Peel Oil Research Articles

Chemical Composition of Fruit Peels Essential Oil from Citrus Species and their Antimicrobial Efficacy as Biopreservatives

Aim Extraction, chemical determination and comparison of essential oil (EO) composition from the peel oil of three varieties of citrus, sweet lime (Citrus limetta, Meetha Nimbu), lemon (C. limon) and acid lime (C. aurantifolia, Kagzi Nimbu) and their antimicrobial efficacy as preservative in food spoilage was studied. Material and Methods The extraction from all the three types lemon peel oil was done using clevenger apparatus and the chemical constituents of lemon peel EO analyzed by GC-MS. The antagonistic activity of lemon peel EO and 50% methanolic extract from peel residue left after EO extraction was studied against common food borne pathogens like Staphylococcus aureus, S. epidermidis, Bacillus cereus, B. subtilis, Bacillus sp., Listeria monocytogenes, Micrococcus luteus, Escherichia coli, Klebsiella sp. and Pseudomonas aeruginosa by agar well diffusion assay. The test fungal species were Rhizopus sp., Rhizomucor sp., Alternaria sp., Aspergillus fumigatus, A. niger, Aspergillus sp. and Penicillium sp. Results The chemical constituents of lemon peel EO analyzed by GC-MS showed 22 constituents with limonene (39-92%), β-myrcene (0.08-2.57%), α-terpineol (0.3-7.3%), α- and β-pinene (0.2-25.4%) as major ingredients and 1-Octanol, cis-linalool oxide, sabinene as minor constituents. It was found that lemon peel oil exhibited wide range of antimicrobial activity against both groups of bacteria with highest inhibition of zone produced against Bacillus mycoides and B. cereus 34 mm and 28 mm respectively and against fungi Rhizopus sp. and Aspergillus sp. (34 mm and 28 mm respectively). In contrast to EO, the peel extract produced widest zone of inhibition against Staphylococcus aureus followed by S. epidermidis and B. subtilis (IZD of 15, 13 and 13 mm respectively) and in case of fungus, peel extract was most effective against Alternaria sp. and Rhizopus sp. (IZD 26 mm, 17 mm respectively). Conclusion These studies illustrated that antioxidant and antimicrobial activity of EO was much better than its lemon peel extract and has potential to be used as biopreservative in food spoilage.

IDENTIFICATION OF CALAMANSI FRUIT PEEL ESSENTIAL OIL COMPONENTS FROM BENGKULU USING GC-MS

Calamansi orange (Citrofortunella microcarpa) is one of the citrus groups that have been cultivated in Bengkulu Province. Calamansi oranges have a distinctive aroma from the volatile oil components found in the skin of the fruit. This study aimed to identify the components of Bengkulu calamansi peel essential oil using GC-MS. The essential oil of calamansi fruit peel was obtained by steam distillation method using vacuum distillation. The essential oil yield obtained was 0.36%. The results of the examination of essential oils using GC-MS showed that there were 6 main compounds. they are 3-carane, Cyclopentanone, 2-(-methyl propyl), Cychexanol, 2methyl-5-(1-methylethenyl), Decanal, L-alpha-Terpineol and D-Crvone.
 

Cellulose Nanofibers from Palm Oil Empty Fruit Bunches as Reinforcement in Bioplastic

Currently, packaging especially for food is a significant concern because made of plastic, which is difficult to degrade. Cellulose nanofibers (CNFs) as the composite reinforcement are chosen as a suitable replacement for the fiber. This nanocomposite is made with the main aim of making biodegradable food packaging with other capabilities such as antioxidant, antibacterial, etc. The food packaging was next referred to as bioplastic, consisting of several components. One of the major concerns is selecting cross-linking agents in nanocomposites production. The use of essential oil extracts from plants is widespread because it has an excellent binding ability and good chemical properties. The essential oil of orange peel can be extracted and used because it contains flavonoid compounds that act as antioxidants. The CNFs were made from palm oil empty fruit bunches (EFB) using the acid hydrolysis process in the previous research. The study of this nanocomposites production successfully makes transparent bioplastic. SEM results show a surface with fewer pores filled with cellulose fiber and protein. The addition of essential oil to the film increases the cross-linking bond in the matrix, improving its mechanical properties. The bioplastic was tested its endurance when buried in soil for 6 days and showed a promising results.

Effects of supplementation of pomegranate processing by-products and waste cooking oils as alternative feed resources in broiler nutrition.

Agricultural residues can be used as alternative feed sources in industrial chicken production. The impacts of different levels of pomegranate peel and waste cooking oil as an agricultural residue on broilers' nutrition were investigated. Results showed that the replacement of 8% pomegranate peel in diets decreased the growth performance of broilers. Supplementing 8% pomegranate peel in diets reduced apparent nutrient digestibility. The highest level of waste oil inclusion in broiler diets indicated negative impacts on apparent zmetabolizable energy and crude fat apparent nutrients digestibility. Broilers fed the diet containing 4% pomegranate peel had a higher Lactobacillus population. The results showed that the Lactobacillus population was lower in broilers fed 8% pomegranate peel powder and 4% waste oil in diets. The inclusion of 8% pomegranate peel powder in diets showed lower villus height and crypt depth in the duodenum, jejunum, and ileum. The inclusion of 4% pomegranate peel decreased the peroxide value (PV) of meat. Dietary inclusion of 4% waste oil raised the PV of meat. Alpha-tocopherol supplementation decreased the PV of meat. Finally, the results provide information that 4% of pomegranate peel and 4% waste oil could be used as an alternative feed ingredient in broiler diets without adverse effects.

Study of engine performance and emission characteristics of diesel engine using cerium oxide nanoparticles blended orange peel oil methyl ester

• Engine performance and emissions of a single-cylinder diesel engine are studied • The fuel was modified with a blend of orange peel oil methyl ester and nanoparticles • The results showed modified fuel achieved better performance and exhaust emissions • The BTE of BC15 and BC25 showed a 4% and 23% increase over the diesel fuel data • The improved combustion characteristics and the good cetane rating for OPOME Due to the increasing cost of crude oil, the depletion of this resource has prompted researchers to look into the various potential applications of renewable fuels. Biobased fuels have the potential to reduce the harmful effects of fossil fuels. Here, the Biodiesel extracted from the orange peel can be used as an economical alternative fuel. A metal oxide nanoparticle called cerium oxide was added to an orange peel oil methyl ester to study its impact on the diesel engine. Biodiesel is mixed with cerium oxide nanoparticles (CeO 2 ) nanoparticles using an ultrasonicator and a magnetic agitator to ensure that the particles are homogeneous and achieve uniform suspension. The higher surface area/volume ratio of the nanoparticles allows them to perform better combustion and emission characteristics. This Study showed that the brake thermal efficiency of the test fuel was significantly improved by 12% compared to diesel fuel. The Study revealed that the CeO 2 nanoparticles could act as an oxygen shelter for combustion. Its surface energy content has a considerable volume ratio that accelerates the combustion process. Results of an experiment revealed that nanoparticles could reduce emissions. Compared to conventional fuels, biodiesel fuel produced by using CeO 2 nanoparticles exhibited an improvement in various emissions. The performance parameters of a biodiesel blend with a cerium oxide nanofluid additive were improved by 27%, 6.5, and 7% compared to 20% of the Biodiesel fuel mixture in NOx, CO, and smoke emissions. This reveals that the CeO 2 nanoparticles could be the ideal oxidizing catalyst for reducing the emissions of H.C. and C.O.

A pragmatic authenticity assessment of lemon (Citrus limon [L.] Burm.f.) juices by its profile of coumarins, psoralens, and polymethoxyflavones

Coumarins, psoralens, and polymethoxyflavones have long been described as authenticity markers in lemon (Citrus limon [L.] Burm.f.) juices. However, the lack of quantitative concentration limits for these markers hampers the differentiation of natural variability and acceptable technical process variations from inacceptable lacks in good manufacturing practice (GMP) or even deliberate food fraud by, e.g., the addition of lime (Citrus × aurantifolia [Christm.] Swingle; Citrus × latifolia [Yu.Tanaka]) juice. In this study, a total of 139 lemon and lime samples, including fruits, juices, juice concentrates, and peel oils from eleven countries and covering all usual processing methods on the market, were analysed using three different liquid chromatographic methods of three different labs. First, we confirmed the considered analytical approaches to yield comparable results and analysed the results in detail per product type and processing technology. After carefully eliminating samples prone to authenticity doubts, we used the remaining dataset (125 samples) for establishing maximum concentration limits for coumarins, psoralens, and polymethoxyflavones for the differentiation of authentic lemon juices produced under GMP conditions, i.e., compliant with the AIJN Code of Practice, from adulterated products made with inacceptable procedures such as excessive co-extraction of flavedo or the admixture of non-lemon Citrus species, particularly lime.

Chitosan nano-biopolymer/Citrus paradisi peel oil delivery system enhanced shelf-life and postharvest quality of cherry tomato

Grapefruit peel essential oil (CpEO) was loaded on chitosan (Cs) nano-biopolymer by ionic gelation method and its effect on physicochemical properties of cherry tomatoes was evaluated during 18 days of storage at 10 °C. The highest loading capacity and encapsulation efficiency were obtained from the weight ratio of 1:0.25 Cs to oil. TEM, DLS and FTIR were used to characterize the nanoparticles. The release of the oil from the nanoparticles followed the Fickian diffusion model. CpEO-CsNPs-CO and CpEO-CsNPs-RE treatments reduced ethylene production and respiration rate and indicated a significant and promising effect on increasing the level of antioxidant enzymes (CAT and POD), slowing down the loss of ascorbic acid and total phenolic content and consequently, maintaining antioxidant capacity. These treatments prevented a rapid decline in TSS and TA and an increase in lycopene and MDA level, and maintained the firmness, weight, and color of the fruits throughout storage period.

Comparing Metabolomic and Essential Oil Fingerprints of Citrus australasica F. Muell (Finger Lime) Varieties and Their In Vitro Antioxidant Activity.

Comparative chemical analyses among peel and pulp essential oils (EOs) and methanolic extracts of four Citrus australasica varieties (Red, Collette, Pink Ice, and Yellow Sunshine), and the hybrid Faustrime, were performed using GC-MS and UHPLC-DAD-HR-Orbitrap/ESI-MS. Peel and pulp extracts were also analysed for their in vitro antioxidant activity on a Balb/3T3 clone A31 mouse embryo fibroblast cell line. The results of peel and pulp EOs were mainly characterised by monoterpenes and sesquiterpenes, respectively. All peels displayed a higher total phenol content (TPC) than pulps, and consequently a greater antioxidant activity. Collette peels and Pink Ice pulps showed the highest amount of identified flavonoids (e.g., luteolin, isosakuranetin, and poncirin derivatives). Collette and Red peels were rich in anthocyanins (delphinidin and petunidin glycosides), exhibiting the maximum protective activity against induced oxidative damage. In conclusion, finger lime fruits are good sources of health-promoting phytocomplexes, with the Red, Collette, and Pink Ice varieties being the most promising.

Energy, environmental and economic assessment of waste-derived lemon peel oil intermingled with high intense water and cetane improver

Waste-to-energy and its utilization in the commercial field have received wider attention in recent years. Lemon peel oil (LPO), a food waste by-product is used for this study to produce bioenergy, and a novel approach has been attempted to improve energy and environmental efficiency. The LPO was blended with different percentages of water and 2-Ethylhexyl nitrate (EHN) and the energy, environmental and economic assessments were carried out. The outcomes show that LPO dominates the normal diesel in all aspects, except for NOx emission, and 10% of water in LPO (10WLPO) improves the overall performance. Meanwhile, this trend is reversed for 20% water in LPO (20WLPO) due to a longer ignition delay period and low cetane numbers. EHN plays a vital role in fuel modification and EHN blended 20WLPO significantly improves the engine characteristics, and the engine behavior is identical to 10WLPO. The cost-benefit analysis shows that 10WLPO fuel significantly reduces the running cost compared to LPO, and the cost is further reduced to 12% while the LPO is blended with EHN.

Chemical Composition Assessment of Structural Parts (Seeds, Peel, Pulp) of Physalis alkekengi L. Fruits.

In recent years there has been an extensive search for nature-based products with functional potential. All structural parts of Physalis alkekengi (bladder cherry), including fruits, pulp, and less-explored parts, such as seeds and peel, can be considered sources of functional macro- and micronutrients, bioactive compounds, such as vitamins, minerals, polyphenols, and polyunsaturated fatty acids, and dietetic fiber. The chemical composition of all fruit structural parts (seeds, peel, and pulp) of two phenotypes of P. alkekengi were studied. The seeds were found to be a rich source of oil, yielding 14–17%, with abundant amounts of unsaturated fatty acids (over 88%) and tocopherols, or vitamin E (up to 5378 mg/kg dw; dry weight). The predominant fatty acid in the seed oils was linoleic acid, followed by oleic acid. The seeds contained most of the fruit’s protein (16–19% dw) and fiber (6–8% dw). The peel oil differed significantly from the seed oil in fatty acid and tocopherol composition. Seed cakes, the waste after oil extraction, contained arginine and aspartic acid as the main amino acids; valine, phenylalanine, threonine, and isoleucine were present in slightly higher amounts than the other essential amino acids. They were also rich in key minerals, such as K, Mg, Fe, and Zn. From the peel and pulp fractions were extracted fruit concretes, aromatic products with specific fragrance profiles, of which volatile compositions (GC-MS) were identified. The major volatiles in peel and pulp concretes were β-linalool, α-pinene, and γ-terpinene. The results from the investigation substantiated the potential of all the studied fruit structures as new sources of bioactive compounds that could be used as prospective sources in human and animal nutrition, while the aroma-active compounds in the concretes supported the plant’s potential in perfumery and cosmetics.

Designing a simple semi-automated system for preconcentration and determination of nickel in some food samples using dispersive liquid–liquid microextraction based upon orange peel oil as extraction solvent

A simple semi-automated dispersive liquid–liquid microextraction system was designed and used for off-line preconcentration and determination of nickel (II) ion in some food samples. The methodology submitted in the present work is based upon the microextraction of [Ni(C 38 H 28 O 2 N) 2 ] complex employing an orange peel oil (OPO) as an extractant without a dispersing solvent and the estimation of nickel (II) ion in sediment by electrothermal atomic absorption spectrometry (ETAAS). 3 mL of sample solution, 0.5 mL of acetate buffer (pH 6), and 300 µL of the complexing agent (1-[4-[(2-hydroxynaphthalen-1-yl)methylideneamino] phenyl]ethanone) (HNE) dissolved in OPO were automatically transferred to separation tube and the cloudy solution was obtained by dispersing OPO as droplets throughout the aqueous phase using nitrogen gas. Under the optimized conditions, the analytical methodology used in this study provided a good efficiency in term of sensitivity and selectivity where the calibration plot was linear in the range of 5–150 ngL –1 , while, the enhancement factor (EF) and the detection limit were 300 and 0.87 ngL –1 , respectively for a sample volume of 3 mL. On the other hand, the method was completely free of most potential interferences. Certified reference wheat sample (NCS ZC11018) and some food samples were used to evaluate the developed method and results were compared using ICP–MS. Moreover, the new [Ni(C 38 H 28 O 2 N) 2 ] complex was synthesized and characterized using diverse characterization techniques.

Phytochemical Screening, GC Analysis and Antibacterial Activity of Citrus limon Peel Extract and Essential Oil

Lemon (Citrus limon) is the most commonly grown tree fruit in the world. The fresh lemons were collected from the local market of Kathmandu, Nepal. Hexane and methanol extracts of plant material i.e. lemon peel were screened for the analysis of the presence of phytochemicals as well as their antibacterial activity. Methanol extract of lemon peel showed the maximum positive phytochemical test with the presence of alkaloids, flavonoids, polyphenols, terpenoids, glycosides, saponin, tannins etc. The essential oil was obtained by steam distillation from fresh peels of lemon using the Clevenger apparatus and analyzed by gas chromatography (GC). Twenty six (26) chemical components were identified in the essential oil of lemon peel. Lemon peel essential oil indicated the presence of Pinene (β) (15.46 %), Limonene (28.94 %), and Terpinene (γ) (8.64), Terpinen-4-ol (3.29 %), Neral (4.20 %), Geranial (5.28 %) as major components. The lemon peel essential oil was found to be a potent antibacterial agent against the Bacillus subtilis (21 mm).

Essential oil profiles of seeds, peels, and leaves obtained from Limnocitrus littoralis (Miq.) swingle species, in the Southcentral coast of Vietnam

The essential oils of seeds, peels, and leaves from Limnocitrus littoralis (Miq.) Swingle growing wildly on the southcentral coast of Vietnam were extracted by hydrodistillation method. The yields of the oils were recorded. The organoleptic and physicochemical properties of the oils were defined and evaluated according to international standards at 25 °C. A total of forty-three, fifty, and sixty-five components of these oils were analysed and identified, respectively. Major constituents in the seed oil were β-pinene (3.7%, Quang Ngai; 24.0%, Ninh Thuan), β-myrcene (11.1%, Quang Ngai; 59.2%, Ninh Thuan), o-cymene (57.7%, Quang Ngai), and limonene (18.5%, Quang Ngai; 94.5%, Phu Yen; 8.5%, Ninh Thuan). Major constituents in the peel oil included α-pinene (11.3%, Ninh Thuan), β-pinene (3.9%, Quang Ngai; 62.6%, Ninh Thuan), and limonene (54.0%, Quang Ngai; 94.0%, Phu Yen; 3.5%, Ninh Thuan). Major constituents in the leaf oils consisted of β-pinene (36.4%, Ninh Thuan), β-myrcene (38.0%, Quang Ngai; 28.9%, Ninh Thuan), and limonene (17.3%, Quang Ngai; 93.2%, Phu Yen). This research highlighted the aromatic value of bearing oil plants growing wildly on the Southcentral coast of Vietnam.

Co-pyrolysis and co-combustion of orange peel and biomass blends: Kinetics, thermodynamic, and ANN application

Co-pyrolysis and co-combustion of orange peel, oil palm shell, and empty fruit bunch biomass with and without blends were investigated in a thermogravimetric analyzer (TGA) at 5, 10, 15, and 20 °C/min heating rate. The kinetic parameters were calculated using the model-free and model-fitting methods. Results showed that blending altered the thermogravimetry (TG) and derivative thermogravimetry (DTG) profiles and indicated the existence of multiple reactions. Biomass blends showed a strong synergetic effect, specifically during the char formation. The average activation energy was a function of conversion degree, and the values for the biomass blends were 82–120 kJ/mol compared to their parent biomass (64–111 kJ/mol). The trained artificial neural network model predicted the TG profiles of biomass blends with high R2 values (≥0.9), but the prediction accuracy was relatively poor for DTG profiles (≤0.8). Overall, mixing orange peel waste and oil palm biomass altered the thermo-chemical behavior and kinetics, which could develop a new dimension for future studies.

Physicochemical Properties, Antioxidant and Antimicrobial Activities of Sweet Orange (Citrus sinensis L. OSBECK) Fruit Peel and Pulp Oil Extracts

Background:Citrus sinensisL., commonly called sweet orange, fruit waste (peel, seed, and pulp) oils, are used as natural preservatives due to their broad spectrum of biological activities, including antimicrobial and antioxidant effects.Objective:The aim of this study was to investigate the physicochemical properties, antioxidant and antimicrobial activities of sweet orange peel and pulp oils extracted using the solvent extraction method.Methods:The oil extraction was done in the Soxhlet apparatus using petroleum ether as a solvent. Then, the physicochemical properties of the oil extracts were assessed based on the determination of oil yield, acid value, free fatty acid, and peroxide value. The antioxidant activity of the oil extract was evaluated based on 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), and hydrogen peroxide free radical scavenging activity as well as ascorbic acid content.Results:The results indicated that significantly higher antioxidant activities with respect to ascorbic acid (47.94%) and DPPH value 85.20% were recorded for sweet orange pulp/juice oil. Stronger antibacterial activity with a maximum zone of inhibition (10.67mm), minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of 0.25µg/ml, and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) of 0.25µg/ml were recorded for fruit pulp oil extract againstStaphylococcus aureus. Stronger antifungal activity with a maximum zone of inhibition (9.67mm), MIC (0.25µg/ml), and minimum fungicidal concentration (MFC) of 0.50µg/ml were also observed for fruit pulp oil extract againstAspergillus versicolor.Conclusion:C. sinensisfruit pulp oil was found to demonstrate stronger biological activities, including both antioxidant and antimicrobial potentials.

Ternary gasoline – Pomegranate peel oil (PPO)- tertiary butyl alcohol (TBA) blend as an enabler to improve the spark-ignited engine performance and emissions

This paper reported a research work that investigated the compatibility of using pomegranate peel oil (PPO) as a substitute for gasoline in a spark-ignition engine. Initially, fuel characterization was performed for the PPO biofuel, and a blend was prepared by blending PPO in gasoline at a ratio of 10:90 by volume. Then, fuel properties were measured for the gasoline, PPO, and its blend. Subsequently, engine experiments were conducted for the blend at different load conditions with constant speed, and the performance, combustion, and emission results of the blend were compared with that of sole gasoline. By analyzing the results, it was found that the brake thermal efficiency of the 10% PPO blended gasoline was reduced by 1.2%, 0.6%, and 1%, at low load, mid load, and full load, respectively, when compared to sole gasoline. Whereas the HC and CO emission of the blend was higher by about 11.7% and 8.3%, respectively, at full load, when compared to that of gasoline. With an intent to improve the performance of the PPO blend, tertiary butyl alcohol (TBA) was blended with the 10% PPO blended gasoline in the volumetric proportion of 5%, 10%, and 15% to form ternary blends. The experimental study revealed that the performance of the PPO blend was enhanced significantly with increasing TBA proportion in the blend. The PPO blend with 15% TBA exhibited the highest BTE of 25.1%, which was 1.6% higher than gasoline at full load. The same blend resulted in the HC and CO emissions that were 9.2% and 9.6% lesser than gasoline, respectively, whereas NO emission was 7.6% higher than gasoline, at full load condition. The combustion analysis revealed that the start of combustion was delayed, with peak pressure and heat release rate being the maximum for ternary blends. From this investigation, it can be concluded that the sole gasoline can be replaced by the ternary blend as fuel for SI engine operation without requiring any major engine modification.

Phenolic compounds in peel, seed and cold pressed pink pepper (Schinus terebinthifolia R.) oil and bioaccessibility of peel using a digestion model with intestinal barrier simulation

Pink pepper-PP (Schinus terebinthifolius R.) has been used as a flavoring agent, an antioxidant, and a natural preservative. Studies have focused on obtaining essential oils and antioxidants from the whole fruit. Few studies have evaluated the quantification of phenolics and bioaccessibility of the fruit parts. The quantification of bioactive compounds from PP oil obtained by cold pressing are also scarce. In this work, 21 phenolics (HPLC-DAD) and antioxidant capacity (AOX) were quantified in peel, seed and cold-pressed oil of PP, in two harvests. The bioactive and antioxidant potential of the fractions studied in PP were peel > oil > seed. The peel possessed the richest fraction; in particular, gallic acid (2819–3129 mg/kg), procyanidin B2 (720–760 mg/kg), catechin (528–594 mg/kg), kampferol-3-glucoside (166–184 mg/kg) peonidin-3-O-glucoside (55.3–58.5 mg/kg) and pelargonidin 3-O-glucoside (17.8–20.2 mg/kg), and high AOX. Oil was the second richest fraction with highlight gallic acid (735 mg/kg), catechin (103–105 mg/kg), procyanidin A2 (19 mg/kg) and chlorogenic acid (5 mg/kg). PP peels were submitted to in vitro digestion model with intestinal barrier simulation, where hesperidin (23352%), naringenin (273%) and catechin (84%) were the most bioaccessible phenolics. The present study shows that the PP peel has the greatest bioactive potential. Furthermore, obtaining the oil by cold pressing fruit is an alternative to be explored.

The combined efficacy of neem (Azardirachta indica) seed oil and orange (Citrus sinensis) peel oil cream as a mosquito repellent

Essential oils obtained from certain plants have repellent potency against insects such as mosquitoes. Most repellents on the market have the synthetic formulation of N, N-diethyl-3-methylbenzamide (DEET) as the main active ingredient. This study is an attempt to contribute to the search for an effective plant-extracted essential oil, Neem and Orange as alternative to DEET. The oil from Citrus sinensis (sweet orange) peels was extracted by steam distillation and that for Azadirachta indica (Neem) seed by Soxhlet extraction respectively. Creams were formulated at four concentrations of 5%, 15%, 25% and 30% v/w respectively for Neem, Orange peel and combined Neem-Orange oils, after which laboratory reared mosquitoes were used to assess the efficacy of each of the concentrations. A DEET-based cream of 13% concentration was used as the standard. Wild mosquito larvae were brought to the laboratory from which the adults female after mating were given a blood meal. Second generation mosquitoes were used for the arm in cage test (AIC). The combined Neem and Orange-based cream at 30% was as effective as the DEET-based repellent which recorded the highest repellent time, followed by Neem cream and the Orange peel based cream recorded the least repellent time even at 30% concentration. The statistically significant difference at 30% between DEET and Orange peel, Neem, and combined Neem-Orange creams were 0.030, 0 .499 and 0.195, respectively. This study suggests that the combined Neem and Orange Peel Oil can be used to produce repellent creams due to their synergistic potency and good smell.

The combined efficacy of neem (Azardirachta indica) seed oil and orange (Citrus sinensis) peel oil cream as a mosquito repellent

The combined efficacy of neem (Azardirachta indica) seed oil and orange (Citrus sinensis) peel oil cream as a mosquito repellent

Performance and Emission Characteristics of Compression Ignition Engine Running on a Blend of Cashew Nut Shell Liquid and Biodiesel Produced from Orange Peel

This study evaluates the performance and emission characteristics of an orange peel biodiesel blended with cashew nut shell liquid. It investigates the efficacy of cashew nut shell liquid in reducing nitrogen oxide (NOX) emissions resulting from the combustion of the biodiesel, while optimizing its performance. The biodiesel was prepared via transesterification. It was obtained by reacting orange peel oil produced through Soxhlet extraction with methanol in the presence of NaOH. The biodiesel was blended with cashew nut shell liquid in the ratio 70%:30% (B70). Experimental results demonstrate that blending cashew nut shell liquid with orange peel biodiesel causes a slight decrease in NOX emission. B70 generates 150 ppm of NOX, while B100 and diesel produce 159 ppm and 193 ppm, respectively. The hydrocarbon emission of B70 was 8% lower than that of B100 and 22.3% lower than that of diesel. As regards CO and CO2 emission, B70 performs better than B100 and diesel. The performance parameters were computed at brake powers of 2.5 kW, 5.0 kW, 7.5 kW, and 10 kW. In comparison to diesel and B100, B70 has higher brake thermal efficiency at all loads. The brake specific fuel consumption (BSFC) of B70 is higher than that of diesel, but less than that of B100 at 2.5 kW and 5.0 kW. At 7.5 kW and 10 kW, the BSFC of B70 is higher than that of B100 and diesel. Conclusively, B70 gives optimal performance and less emission. Hence, cashew nut shell liquid is a good additive.