Peer review is fundamental to quality scientific communication, yet reviewer behavior remain underexplored. The impact of emerging large language models (LLMs) on peer review practices is similarly understudied. We aim to characterize behavioral traits of Chinese medical journal peer reviewers and identify evidence-based recommendations to optimize review willingness, efficiency and quality. An online questionnaire survey was distributed to 532 medical researchers in China through the Wenjuanxing platform in February 2025. The questionnaire (38 questions) assessed four domains: basic information, peer review model and efficiency, peer review quality, and reviewer motivations. Statistical analysis included descriptive statistics, Spearman correlations, Kruskal-Wallis tests, etc. RESULTS: The response rate was 51.9% (276/532, 95% confidence interval (CI): 47.6%-56.1%). The valid questionnaires were 275: 91.6% male; 64.7% of 41-55years old. Double-blind was supported by 80.7% of respondents, exceeding international prevalence. Reviewers exhibited social desirability bias in self-reported review turnaround time: 92.7% reported completing reviews within 15 d, whereas the actual recent 3-year administrative data was only 69.7% (P < 0.001, Cramér's V = 0.303). Reviewers expected their submissions to finish review in 15 d and at most 60 d, which was very pressurized for the editorial office. Efficient reviewers expected their manuscripts to be reviewed faster (ρ = 0.551, 95% CI: 0.460-0.630). Reviewers weighted scientificity and novelty most heavily (30% each), followed by clinical feasibility (20%). Review quality showed heterogeneity: 17.8% of respondents (49/275) reported < 50% agreement with feedback received on their submissions vs. 47.6% (131/275) reporting ≥ 70% agreement. Only 24.7% respondents used LLM for peer review assistance, yet 91.2% of users reported a positive impact. The most frequently used LLMs in China were DeepSeek, Doubao, ChatGPT and Kimi in sequence. Compared with males, female reviewers were more likely to use LLM for peer review assistance (43.5% vs. 23.0%, P = 0.029, Cohen's h = 0.439), but the difference was only significant in DeepSeek (P = 0.005). LLM use did not significantly alter main peer review characteristics (all P > 0.05). Regarding motivation, recognition and acknowledgment ranked first (74.9%), followed uniquely in China by requests for priority handling of their submissions (64.4%) and recommended submissions (63.6%), reflecting publication-pressure contexts. Misalignments exist between reviewer expectations and editorial capacity regarding review efficiency. System-level improvements in manuscript handling system and implementation of standardized review templates and training may improve review quality. Formal recognition of review contributions and fast handling of reviewer's submissions could enhance motivation while addressing unique pressures in Chinese academic journals.

Large language models for peer review in biotechnology.

Artificial intelligence in scholarly peer review: a scoping review of applications, risks, and governance challenges.

AGA Clinical Practice Update on Diagnosis and Treatment of Hemorrhoids: Expert Review.

AGA Clinical Practice Update on Management of Clostridioides difficile Infection in Inflammatory Bowel Disease: Expert Review.

Research involving animal experimentation is a contentious issue at the intersection of science and society, making science communication about it especially challenging. Yet, we lack a systematic account of the barriers researchers and communicators face in this context. Our systematic review used a peer-reviewed search strategy and screening by independent reviewers. The resulting 65 documents (e.g. research articles, editorials, comments) underwent full-text qualitative content analysis. Seven barrier themes emerged from the dataset, most prominently: The Research Is Not Well Suited for Science Communication, The Public Is Difficult, and The Discourse Environment Is Complicated and Dysfunctional (occurred in 86%, 85% and 83% of the 65 documents). Each theme contains multiple barrier categories with varying prevalence across the analysed documents. We elaborate on the most prevalent categories and present examples. This offers researchers and communicators an overview of what they might face so they can prepare accordingly, ultimately strengthening public debate.

Evaluating the quality of online health information: A comparative study of COPD patient information in Facebook forums versus ChatGPT.

Professional Identity Formation (PIF) is a dynamic and essential process in medical education, involving the integration of personal and professional values throughout the educational continuum. This umbrella review aimed to synthesise evidence on theories, influencing factors, educational strategies, and assessment tools related to PIF. This review was conducted following the Joanna Briggs Institute (JBI) guidelines and a protocol registered with PROSPERO. Meta-analyses, systematic and scoping reviews with quantitative and qualitative analyses, published in English, Portuguese, or Spanish, were included. The search was performed in databases such as PubMed, Embase, and Cochrane, with no restrictions on date of publication or location. Study screening and selection were carried out by independent reviewers and the methodological quality was assessed using the JBI checklist. Thirteen reviews were included, encompassing 1,442 primary studies. The evidence was organised into four categories: foundations of PIF, processes and influential factors, educational approaches, and assessment of PIF. Strategies such as mentorship, guided reflective practice, longitudinal clinical clerkships, and role modelling demonstrated effectiveness in promoting PIF. Assessment methods, including portfolios and reflection scales, were identified, but robust psychometric evidence remains limited. This review is the first umbrella review to synthesise knowledge on PIF, highlighting its dynamic and iterative nature, involving cycles where professional values integrate into personal beliefs during training. PIF is increasingly recognised as essential, but further studies are needed on diverse global contexts, demographic influences, and methodological rigour in assessment. Theoretical frameworks are increasingly hybrid, combining constructive theories that stress social mediation with personality models to maximise educational impact. Reflective practice, authentic clinical experiences, positive role modelling, mentoring, and integrated professionalism teaching consistently promote value internalisation and successful student-to-physician transition. We propose that assessment rigour should align with PIF's nature, urging future research to use methods capable of capturing its complexity.

Prevalence and associated factors of post-traumatic stress disorder, anxiety, and depression in ocular trauma: A systematic review.

Aumolertinib with or without chemotherapy in EGFR-mutated advanced non-small-cell lung cancer (AENEAS2): an open-label, multicentre, randomised, controlled, phase 3 trial.

Blinded Independent Central Review (BICR) with double reads and adjudication is crucial in imaging-based clinical trials to ensure quality data. However, discrepancies in double reading can affect trial outcomes, particularly in assessing disease progression in phase 3 oncology studies using RECIST 1.1 criteria. This study examined discordance in the date of progressive disease (DoPD) across RECIST components: target lesion (TL), non-target lesion (nTL), new lesion (NL), exploring its impact on survival curves and whether discrepancies stem from timing differences or true/false PD detection. We retrospectively analyzed data from five clinical trials using BICR with double reads plus adjudication, involving 1932 lung cancer patients on immunotherapy or targeted therapy. RECIST components were examined to assess DoPD concordance, discrepancies, adjudicator acceptance, detection timing, and impact on survival curves. Readers showed a 39.3% discordance rate in DoPD assessments, with agreement on 17.3% of DoPD cases and 43.4% of non-PD cases. In 54.2% of concordant cases, multiple RECIST components contributed to PD. Discordance was primarily caused by NL (41.4%), sum of TL diameter increase (33.3%), nTL (11.8%), or multiple components (13.4%). In 49.2% of discrepant cases, PD was reported late, usually within one treatment cycle (79.8%). 62.5% of disputed PD cases were accepted by adjudication. Different RECIST components vary in their likelihood of causing discordance and being accepted or refuted by adjudicators. NL detection is key for identifying progression but also the main source of disagreement. Using multiple RECIST components enhances the reliability of PD assessment. Question How does discordance across RECIST components-especially new lesion detection-influence progression assessment timing and potentially alter survival outcomes in oncology clinical trials? Findings Reader disagreement on progression dates is common, driven mainly by new lesion detection; incorporating multiple RECIST components increases alignment and strengthens PD determination reliability. Clinical relevance Imaging endpoints guide cancer treatment decisions. RECIST 1.1 is the standard, inter-reader variability can undermine PFS accuracy. By evaluating RECIST component reliability, this work aims to improve trial precision, enabling faster, more confident decisions that ultimately benefit patients.

Clickbait or Truth? Analyzing the Relationship between misinformation and engagement on TikTok regarding epilepsy treatment.

IO102-IO103 immune-modulatory cancer vaccine and pembrolizumab in melanoma.

Science is a self-correcting process, and scientific research aims to improve adequacy, accuracy, and utility. However, improving scientific research is a demanding task, especially when currently some key principles of science are challenged and renegotiated. Key challenges in the current environment include the increasing loss of trust in scientists; the production of most of the published scientific literature in countries without full democracy and/or in countries without fundamental freedoms, e.g., freedom of the press; limited public availability and transparency as most research is funded by non-public sponsors that do not prioritize or even seek publication of results; and rapid developments on the frontier of artificial intelligence where non-human agents can supplement and/or replace human researchers. Concurrently, there have been many proposals on how to improve research. Among a plethora of suggestions and guidance, some may not be useful or may even be harmful, and most lack evidence. Revisiting some key proposals shows mixed track records of failures and successes. Examples are provided from efforts to enhance collaboration, team science, and large studies; replication culture; registration and open science; containment of conflicts of interest; and statistical, computational, and informatics improvements. The optimal stages to improve research (early and/or late in the scientific process) may be debated, and the role, function, and mode of optimal peer review are also under scrutiny. Eventually, science and scientific research are demanding, hard enterprises. Genuine progress requires openness, honesty, and selflessness.

Conferences are critical but often underleveraged vehicles for advancing nursing practice and leadership. Barriers, including staffing constraints, costs, and limited organizational support, dampen access and impact. This article offers a practical, structured approach that positions conference attendance as a strategic investment for both nurses and healthcare organizations. Scientific conferences serve as vital platforms for the exchange of knowledge, ideas, and advancements across disciplines. These gatherings bring together practitioners, researchers, scholars, and leaders, fostering collaboration and innovation. Through presentations, workshops, and discussions, attendees share emerging findings and methodologies, contributing to collective growth and advancement. Conferences provide opportunities for networking, enabling professionals to establish valuable connections and partnerships that may lead to future collaborations and interdisciplinary projects. Moreover, they create forums for peer review, where participants receive constructive feedback on their work, refine their approaches, and identify new directions for inquiry. Ultimately, these events shape clinical practice, operational strategies, and research priorities, thereby advancing both healthcare delivery and professional development.

The author declares no conflicts of interest. The data that support the findings of this study are available from the corresponding author upon reasonable request. For transparency, the peer review documents associated with this article are available at https://publons.com/publon/10.1111/coa.70100. Table S1: Analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) for change in voice handicap index (ΔVHI). Please note: The publisher is not responsible for the content or functionality of any supporting information supplied by the authors. Any queries (other than missing content) should be directed to the corresponding author for the article.

Fifty-percent diluted contrast medium provides acceptable image quality in cerebral angiography.

Nasal septal deviation (NSD) is a common cause of chronic upper airway obstruction (UAO), and surgical correction via nasal septoplasty results in improvements in airflow. Multiple studies have been conducted to assess possible relationships between chronic UAO (including due to NSD) and cardiorespiratory function (such as pulmonary artery pressures). The objective of this scoping review is to identify and examine the current evidence on the potential relationship between nasal septal deviation, estimated mean pulmonary artery pressure (mPAP), and estimated pulmonary artery systolic pressure (ePASP) in patients who undergo nasal septoplasty. PubMed, EMBASE, Ovid. A scoping review was performed in accordance with the PRISMA Extension for Scoping Reviews guidelines. Two independent reviewers screened 411 articles; 9 before-after studies met eligibility criteria for review inclusion. There was a total of 458 study participants, of which 395 underwent septoplasty and 63 were matched controls. All studies reported a statistically significant decrease between the pre-operative and post-operative estimated mPAP (p < 0.05) and/or ePASP (p < 0.001) in subjects who underwent nasal septoplasty. Two studies included control participants and reported a statistically significant difference between the pre-operative estimated mPAP of patients with NSD and controls (p < 0.001). This scoping review highlights the current evidence on the potential relationship between NSD, estimated mPAP, and ePASP in patients who undergo nasal septoplasty for NSD. Further studies of higher statistical and methodological quality are required to assess for cause-and-effect relationships and examine the potential link between chronic UAO and cardiorespiratory function.

Sedentary behaviour (SB) is a relevant determinant of health in ageing, yet its effects on cognitive function remain inconclusive. The literature often treats SB as a homogeneous exposure, without considering that different sedentary activities may differentially affect cognitive domains. Accordingly, this study sought to identify how distinct types of SB influence cognition in older adults. A systematic review was conducted and registered in PROSPERO (CRD42025637160), following PRISMA guidelines. Observational studies published between 2010 and 2025 were included if they involved participants aged 60 years or older and examined the relationship between specific types of SB and cognitive domains. Searches were performed in PubMed/MEDLINE, Web of Science and Scopus. Two independent reviewers carried out study selection, data extraction and quality assessment using Joanna Briggs Institute tools. The search yielded 1795 records, resulting in the inclusion of 13 studies encompassing 43 902 participants. Findings were heterogeneous: passive SB, particularly, television viewing, was more frequently associated with poorer cognitive performance. In contrast, cognitively stimulating sedentary activities involving complex tasks-such as reading, playing games and computer use-were positively associated with memory, executive function and processing speed. Some studies further suggested that cognitive engagement may mitigate potential negative effects of SB. The findings indicate that the impact of SB on cognition depends more on the type of activity performed than on total sedentary time, underscoring the importance of context and mental demand. SO WHAT?: Identifying which types of SB are beneficial or harmful may inform health promotion strategies, encouraging older adults to replace passive SB with cognitively stimulating sedentary activities, thereby supporting healthier cognitive ageing.

Classifying muscle dysfunction in temporomandibular disorders: Review and novel proposed classification.