Pelvic Limb Research Articles (Page 1)

Introduction Congenital malformations and limb amputations are common causes of locomotor impairment in dogs, affecting their mobility and well-being. Exoprostheses reemerge as a promising alternative for restoring locomotor function and improving animal welfare. This study aimed to conduct a systematic review of the impacts of exoprostheses used in dogs with limb amputations or malformations. Methods The research followed PRISMA guidelines, with searches conducted in PubMed, Web of Science, and SciELO databases, using terms related to dogs, prosthetics, 3D printing, and locomotion. Original articles with clinical applications of socket-type exoprostheses in dogs, made by 3D printing or similar materials, were included. Studies without direct clinical data, implantable prostheses, and assistive devices were excluded. The selection was made independently by two reviewers, and the snowballing strategy broadened the analysis. Results After screening and analysis, ten articles were included for synthesis. Among these studies, the main causes of amputation were trauma, congenital deformities, and neoplasms, affecting both thoracic and pelvic limbs. Regarding the exoprosthesis manufacturing approach, most studies used the traditional method of vacuum forming a thermoplastic over a positive form, and three describe the use of 3D printing as an alternative to producing animal prostheses. The studies reported significant improvements in dogs’ mobility and quality of life, although complications such as skin lesions and difficulties with fixation were reported, necessitating adjustments and ongoing veterinary supervision. Discussion Customized exoprostheses offer effective and affordable solutions for dogs with amputations, promoting functional improvements and well-being. Further research is warranted to enhance durability and establish standardized protocols for clinical use.

This study aimed to evaluate the potential quasi-isometry between sites on the lateral aspect of the canine femoral condyle and either the centre of the patella or its proximal and distal endpoints for the placement of a femoropatellar suture. Ten pelvic limbs from six dogs were obtained postmortem. Six points were determined on the lateral aspect of the femoral condyle, and the distance from these points to the centre of the patella was determined from radiographs taken at 50°, 70°, 90°, 110°, 130° and 150° of flexion. The variation in distance was calculated for each point at each angle. Quasi-isometry was determined using an analysis of variance (ANOVA) for repeated measures or a nonparametric two-way repeated-measures ANOVA if the assumptions were not met. The same protocol was used to determine the quasi-isometry between the sixfemoral points and the patellar proximal and distal endpoints. The distance from femoral points 2 (p = 0.34) and 5 (p = 0.12) to the centre of the patella was quasi-isometric. This was not the case when assessing the distance from these points to the distal and proximal patellar endpoints. Analysis was made on cadaveric joints, with no muscle tone and no load applied to the limbs, and the results were analysed using two-dimensional radiographic projections. A femoropatellar ligament prosthesis could potentially be placed in a quasi-isometric fashion from two points on the lateral aspect of the femoral condyle to the centre of the patella.

Successful physiotherapy management of a geriatric dog with femoral head ostectomy (FHNO) and concurrent posterior contralateral limb amputation.

Challenging the anecdotal concerns of peripheral nerve block in wildlife – a case series in large felids undergoing pelvic limb fracture repair

BackgroundTibial Plateau Leveling Osteotomy (TPLO) is widely accepted for stabilizing the stifle joint in dogs with cranial cruciate ligament disease. However, postoperative tibial tuberosity fractures remain a significant complication, particularly in small-breed dogs. Recent anatomical findings suggest that Sharpey’s fibers (SF) contribute to local structural reinforcement within the tibial tuberosity, but the biomechanical impact of temporary fixation pin positioning relative to these fibers has not been experimentally quantified.ResultsEighteen pelvic limbs from nine small-breed canine cadavers (mean body weight 5.98 kg) were randomized to three groups (n = 6) based on temporary fixation pin positioning. Group 1 had the pin inserted perpendicular to the tibial mechanical axis at the level of SF. Group 2 received pin placement 3 mm distal, and Group 3 received placement 6 mm distal and inclined from cranial to caudal. All specimens underwent a standardized TPLO, followed by mounting at a standing angle of 135°, and vertical tensile force was applied until failure. Pre- and postoperative tibial plateau angle (TPA) and absolute tibial tuberosity width (ATTW) confirmed comparable anatomy across groups. Group 1 exhibited significantly higher maximum failure loads compared to Groups 2 and 3 (p < 0.017), with no significant difference between those two groups. Fracture configuration differed notably: Group 1 showed complex, comminuted fractures of the distal tibial crest, while Groups 2 and 3 demonstrated simple linear transverse fractures through pin tract at the mid-crest.ConclusionsPositioning the temporary fixation pin at the level of the SF markedly enhances the biomechanical resistance of the tibial tuberosity under tensile loading in ex vivo TPLO models. These findings endorse precise proximal pin placement as a modifiable surgical parameter to mitigate fracture risk in small-breed dogs. Future investigations employing dynamic loading protocols and evaluating breed-specific anatomical variations are warranted to validate these results in vivo.

Abstract This report describes a rare case of a rudimentary meningocoele in a 1‐year‐old Scottish Fold cat. The presentation included multiple congenital abnormalities of the thoracolumbar vertebrae and sacrum, as well as a spastic contracture of the right pelvic limb. Advanced imaging, including plain computed tomography and fistulography, confirmed the diagnosis and aided in planning an L6 to S2 dorsal laminectomy for lesion excision. Surgery was performed to prevent complications such as infection and the progression of neurological deficits. Exploration of the lesion revealed a bifid cauda equina. The immediate postoperative outcome was satisfactory. The owner reported an excellent outcome at the 6‐month follow‐up. This rare case highlights that proliferation of meningothelial elements can be present in the cutaneous and subcutaneous tissues, that spinal dysraphism anomalies are often multiple rather than isolated, and that there is significant variability in their presentation. It also provides detailed insights into their diagnosis and surgical management.

A radiographic analysis of fractures and/or luxations in raptors was conducted across two wildlife centers, one in Brazil (Center for Medicine and Research in Wild Animals [CEMPAS]; n=106 raptors) and the other in the USA (Lindsay Wildlife Experience [LWE]; n=310 raptors), through a data study spanning 7 yr. There were differences between the two centers in which order was most affected. At CEMPAS, Strigiformes accounted for 48.1% of the cases, but at LWE Accipitriformes were most affected (59.4% of cases). The axial skeleton was least affected at both centers, with two cases at CEMPAS and three cases at LWE. Most fractures included a single bone in the appendicular skeleton, accounting for 57.7% at CEMPAS and 61.9% at LWE. In the thoracic limb, the humerus was the most fractured bone at CEMPAS (44/108), whereas the ulna was most commonly fractured at LWE (116/307). In the pelvic limb, the tibiotarsus was the most fractured bone at both centers (23/35 at CEMPAS and 27/80 at LWE). Closed fractures were more frequent in the thoracic and pelvic limbs at both centers. Cases of luxation or subluxation without fractures were less common, with 6.7% at CEMPAS and 7.2% at LWE. The types of fractures and/or luxations identified in this study exhibited several similarities between centers that may be useful in understanding these lesions in raptors and establishing future treatment protocols.

Osteosarcoma is the most common primary bone neoplasm in dogs, characterized by aggressive local behavior and a high potential for bone invasion. This case report describes a productive osteoblastic osteosarcoma in the left pelvic limb of an eight-year-old male Rottweiler. The animal presented with progressive lameness and swelling in the distal third of the femur. After radiographic evaluation, amputation of the affected limb and inguinal lymphadenectomy were performed. Histopathological examination revealed a malignant neoplasm of mesenchymal origin producing bone matrix, consistent with osteoblastic osteosarcoma. The patient showed good postoperative recovery and satisfactory return of locomotor function. This case highlights the importance of diagnosis and correct surgical treatment in pain control and improvement of quality of life.

Canine cutaneous mast cell tumors represent a significant clinical challenge due to the wide variability in biological behavior and the risk of recurrence or metastasis, requiring individualized therapeutic strategies. Clinical management demands a multimodal diagnostic approach and, frequently, therapies complementary to surgery. This report describes the case of an eight-year-old mixed-breed female dog with controlled hypoadrenocorticism, which presented with cutaneous nodules on the right pelvic limb. Fine-needle aspiration cytology suggested mast cell tumor, which was confirmed by histopathology and immunohistochemistry. Staging with imaging studies did not identify distant metastases, and popliteal lymphadenectomy revealed no neoplastic infiltration. Treatment consisted of wide surgical excision with 3 cm margins, followed by reconstruction with an axial rotational flap and adjuvant electrochemotherapy with bleomycin. The postoperative course was uneventful, except for local ulceration undergoing epithelialization, later confirmed as chronic inflammatory lesion without tumor recurrence. Histopathology classified the neoplasm as grade II (Patnaik) and low grade (Kiupel), with perimembranous c-KIT expression pattern (pattern I) and Ki-67 proliferative index &lt; 23%, indicators associated with a guarded-to-favorable prognosis despite the compromised deep margin. This case demonstrates the applicability of a multimodal approach combining reconstructive surgery and electrochemotherapy as an effective strategy for local control in mast cell tumors located in challenging anatomical sites. The importance of periodic clinical follow-up is emphasized to monitor for possible recurrences or new tumors. This report contributes to veterinary oncology practice by illustrating integrated management alternatives with both clinical and scientific relevance.

Objective: To determine the main types of tetanogenic bacterial portals of entry and assess their involvement in the prognostic and evolutionary factors of tetanus. Methodology: We carried out a descriptive and analytical cross-sectional study with retrospective data collection at Point-G University Hospital over a period of 22 years. Our study population was made up of tetanus patients whose bacterial portals of entry were sought and found or not found upon admission. Results: The hospital prevalence of tetanus was 5% of admissions. The portal of entry (POE) was found in 217 cases (84.10%). The most common bacterial portals of entry found (BPOEF) were skin and mucosal wounds (65.4%), open fractures (10.6%), skin lesions (7.8%) and deep wounds (7.4%). The most common anatomical sites were the pelvic limbs (62.2%), thoracic limbs (26.3%), head (5.5%) and uterus (2%). The comorbidities associated with the death were dominated by hypertension (50%), malaria (28.6%), and one case of epilepsy, with (p=0.96) compared to the survivors with comorbidities. The POEs as variable dependent of the Dakar score were: 22 POEs due to open fractures, 6 POEs following surgery, 4 POEs after IM injections, 4 POEs due to uterine invasion, and 2 POEs following burns. Dakar scores 2 and 3 were predominantly recorded in cases of BPOEF respectively 48.8% and 31.8%. Specifically, 41.5% of deaths were recorded in patients with BPOEF versus patients BPOE-NF (46.3%) with p=0.77. The mortality in the group with POEs as variable dependent of tetanus risk factors was 42.1% versus 42.5% in the group with POEs as variable independent of risk factors. The Dakar poor prognosis scores were higher in patients whose BPOEF, with a statistically significant difference (p=0.043). Conclusion: Tetanus continues to be seen despite the availability of effective preventative measures. Given the multitude of comorbidities and the associated significant mortality rate, there would need to be a review of the prognostic factors for tetanus in healthcare settings.

Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM) is the most common cardiac disease in cats, characterized by concentric thickening of the left ventricle, which can lead to arterial thromboembolism and sudden death. This report describes the case of a 17-year-old, 4.5 kg, spayed female Persian cat presented with sudden paralysis of the pelvic limbs. On physical examination, absence of femoral pulse, cold extremities, and systolic murmurs were observed. Initial blood counts were within normal limits but later evolved to a leukogram consistent with chronic stress. Abdominal ultrasonography revealed multiple hepatic and renal cysts, while echocardiography showed concentric hypertrophy, atrial enlargement, and the presence of a “smoke” signal. The diagnosis was thromboembolism secondary to HCM. Treatment included spironolactone, enoxaparin, and methadone, as well as amputation of the right pelvic limb due to necrosis. Despite therapeutic measures, the condition progressed with signs of recurrent thrombosis and a possible pulmonary neoplasm, ultimately leading to euthanasia. This case highlights the importance of early diagnosis and continuous monitoring in predisposed cats, as HCM has a progressive course, presents diagnostic challenges, and carries a guarded prognosis, with thromboembolism being one of the main causes of mortality.

Preoperative and postoperative joint motion in chihuahuas with Grade III medial patellar luxation: A kinematic and goniometric analysis.

IntroductionLumbosacral foraminal stenosis (LSFS) in dogs, a subtype of degenerative lumbosacral disease, leads to nerve root compression and clinical signs such as pain or pelvic limb dysfunction. Traditional decompression techniques—such as dorsal laminectomy or lateral foraminotomy—have limitations, including restricted access, tissue disruption, and prolonged recovery. To address these challenges, this study evaluated the technical feasibility and safety of biportal endoscopic lumbosacral foraminotomy (BELF), a minimally invasive technique adapted from human unilateral biportal endoscopy (UBE), for decompressing the lumbosacral foramina in canine cadavers.MethodsBELF was performed bilaterally on nine canine cadavers (18 foramina) after initial refinement in a pilot study using three cadavers. Key outcome measures included computed tomography (CT)-based measurements of foraminal area at the entry, middle, and exit zones pre-and postoperatively, intraoperative endoscopic video evaluation of anatomical visualization and surgical performance, and a feasibility scoring system (ratings: Excellent, Good, Fair, Poor).ResultsBELF was successfully completed in all specimens without causing damage to normal anatomical structures or requiring conversion to open surgery. The mean operative time was 42.17 ± 13.27 min. Postoperative CT showed significant foraminal enlargement at all level; entry (+53.8%), middle (+81.6%), and exit (+119.8%) compared to preoperative measurements (all p < 0.001). Critical anatomical structures were preserved with clear endoscopic visualization, and all procedures were rated as Excellent or Good on the feasibility scale.ConclusionBELF enabled effective and minimally invasive decompression of the lumbosacral foramina with no observed damage to critical anatomical structures. These results support the feasibility of BELF and its potential clinical utility in managing LSFS in dogs.

Avian poxvirus was diagnosed in eight wild Stone-curlews (Burhinus oedicnemus) from the Canary Islands, based on a combination of pathological and molecular analysis. Affected birds exhibited lesions consistent with poxvirus infection; three of four with mild lesions (≤2 on pelvic limbs, excluding phalanges) were successfully rehabilitated and released, while four with moderate (≤2 on phalanges) to severe lesions (≥3 on phalanges) potentially faced impaired mobility, increased predation risk, and reduced foraging efficiency. Histopathology of six individuals revealed Bollinger bodies, characteristic of Avipoxvirus infection, and molecular analysis confirmed the presence of viral DNA in six cases. Three genetically distinct viral variants were identified, each associated with different phylogenetic clades and subclades, suggesting substantial viral diversity within this host species. Co-infection with Aspergillus fumigatus was also detected in six of the eight birds, confirmed by molecular analysis in either skin lesions or lung tissue. To our knowledge, this represents the first report of A. fumigatus co-infection in Stone-curlews with Avipoxvirus. Additionally, one individual presented a tumor-like lesion, expanding the known pathological manifestations of the disease. These findings provide new insights into avian pox and highlight the importance of considering fungal co-infections in the differential diagnosis, given their potential to exacerbate disease severity.

The authors report a rare case of pelvic fracture associated with hip dislocation in a 2-year-old male child, following a pedestrian road traffic accident, treated at the Traumatology and Orthopedics and Reconstructive Surgery Department of the National Hospital of Niamey. The X-ray of the pelvis from the front performed in emergency revealed a transverse fracture of the left acetabulum and the right iliopubic branch associated with a postero-superior dislocation of the left femoral head. The CT scan done after emergency reduction of the dislocation made it possible to assess the displacement of the fractures and to confirm the good reduction of the dislocation. Treatment consisted of emergency reduction of the dislocation. A 4-week orthopedic treatment of left pelvic limb continuous traction fractures on a Bopp splint. Functional rehabilitation sessions of the hip. The therapeutic follow-up was simple. Bone consolidation was achieved in 6 weeks and functional recovery in 8 weeks. Keywords: Pelvic fracture, hip dislocation, child, Niamey.

Objective To analyze the association between alcohol consumption and the severity of injuries in the pelvic region and lower limbs among motorcyclists injured in traffic. Methods This exploratory cross-sectional study was conducted with motorcyclists admitted to a public hospital in Recife (northeastern Brazil). Using questionnaires, the study collected sociodemographic data and information about accidents. Data were also sourced from medical records from February 1, 2023 to January 31, 2024. The severity of the injuries was assessed using the Abbreviated Injury Scale. Results The study involved 305 individuals, of which 292 (95.7%) were male, and 210 (70.9%) were aged 18–39 years. Severe injuries in the pelvic and lower limb areas occurred in 229 (74.6%) of motorcyclists. The analysis showed a statistically significant association between pelvic and lower limb injuries and alcohol consumption, even when adjusted for age, education level, income, type of income, and accident by impact and collision (adjusted odds ratio = 2.82; 95% confidence interval = 1.04–7.69) (p = 0.042). Conclusion Motorcyclists who consume alcohol are at a higher risk of severe injury in the pelvic region and lower limbs. Despite the traffic regulations regarding alcohol consumption in Brazil and investments in educational campaigns, efforts have not been enough to reduce the incidence and severity of injuries in the studied population.

A case study of an unusual presentation of an intravascular angiosarcoma in a dog, presenting clinically as multifocal ulcerated skin plaque‐like lesions on the right pelvic limb and right lateral flank. It illustrates the challenging identification of neoplastic proliferations with atypical presentation and highlights the importance of immunohistochemical examinations in achieving a diagnosis. Furthermore, this case shows the need for deep skin biopsies in areas of ulceration and necrosis, as the vascular lesions causing them might be only, or mainly, located in the subcutis.

IntroductionWith the advancements in diagnostic imaging and its increasing use in veterinary medicine, it is essential for professionals to continuously update their knowledge and seek training in the anatomy of various wild animal species. Plastination allows for the preservation of biological tissues and their anatomical details, enhancing the study and identification of structures.MethodsThis study aimed (1) to describe in detail the anatomy of the thoracic and pelvic limbs of the crab-eating fox (Cerdocyon thous) using plastinated metameric sections correlated with computed tomography (CT) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), and (2) to analyze tissue shrinkage resulting from plastination. Limbs from four animals of both sexes were scanned using CT and MRI, and the resulting images were saved in DICOM format. The limbs were then plastinated using the silicone technique with forced impregnation at −18 °C, including fixation, dehydration, impregnation, and curing. Measurements of weight, thickness, and volume were taken before dehydration and after curing to assess shrinkage. Three-dimensional reconstructions and multiplanar virtual dissections were also performed to identify and describe anatomical structures.ResultsThe study enabled detailed identification and description of anatomical structures in plastinated transverse sections and their correlation with corresponding axial CT and MRI images, as well as the 3D reconstruction of the limbs for anatomical correspondence with each sectioned region. Qualitatively, the specimens showed excellent preservation of anatomical features, allowing for clear visualization and identification of structures while maintaining their syntopic relationships. The plastinated material was rigid, easy to handle, odorless, and free from toxic characteristics. Quantitative analysis demonstrated minimal shrinkage in the plastinated tissues.DiscussionPlastinated metameric sections of the thoracic and pelvic limbs of Cerdocyon thous, when correlated with CT and MRI, proved to be an effective tool for anatomical studies. This integrated approach improves anatomical understanding, supports the interpretation of imaging studies, enhances educational resources, and benefits veterinary professionals in both anatomy and diagnostic imaging. The minimal tissue shrinkage observed did not compromise the quality or anatomical integrity of the specimens.

Damage or pathology of the venous bed in the area of the finger joints can lead to the development of edema, trophic disorders, secondary inflammatory processes and, as a result, lameness, which significantly reduces the mobility of animals and their productivity in industrial pig farming. A fundamental understanding of the relationship between the vascular system and the musculoskeletal system makes it possible to predict the consequences of injuries, infections, or circulatory disorders: for example, compression of veins in case of mechanical damage or deformity of the hoof horn can provoke tissue ischemia, tendon necrosis, or bone destruction, which requires urgent surgical interventions. The aim of the study was to establish the anatomical and topographic features of the veins of the finger joints in a Yorkshire pig and to determine the morphometric parameters. Cadaveric material for the study was delivered to the Department of Animal Anatomy of the St. Petersburg State Pedagogical University from the pig breeding complex of the Leningrad region. The study was conducted according to the periodization of pig life: the third stage of development is the second milk stage (22-45 days of the postnatal period). The study used newborn piglets for 28-30 days of the postnatal period of ontogenesis. 10 pelvic limbs obtained from five Yorkshire pigs were examined. During the study, anatomical and topographic features of the veins of the finger joints in a Yorkshire pig were established and morphometric parameters were determined. Knowledge of the anatomical and topographic features of the veins of the joints of the fingers of the pelvic limb in pigs is necessary to understand their physiological role in maintaining hemodynamics, tissue trophism and adaptation to stress. The venous system of this area provides not only blood outflow, counteraction to venous stagnation during prolonged static load, as well as drainage of metabolites from actively working muscles and joint structures. In addition, the variability of the anatomy of venous collaterals and their connection with deep and superficial circulatory systems necessitate an individual approach to surgery, therapy, and prevention of complications.

Clavicular evidence for continued arboreality in Australopithecus afarensis.