hatcheries, such as Chirala. These findings emphasize the importance of ecosystem elements such as high temperatures in summer affecting the metabolism and moulting cycles of shrimp, as the cause of the outbreaks of ciliate protozoans. These results further emphasize the need for active monitoring and summer management strategies to reduce parasitic losses and improve productivity and sustainability of P. monodon aquaculture.

Triclocarban (TCC), a synthetic antimicrobial compound prevalent in personal care products, has emerged as a typical contaminant in aquatic ecosystems. Intestinal microbiota maintains the host’s health homeostasis by regulating nutrient metabolism and immunity and is regarded as a sensitive biomarker for the risk assessment of pollutants. Currently, there is still a lack of toxicity assessment of TCC on the intestinal microbiota homeostasis of shrimp. Therefore, this study employed 16S rDNA sequencing to explore intestinal microbiota perturbations in Penaeus monodon following subchronic exposure (14 days) to graded TCC concentrations (1 and 10 μg/L). The results showed that TCC exposure altered intestinal microbiota diversity, marked by increases in the ACE, Chao1, and Shannon indices and a decrease in the Simpson index; however, none of these changes reached statistical significance (p > 0.05). Furthermore, the community composition was also altered, characterized by a significant increase in Bacteroidetes and a significant decrease in Tenericutes (p < 0.05), alongside non-significant increases in Proteobacteria and decreases in Firmicutes (p > 0.05). The abundances of some putative beneficial bacterial genera (Alloprevotella, Bacteroidales S24-7 group_norank, Cetobacterium, Enterococcus and Lactobacillus) and harmful bacteria (Photobacterium and Aeromonas) were decreased (p > 0.05); the abundance of Vibrio was decreased in the T1 group but increased in the T10 group (p > 0.05). Additionally, the predicted functions of the intestinal microbiota, such as glycan biosynthesis and degradation, steroid and isoflavone biosynthesis, and nucleotide metabolism, were enhanced. These results indicated that TCC exposure had a negative effect on the homeostasis of the intestinal microbiota of P. monodon.

Tyramine injection enhances immune function and disease resistance in Penaeus monodon.

Preparation of starch/pectin packaging films adding cedarwood essential oil and application in giant tiger prawn preservation.

Role of cyclophilin A as an immunostimulator in responses to Vibrio parahaemolyticus AHPND infection in the black tiger shrimp Penaeus monodon.

Insight into the carapace discoloration of black tiger shrimp (Penaeus monodon) during frozen storage from the perspective of protein.

Black tiger shrimp (Penaeus monodon) is the largest species of penaeid, being commercially cultured globally, ranking as the second most farmed species in the shrimp industry. However, with the transformation of shrimp aquaculture from semi-intensive to high-density farming, the concentration of ammonia nitrogen in the aquatic environment has increased, severely affecting the growth and survival of shrimps. To increase production efficiency, breeding new strains of shrimp with the trait of tolerance to high ammonia nitrogen is desired in the black tiger shrimp aquaculture. Previous studies have shown that glutamate dehydrogenase (GDH) and aspartate aminotransferase 2 (AST2) play important roles in the metabolism of ammonia nitrogen in crustaceans. In the present study, we conducted synteny analysis of PmGDH and PmAST2 in different species. The interactions of PmGDH with ammonium (NH4+) and PmAST2 with aspartate were analyzed by docking. To develop molecule markers associated with ammonia nitrogen tolerance, SNPs of PmGDH and PmAST2 were identified by direct sequencing, genotyped by the SNaPshot technique, and characterized through genotype-phenotype association analysis by PLINK software version 1.9 in the three geographical populations, two families with different ammonia tolerance, and 120 susceptible and resistant individuals of black tiger shrimp. The results indicate that the GDH and AST2 genes are evolutionarily conserved in vertebrates, except for the black tiger shrimp, which suggests divergence in selective pressure between invertebrates and vertebrates. Notably, PmGDH may interact with NH4+ via the residue Asp178 within loop 1 in the GdhA domain through a hydrogen bonding interaction, and PmAST2 may interact with aspartate via helix 1, sheet 1, loop 1, and loop 2, through both hydrogen bonding interactions and a salt bridge interaction. A total of 12 SNPs were detected in the exons of PmGDH and PmAST2. Among these candidate SNPs, the distributions of PmGDH-1227 and PmAST2-132 showed both significant differences in the genotype and allele association analysis between susceptible and resistant groups. Haplotype association analysis showed that three haplotypes exhibited significantly different distributions between susceptible and resistant groups. In conclusion, PmGDH-1227 and PmAST2-132 were associated with ammonia nitrogen tolerance, and these SNP markers are expected to contribute to marker-assisted selection (MAS) breeding programs to obtain new strains of Penaeus monodon.

This study investigated the temporal bioaccumulation of trace metals (Cd, Pb, Cr, As, Zn, Cu, Ni) in the Giant Tiger Prawn (Penaeus monodon) sourced from Bille Creek, Degema LGA, Rivers State, Nigeria, over a six-month duration from December 2024 to May 2025. Monthly, three sites adjacent to oil facilities and one control site located 2 km away were utilised to collect three samples of prawns and sediments. We conducted in situ measurements of physicochemical parameters, including pH, electrical conductivity, dissolved oxygen, biological oxygen demand, temperature, and salinity. Trace metals were examined in prawn tissues and soil samples utilising Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometry (AAS). The findings suggested a distinct hierarchy of metals in prawn tissues: Zn > Cu > Pb > Ni > Cr > Cd > As. Copper (Cu) attained a maximum concentration of 10.451 ± 1.023 mg/kg in March, while zinc (Zn) reached a peak concentration of 10.67 ± 0.946 mg/kg in December. The damp season commenced in December, as lead (Pb) and cadmium (Cd) concentrations increased to elevated levels. In April, arsenic (As) exhibited the greatest Bioaccumulation Factor (BAF) of 1.222, indicating its increased availability to biota. The research demonstrated that seasonal variations in trace metals, resulting from runoff and sediment resuspension, significantly influenced bioaccumulation in Penaeus monodon. The analysis reemphasizes the necessity of both seasonal pollution control and rigorous basin and consumption advisory as tools for engaging in the unfortunate exposure of the environmental and human population to the dangers of heavy metal poisoning in the Niger Delta.

The fishing industry is more popular among the community, and one of the reasons for this is the high demand for fishery products, especially shrimp. The Tanjung Harapan sub-district in Paser Regency has considerable potential for pond-based aquaculture, particularly for tiger shrimp (Penaeus monodon). The favorable geographical conditions and promising business opportunities have made this business a source of livelihood for the surrounding community. However, shrimp pond farming is vulnerable to production fluctuations due to climatic factors, pest and disease attacks, and suboptimal management. The purpose of this study is to assess the financial feasibility of pond farming in Tanjung Harapan Subdistrict, Paser Regency. This study uses analysis methods such as Net Present Value (NPV), Net Benefit Cost Ratio (B/C), Internal Rate of Return (IRR), and Payback Period (PP). The results of the study show that the Net Present Value (NPV) for the next five years for the shrimp farming business is IDR 546,335,336, the Net BCR is 8.35 with an IRR of 166%, and the payback period is 7.18 months.

ABSTRACTBacterial infections in aquatic organisms pose a significant threat to shrimp aquaculture, often leading to production losses. In Pangandaran Regency, early shrimp harvesting is frequently practiced as a response to outbreaks. Previous studies have documented Vibrio and non‐Vibrio bacteria in pond water and sediments at five stations, but infections in shrimp tissues remain less explored. This study aimed to identify pathogenic Vibrio species in vannamei shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei) and wild black tiger shrimp (Penaeus monodon), examine toxin genes, and quantify bacterial abundance. Samples were collected from five stations and analyzed using culture media, Gram staining and Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR). Vibrio parahaemolyticus and Vibrio alginolyticus were detected at Stations 1 and 5, whereas only V. alginolyticus appeared at Stations 2, 3 and 4. Station 1 showed the highest Vibrio abundance (1.3767 × 106 CFU/g), while Station 3 recorded the lowest (0.009 × 106 CFU/g), with significant differences (p < 0.05). Non‐Vibrio bacteria dominated most stations, except at Station 1 where Vibrio species were predominant. Toxin gene analysis revealed toxR in some isolates, while tdh, trh, pirA and pirB were absent. These findings emphasize the importance of bacterial and genetic monitoring to improve disease surveillance and support sustainable shrimp aquaculture.

In recent years, the number of decapod crustacean species used in aquaculture has continued to increase, and production volumes are growing rapidly, reaching 12,75 million tonnes in 2022. The seven most popular species (Penaeus vannamei, Procambarus clarkii, Eriocheir sinensis, Penaeus monodon, Macrobrachium rosenbergii, Macrobrachium nipponense, Scylla paramamosain) together account for 95% of the world’s total aquaculture production. The specific biology and life cycles of decapod crustacean species determine the possibility of using intensive and extensive farming biotechnologies. At present, thermophilic species have an advantage, for which it is possible to use intensive biotechnologies or a combination of intensive and extensive biotechnologies. The need to use various resources for aquaculture has led to the presence among the most popular species both those for which intensive farming biotechnologies are mainly used, and those for which extensive approaches are used. The possibility of using marine and saltwater reservoirs is an important resource for modern decapod aquaculture. At the same time, freshwater reservoirs and low mineralization reservoirs are widely used, especially in the final stages of cultivation. The most promising species for decapod aquaculture in Russia are those with the highest production rates, which are the most widely used in global aquaculture. At the same time, due to the peculiarities of Russia’s geography and climate, the ability to use a combination of intensive (the use of ultrasound in the early stages of the life cycle) and extensive (the use of ponds for growing to marketable size) approaches to their cultivation is the most imperative condition. In addition, indigenous species of significant commercial importance are an important resource for Russian aquaculture.

Industrial pollutants, especially cadmium, pose severe risks to freshwater systems and human health, necessitating effective removal strategies. Chitosan nanoparticles, derived from crustacean shells, have emerged as a promising method for detoxifying contaminated water. This study aims to demonstrate the effectiveness of nanochitosan derived from black tiger shrimp shells in reducing Cd ions from water. Treatments were five levels of dose (1, 1.5, 2, 2.5, and 3g/L), four levels of pH (7, 7.5, 8, and 8.5), four levels of temperature (25°C, 40°C, 55°C, and 70°C) and five replicants for each sample. The total number of samples was 65 and each sample container filled with 50mL of 50mg/L cd solution. The research began by synthesizing nanochitosan using the ionic gelation method. The size and morphology of nanochitosan were determined using scanning electron microscopy. The atomic absorption spectrophotometer was used to measure the Cd ion adsorption. SEM examination showed that nanochitosan was successfully formed with a size of 294.76±4.52nm and morphology in the form of spheres, irregulars, and clumps. The result showed that nanochitosan from black tiger shrimp shells could adsorb cadmium ions up to 92.87% ±0.01 with an optimal dose of 3g/L. pH 7 is the optimal pH with an adsorption effectiveness value of 93.43% ±0.02. The temperature of 25°C is the optimal temperature with an adsorption effectiveness value of 92.53% ±0.05. Therefore, this study demonstrated that nanochitosan from black tiger shrimp shells is suitable for use as an adsorbent for Cd heavy metal ions.

The giant tiger shrimp, Penaeus monodon Fabricius, 1798 is a significant commercial shrimp species, yet limited information is available on the genetic makeup and diversity of its natural populations. As aquaculture industry relies on wild populations for breeding, understanding their genetic makeup is vital for resource management and diversity preservation. While selective breeding typically targets observable traits, incorporating genetic markers for traits like growth and disease resistance can improve breeding programs. In this study, highly variable microsatellite DNA markers, were used to analyse the genetic variation among P. monodon populations in India. The study found these markers to be highly polymorphic, enabling clear population differentiation and revealing significant genetic sub-division, including a marked distinction between east and west coast populations. Such polymorphic microsatellite loci are valuable tools for gene mapping and pedigree analysis in P. monodon. Keywords: Alleles, Genetic variation, Microsatellite markers, Penaeus, Polymorphism

The impact of indoor biofloc-based system on water quality, growth, and disease resistance of black tiger shrimp

Structure of the C-terminal of Viral Responsive Protein 15 (VRP15): A Key Protein During White Spot Syndrome Virus (WSSV) Infection.

Effects of mint (Mentha piperita L.) leaf extract on growth performance, immune and antioxidant responses in green Tiger shrimp (Penaeus semisulcatus).

The black tiger shrimp (Penaeus monodon) belongs to the Penaeidae family and is known for its economic importance. This species was caught using a trammel net in the East Aceh waters, where it is commonly found. This research aimed to discover the biological and fisheries aspects of the black tiger shrimp to provide foundational knowledge for its management. Data were collected monthly from September 2019 to November 2021 and biological data on carapace length (CL), weight, sex, and maturity stages were recorded. Fisheries data on landing catch and effort were also obtained. Common methods in fisheries science were performed to analyse the biological and fisheries data. The average carapace length and weight of females were greater than males, about 10 % and 24 %, respectively. The size at catches fluctuated month by month but tended to be greater from August to September, both in females and males. The sex ratio was unequal, and the growth pattern was negative allometric. The spawning season peaks between November and December. The black tiger shrimp was caught before it reached maturity size (Lc &lt; Lm). In addition, there was a 40 % decrease in the abundance index between 2019 and 2021, and November marks the peak of the fishing landings. To promote sustainability, we recommend implementing a seasonal fishing closure during peak spawning in December.

This study was conducted with different treatments including (1) 100% polychaete feed, (2) 50% polychaete feed and 50% regular feed (squid, oyster) and (3) 100% regular feed (squid, oyster) on the maturation and reproduction of black tiger shrimp. Each treatment was replicated three times. Three female shrimp were used in each treatment. The density of female shrimp was 1 shrimp/100l of water, each shrimp was allowed to reproduce three times. The study aimed to evaluate the effect of polychaete feed on the reproductive quality of female tiger shrimp. The research results showed that the egg-laying time in treatment 1 was the shortest, the spawning rate in treatments 1 and 2 was 100%, while treatment 3 had spawning rate of 66.67%. The absolute and relative fecundity of treatment 1 was higher than the treatment 2 treatments and the difference was statistically significant (P &lt;0.05). Similarly, the hatching rate and larval stage transition rate of treatment 1 were higher than treatments 2 and 3 (P &lt;0.05). Therefore, broodstock rearing with polychaete feed alone yielded the best reproductive results and larval quality.

This study aims to analyze the distribution of species on three different transects to evaluate the diversity of aquatic ecosystems and its implications for the economic potential of coastal communities. Sampling methods were carried out on three transects by recording the abundance of 48 species from the mollusk, crustacean, and fish groups. Data analysis included the calculation of the Shannon-Wiener diversity index (H), evenness index (J), and dominance index (C). The results showed that Transect B had the highest total abundance (2,617 individuals) with the highest diversity index (H=2.617) and the best evenness (J=1.094). Dominant species differed on each transect, with Setipinna taty dominating Transect A (500 individuals), Petek (Secutor rocunius) dominant in Transect B (500 individuals) and Transect C (450 individuals). Species distribution showed significant habitat heterogeneity with some species showing specific habitat preferences. From an economic perspective, the presence of high-value commercial species such as kalampa anchovies, green mussels, mangrove crabs, and tiger prawns demonstrates significant potential for the development of capture fisheries, aquaculture, seafood processing, and marine ecotourism. High species diversity opens up opportunities for business diversification that can reduce economic risks and increase incomes in coastal communities. This study recommends sustainable management that integrates conservation with economic development through zoning of water use, establishing sustainable fishing quotas, and developing community capacity in seafood processing.

Enhanced preservation of green tiger shrimps (Fenneropenaeus semisulcatus) using polylactic acid films with nettle-extract-based silver nanoparticles: a study of photo-assisted and ultrasonic-assisted synthesis methods