Citrus Fruit Peel Research Articles

Morphology Characterization, Molecular Phylogeny, and Pathogenicity of Diaporthe passifloricola on Citrus reticulata cv. Nanfengmiju in Jiangxi Province, China.

The Nanfengmiju (Citrus reticulata cv. Nanfengmiju), a high-quality local variety of mandarin, is one of the major fruit crops in Jiangxi Province, China. Citrus melanose and stem-end rot, two common fungal diseases of Nanfengmiju, are both caused by Diaporthe spp. (syn. Phomopsis spp.). Identification of the Diaporthe species is essential for epidemiological studies, quarantine measures, and management of diseases caused by these fungi. Melanose disease was observed on Nanfengmiju fruit in Jiangxi Province of China in 2016. Based on morphological characterization and multi-locus phylogenetic analyses, three out of 39 isolates from diseased samples were identified as D. passifloricola. Since these three isolates did not cause melanose on citrus fruit in the pathogenicity tests, they were presumed to be endophytic fungi present in the diseased tissues. However, our results indicate that D. passifloricola may persist as a symptom-less endophyte in the peel of citrus fruit, yet it may cause stem-end if it invades the stem end during fruit storage. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report of D. passifloricola as the causal agent of the stem-end rot disease in Citrus reticulata cv. Nanfengmiju.

Citrus peel flavonoid nobiletin alleviates lipopolysaccharide-induced inflammation by activating IL-6/STAT3/FOXO3a-mediated autophagy.

Nobiletin, a polymethoxyflavone widely present in the peel of citrus fruits, has significant anti-inflammatory activity. Autophagy plays a critical role in maintaining cell homeostasis by promoting the degradation of intracellular structures in response to various stress. Recent research suggests the involvement of autophagy in the inflammatory process and therefore some inflammation-related diseases. However, the "cross-talk" between autophagy and nobiletin's anti-inflammation response remains not well elucidated. Therefore, this study was initiated with the aim of investigating the role of autophagy in nobiletin's protective effect against inflammation in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated RAW264.7 cells. Results showed that nobiletin significantly (P < 0.05) inhibited the release of nitric oxide (NO) and decreased the expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) in a dose-dependent manner. Moreover, nobiletin significantly (P < 0.05) promoted autophagy as evidenced by the appearance of more autophagosomes, up-regulated LC3II protein, low-regulated p62 protein, and increased autophagy-related (Atg) genes' expression compared with the control treated with LPS alone. Addition of chloroquine, an autophagy inhibitor, alleviated nobiletin's anti-inflammatory effect, further supporting the requirement of an active autophagy process for the citrus peel flavonoid's biological activity. Mechanistically, we found that nobiletin treatment leads to activation of the IL-6/STAT3/FOXO3a signal pathway through the down-regulation of IL-6 and STAT3 phosphorylation and the upregulation of FOXO3a phosphorylation in the cell nucleus, which is responsible for induction of macrophage autophagy. Taken together, our study provides evidence that nobiletin suppresses inflammatory response through enhancing autophagy through activating the IL-6/STAT3/FOXO3a pathway in macrophage cells.

Polymethoxyflavones in orange peel extract prevent skeletal muscle damage induced by eccentric exercise in rats.

Polymethoxyflavones (PMFs) contained in the peel of citrus fruits have anti-inflammatory, anticancer, and antidepressant effects. However, their effects on skeletal muscle are unknown. We investigated whether PMFs could prevent skeletal muscle damage induced by eccentric exercise in rats. Downhill running for 90 min increased the levels of the inflammatory cytokines, monocyte chemotactic protein-1 (MCP-1), and interleukin-1β (IL-1β) in skeletal muscles, especially in vastus lateralis, and the plasma creatine kinase levels. These increases were attenuated by a single oral administration of orange peel extract (OPE) 30 min before downhill running. A mixture of nobiletin, sinensetin, 3,5,6,7,8,3',4'-heptamethoxyflavone, and tangeretin, which are the major PMFs of OPE, also showed similar effects on muscle damage. These results suggest that OPE has a protective effect against eccentric exercise-induced skeletal muscle damage, and that the effects may be attributed to the 4 major PMFs.

Extraction of Pectin from Lemon (&lt;em&gt;Citrus limon&lt;/em&gt; L.) fruit peels and its utilization in the Production of Watermelon (&lt;em&gt;Citrullus lanatus&lt;/em&gt;) Jam

Citrus fruits peels are very rich in pectin and can be used as source of pectin for its commercial production. Moreover, the citrus fruit peels contained several bioactive compounds, including carotenoids, essential oils, antioxidants and flavors are widely incorporated into food products in order to enhance their sensory properties and to improve their nutritional and health benefits. Therefore, aim of this study was to make use of lemon peels as a source of pectin in making watermelon jam along with different levels of sugar and pectin. Pectin was extracted from lemon peel by acid extraction method at pH 1.5, 80℃ for 1 hour. The physico-chemical, sensorial and microbiological properties of the formulated jam were assessed using standard AOAC methods. The physico-chemical analysis of freshly made watermelon jam revealed that an increasing trend in titratable acidity from 0.27 to 0.61% (as citric acid), moisture from 52.9 to 63.1% and decreasing trend in pH from 3.95 to 3.31 and total soluble solids from 68.1 to 66.1°Brix when the pectin levels increased from 1.8 to 3.3 g per 500g watermelon pulp. According to Kruskall-Wallis Method the mean scores of the sensory qualities in terms of color, taste, texture, aroma and overall acceptability varied significantly (p&lt;0.05) in the freshly formulated jam. There were no significant (p&gt;0.05) differences between in total plate count of all treatments. The results of this study revealed that the watermelon jam formulated with 65g of sugar, 2.8g of pectin and 500g of pulp was the best combination and it could be stored at 30±1℃ for 12 weeks without any significant changes in the quality characteristics. Therefore, pectin which was extracted from lemon peels can be used as an effective food additive in watermelon jam production.

Relative Nutritional And Phytochemical Composition Of Citrus Fruit Compartments- A Case Against Wasting Citrus Peels

&#x0D; &#x0D; Citrus fruits are known to contribute towards health considering their nutritional composition as well as bioactive ingredients. Although utilized at the industrial level, household-level consumption of citrus peel is not a common concept. The current study was conducted to compare the composition of different citrus fruits as well as to compare their peels and pulps composition. Three samples of citrus fruits (oranges (Citrus Sinensis) [sample O], lemons (Citrus Limons) [sample L], and grapefruits (Citrus Paradisi) [sample G]) were selected. Two variables; type of fruit with three categories (O vs L vs G) and part of the fruit with two categories (peel vs pulp) were studied. Proximate contents (AOAC methods), antioxidant activity (modified DPPH bleaching), Ferrous ion chelating activity, and total phenol content (Folin- Ciocalteu method) were determined for each sample. Oneway ANOVA and post hoc analysis was run to note down differences among various samples. Except for moisture and fat, all other proximate components showed significantly higher amounts in peels compared with pulp. Fiber and ash contents were significantly higher in peels compared with pulps for all three fruits with a mean difference of L=10.1g, O= 9.29g, G= 10.19g for fiber and L= 0.18g, O=0.37g, G=0.10g for ash. Protein and carbohydrate were found in higher quantity in peels of Samples O and L (mean difference L=0.38g, O=0.15g for protein and L=8.1g, O=13.86g) while significantly lower in the peel of sample G (mean difference protein=1.14g, carbohydrate=0.98g). Antioxidant capacity, total phenolic content and chelating activity were found to be significantly higher in peels of L, O, and G though these contents were not significantly correlated (p&gt;0.05) to one another. The findings of this study show that citrus fruits are a rich source of nutrients as well as phytochemicals. The peels of citrus fruits can serve as better sources of antioxidants, phenolic content, chelating properties, and some nutrients than their pulps. This study provides evidence for the benefits of utilizing peels at the household level while reducing food waste.&#x0D; &#x0D;

Plant Extract Induced Biogenic Preparation of Silver Nanoparticles and Their Potential as Catalyst for Degradation of Toxic Dyes

This study focusses on the synthesis of silver nanoparticles (Ag-nPs) by citrus fruit (Citrus paradisi) peel extract as reductant while using AgNO3 salt as source of silver ions. Successful preparation of biogenic CAg-nPs catalyst was confirmed by turning the colorless reaction mixture to light brown. The appearance of surface Plasmon resonance (SPR) band in UV-Vis spectra further assured the successful fabrication of nPs. Different techniques such as FTIR, TGA and DLS were adopted to characterize the CAg-nPs. CAg-nPs particles were found to excellent catalysts for reduction of Congo red (CR), methylene blue (MB), malachite green (MG), Rhodamine B (RhB) and 4-nitrophenol (4-NP). Reduction of CR was also performed by varying the contents of NaBH4, CR and catalyst to optimize the catalyst activity. The pseudo first order kinetic model was used to explore the value of rate constants for reduction reactions. Results also interpret that the catalytic reduction of dyes followed the Langmuir–Hinshelwood (LH) mechanism. According to the LH mechanism, the CAg-nPs role in catalysis was explained by way of electrons transfer from donor (NaBH4) to acceptor (dyes). Due to reusability and green synthesis of the CAg-nPs catalyst, it can be a promising candidate for the treatment of water sources contaminated with toxic dyes.

Antioxidant and Wound Healing Potential of Essential Oil from Citrus reticulata Peel and Its Chemical Characterization.

Fruit peels are considered as waste and contribute to a major proportion of the biomass. They can be a good source of various therapeutic benefits. Peels biomass of citrus fruits is usually considered as garbage. Such peels may have many important and valuable medicinal components with pharmacological activities. Citrus reticulata, (Rutaceae family, local name tangerine) is a local seasonal fruit in Pakistan, a very good example of wastage of its peels. The study is based on the exploration of a citrus fruit peel derived essential oil, its chemical characterization, identification of various bioactive components and the exploration of pharmacological potentials (antibacterial and wound healing activity). Essential oil was recovered by hydro-distillation of freshly collected peels. Chemical constituents of oil were determined by Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectroscopy (GC-MS) analysis. Antioxidant activities were evaluated by total phenolic contents, total flavonoid content, DPPH scavenging activity and reducing power assay. Antibacterial activity was determined using disc diffusion assay. In vivo wound healing potential was determined in rabbits after topical administration of oil. Wound scoring was calculated followed by histological study. GC-MS analysis showed the presence of various components with the greatest proportion of D-Limonene (89.31%). Total flavonoid and phenolic contents were found to be 14.63 ± 0.95 mg CE/g and 17.03 ± 3.24 mg GAE/g respectively, while DPPH activity was found to be 73.32%. A better antibacterial activity was shown against E. coli. In vivo studies showed significant reduction in wound diameter in essential oil treatment groups. Further, the essential oil was found non-irritant in draize scoring. The study concluded that essential oil of this fruit peel might be used for antibacterial and wound healing purposes.

Abstract 4918: Modified citrus pectin slows migration of triple negative breast cancer cells in an impedance-based scratch assay

Abstract Triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) is an aggressive breast cancer with a poorer prognosis than other types of breast cancer due to limited therapeutic targets and high risk of metastatic recurrence. Modified Citrus Pectin (MCP), a modified polysaccharide derived from citrus fruit peel, has shown antimetastatic properties in many cancers, including breast cancer. MCP is thought to reduce metastatic potential by inhibiting galectin-3 which may block the “loss of anchorage” phase of metastasis (anoikis). Here we assessed the proliferation and migration of two breast cancer lines: MCF-7, a hormone-receptor positive line, and HCC1806, a TNBC line, with and without MCP using an impedance-based scratch assay. Migration represents a key factor in the metastatic cascade and a proxy for metastatic potential. Impedance-based assays offer a sensitive, label-free, and nondestructive method to continuously monitor cancer cells in real-time, allowing assessment of both the kinetics and degree of migration after scratch. Cells were plated on a PDL-coated CytoView-Z 96-well plate (n = 28 per cell line), and their impedance was continuously monitored on the Maestro Z impedance platform. After 72 hours, cells were switched to low-serum media to transition the cells into a reduced proliferative state. Impedance was monitored for another 24 hours, and then a scratch was performed in 20 wells per cell type and migration into the gap was assessed in real-time on the Maestro Z for 80 hours. Migration extent was corroborated with microscopy. Both MCF-7 and HCC1806 initially attached and spread, resulting in a steady increase in impedance. HCC1806 reached confluency by 60 hours, while MCF-7 continued to proliferate for a higher maximum impedance. After scratch, both cell types showed a large decrease in impedance compared to unscratched controls. Impedance of MCF-7 scratched wells remained low over time, suggesting the cells did not migrate into the scratch. Conversely, HCC1806 cells showed an initial decrease in impedance, but a subsequent increase over time, returning to near unscratched values after 48 hours, suggesting migration into the gap. Treatment with MCP slowed migration for both cell types, indicating antimetastatic properties. Both responded more to in-house MCP compared to PectaSol-C. The impedance-based scratch assay revealed differences in migration, a key factor in metastatic potential, across breast cancer lines and was sensitive to small differences in antimetastatic MCP potencies. HCC1806 showed more extensive migration following scratch compared to MCF-7, mirroring the greater metastatic potential of TNBC. In addition, MCP slowed and reduced migration, confirming its antimetastatic potential which may vary depending on the modification applied. Support for this work was provided by It's the Journey/Georgia Center for Oncology Research &amp; Education Breast Cancer Research Award. Citation Format: Longjing Zhu, Stacie A. Chvatal, Heather B. Hayes, Daniel C. Millard, Cheryl T. Gomillion. Modified citrus pectin slows migration of triple negative breast cancer cells in an impedance-based scratch assay [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research 2020; 2020 Apr 27-28 and Jun 22-24. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2020;80(16 Suppl):Abstract nr 4918.

Detailed studies on microbial adhesion and degradation of polystyrene foam wastes (PSFW) for clean environment.

The present study explores the efficient management of non-degradable polystyrene foam wastes (PSFW) by transforming into a microbial responsive material for an effective biodegradation process. In brief, the study involves three steps, viz., (i) preparation of citrus fruit peel extract from peel wastes; (ii) dissolution of PSFW using the extract and transform to polystyrene sheet (PSS) and characterization of the sheet formed and (iii) finally the microbial adhesion and biofilm formation on PSS. Results revealed that the maximum yield of the peel extract identified as D-limonene was obtained from Citrus sinensis (8.2 ± 0.06ml/100g fresh waste). Characterization studies on PSS suggested that there are appreciable changes in the infrared spectrum, thermo gravimetric analysis, gel permeation chromatography analyses, and contact angle measurements in comparison with PSFW. Observations on significant variations in the glass transition temperature of PSFW (100°C) and PSS (60°C); decomposition temperature of PSFW (310.93°C) and PSS (78.18°C), and molecular weight distribution changes in PSFW (2.00Mw/Mn) and PSS (1.03Mw/Mn) suggested the occurrence of structural and molecular changes in PSS. Studies on microbial adhesion and biofilm formation on PSS suggested that amongst six microbial species isolated from the waste dump yard, WD03 strain identified as Lysinibacillus sp., displayed a maximum adhesion and biofilm formation on the surface of the PSS as evidenced through biofilm characterizations, SEM, and fluorescence microscopic analyses respectively. In conclusion, the transformation of PSFW to PSS and the appreciable microbial adhesion and biofilm formation suggested the possibility of the effective management of white nuisance (PSFW) wastes in the environment.

A comprehensive review on Citrus aurantifolia essential oil: its phytochemistry and pharmacological aspects

Citrus essential oil, commonly, known as lime oil, has been widely reported in traditional system of medicine. Industrially, oil is isolated by mainly by hydrodistillation from fruit and peel of Citrus aurantifolia, family, Rutaceae. Cultivation practice of citrus plants dates back for over 4000 years and are one of most valuable fruit crops in the world. In this review, we aim to summarise the phytochemical and biological properties of citrus oil. The literature was collected from various online resources such as e journals, books and magazines. The citrus essential oil is globally used in food industry to impart citric flavour and odour to cuisines. Llime juice and oil is known to possess multiple biological properties including anti-cancer, antimicrobial, antioxidant, antiulcer, anti-inflammatory, hypolipidemic, antityphoid and hepatoprotective properties. Due to potent antibacterial and antifungal properties, citrus oil is becoming important component of skin care products. The medicinal importance of plant is due to presence of various secondary metabolites, alkaloids, carotenoids, coumarins, essential oils, flavonoids, phenolic acids, and triterpenoids. The citrus oil is rich in aromatic compounds namely, monoterpenes and their derivatives, aldehydes, ketones, esters, alcohols such as limonene (58.4%), β-pinene (15.4%), γ-terpinene (8.5%), citral (4.4%) and others. The bitter taste and aroma of citrus fruit peels is attributed to limonoids. p-caryophyllene constitute 5.7% of all the sesquiterpenes. On the basis of the available information, we conclude that citrus oil possess huge potential to be developed into pharmaceutical products.

Involvement of phospholipases and sucrose in carbon starvation-induced non-chilling peel pitting in citrus fruit

Abstract The involvement of different isoforms of genes encoding phospholipases D (CsPLDα, CsPLDβ, CsPLDδ, CsPLDγ and CsPLDζ) and A2 (CsPLA2α, CsPLA2β and CsPAT1) on starvation-induced postharvest non-chilling peel pitting (NCPP) has been compared in the inner (albedo) and outer (flavedo) parts of the peel of citrus fruit treated or not with sucrose (Suc). The study has been performed in Navelate (Citrus sinensis (L.) Osbeck) sweet orange, which is prone to NCPP, stored under non-stressful environmental conditions (90–95 % relative humidity (RH) and 20 °C). Transcriptional changes, as well as respiration rate and ATP content evolution during fruit storage were compared in both peel tissues. Results indicated that the albedo is more susceptible than the flavedo to starvation; and that, at early stress stage, ATP and all CsPLD isoforms and CsPLA2β are good indicators of carbon starvation in the albedo, and CsPLDβ in the flavedo. These carbon starvation-induced signals were not activated when Suc was applied as an external energy source. In the second phase of starvation, expression of all CsPLD-encoding genes increased with NCPP; and CsPLDγ and CsPLDζ showed major increases in both peel tissues. The correlation of the expression of CsPLA isoforms with damage development was lower. In this phase, Suc may protect the fruit by providing additional energy sources to sustain respiration; and by favouring phospholipid-derived signaling messengers mediated by CsPLDβ and CsPAT1 in the albedo, CsPLDζ in the flavedo, and CsPLA2β in both tissues. Results from the examination of changes in gene expression point out tissue specificities in the expression of CsPL genes but also different susceptibility to starvation between the flavedo and the albedo in citrus fruit.

Low‐Viscosity Limonene Dimethacrylate as a Bio‐Based Alternative to Bisphenol A‐Based Acrylic Monomers for Photocurable Thermosets and 3D Printing

AbstractBisphenol A glycidyl methacrylate (BisGMA) is well established as photocurable resin in dental restoratives and 3D printing. At present there are raising concerns regarding the estrogen‐mimicking bisphenol A (BPA) contamination of health care and consumer products. It is an important challenge to substitute BPA‐based resins for bio‐based cycloaliphatic monomers while lowering resin viscosity without sacrificing high stiffness and glass temperature. Particularly high viscosity is critical for 3D printing by photopolymerization. Unlike BPA the cyclic monoterpene limonene, extracted from citrus fruit peels, is safe in human uses. Herein it is reported on limonene‐based dimethacrylate (LDMA) tailored for 3D printing application and derived from limonene oxide (LO) and methacrylic acid (MA). Residual MA is converted into glycerol dimethacrylate (GDMA) serving as an in situ reactive diluent. The influences of temperature, catalysts, MA/LO stoichiometry, and the addition of glycidyl methacrylate (GMA) and magnesium oxide on the LDMA‐based resin performance are elucidated. As compared to BisGMA (560 Pa s) LDMA‐based resins exhibit significantly lower viscosity (5–117 Pa s) governed by the MA/LDMA molar ratio and the GMA addition. At 30 wt% LDMA content photocured resin yields thermosets having high Young’s Modulus (3.4–3.7 GPa), tensile strength (88–98 MPa), and glass transition temperature (119–135 °C), surpassing the performance of the corresponding BisGMA‐based resins.

Biological Treatment of Dairy Wastewater using Bio Enzyme from Citrus Fruit Peels

Wastewater is directly discharged into the ground or other water sources; it causes soil pollution and it affects the nature of the soil. Hence it is necessary to treat the wastewater before discharging. The objective is to treat the dairy wastewater using Bio Enzyme. Bio Enzyme is produced by the fermentation process of citric fruit peels, water, and jaggery. To reduce the time of the fermentation process, yeast is added into the Bio Enzyme. Then the parameters like Biological Oxygen Demand(BOD), Chemical Oxygen Demand(COD), Total Solids(TS), Total Dissolved Solids(TDS), Total Suspended Solids(TSS), pH, Alkalinity, Chlorides and Oil &amp; Grease present in Dairy wastewater after the treatment using Bio Enzyme in different percentages (2%,4%&amp;6%) were found. Then from the results the efficient percentage of Bio Enzyme for treating the Diary Wastewater was found.

Determination of Flavonoid Contents and Evaluation of in vitro Antioxidant Activities of the Extract of Selected Citrus Fruit Peel

Flavonoids capture and neutralize the oxidative agents, and quench free radicals. The peel which represents almost one half of the fruit mass has been found to be the main sources of total phenols and flavonoids in the citrus fruit. In present study, flavonoid content and in vitro antioxidant activities of ethanol extracts from some selected citrus fruit peels grown in Ethiopia were determined. Colorimetric aluminum chloride was used for flavonoid content determination. In vitro antioxidant properties of the citrus fruit peels were determined by measuring DPPH and Nitric Oxide radical scavenging activity, and reducing power. The study result showed that lemon peel contained significantly the highest flavonoid content (8.88 ± 0.621 mg of quercetin equivalent/g of extract) at 100 µg/ml concentration. When compared to vitamin C used as standard, lemon peel extract showed significantly higher DPPH radical scavenging of 75.60 ± 2.4 %. Lime peel extract showed highest (0.38 ± 0.01) reducing power activity at 1000 µg/mL concentrations. Strong linear correlations was observed between flavonoid contents of selected citrus peel extract and DPPH free radical scavenging activity (r = 0.975, p = 0.025). Overall, in vitro antioxidant potential of citrus fruit peels extract grown in Ethiopia was confirmed and correlation between in vitro antioxidant activity and flavonoid content of citrus peel extract showed different trends. Further analysis is required to purify specific structure of flavonoid components of citrus fruit peel from Ethiopian cultivar using advanced purification techniques.

Extraction and Characterization of Pectin from Orange (Citrus sinensis), Lemon (Citrus limon) and Tangerine (Citrus tangerina)

Purpose: The study focused on the extraction and characterization of pectin from orange (Citrus sinensis), lemon (Citrus limon), and tangerine (Citrus tangerina)&#x0D; Methodology: Pectin was extracted from lemon (Citrus limon), tangerine (Citrus tangerina) and orange (Citrus sinensis) peels. The feasibility of the citrus peel pectin for use in food processing was assessed. Pectin from these citrus fruit peels was extracted under the same extraction conditions. The pectin extraction was carried out using hydrochloric acid (0.05N, pH 2.22; 0.04N, pH 1.54 and 0.03N, pH 1.27).&#x0D; Findings: Pectin from the acidified fruit peels was extracted at 70 ± 0.5°C for 1 hour at the different pH values. The highest pectin yield from all fruit peels was obtained at pH of 1.27, with lemons having the highest yield followed by oranges and lastly tangerine in the order; 16.61%, 16.01% and 15.23% respectively. Second highest yield was obtained at pH 1.54 in the same order; lemon (15.65%), orange (15.23%) and tangerine (13.87%). The least yield was obtained at a pH of 2.22; lemon (10.52%), oranges (11.01%) and tangerine (9.45%). The average yield was highest in lemon, orange and lastly in tangerine with percentages of 14.36%, 14.08% and 12.82% respectively. Chemical characterization of the citrus peel pectin revealed that the equivalent weight of pectin from all samples was generally low as compared to that of commercial pectin. The average equivalent weight in mg/mL was found to be 150.43, 116.78 and 97.15% for lemon, orange and tangerine respectively. Methoxyl content showed that the pectin obtained for all the samples was high (HM); lemon (11.49%), orange (14.94%) and tangerine (12.02%). Anhydrouronic acid (AUA) values were lemon (76.92%), orange (100.03%) and tangerine (86.38%) which are above the minimum of 65% set by FAO, while the degree of esterification (DE) was high for all; lemon (84.54%), orange (84.68%) and tangerine (78.88%) indicating that all were rapid-setting pectin. The colors of pectin obtained from lemon and orange were pale yellow while that obtained from tangerine was brown.&#x0D; Unique contribution to theory, practice, and policy: Depending on the AUA, lemon pectin was the purest of all the three samples, followed by tangerine and lastly orange peels. For commercial use of this pectin, lemon pectin is most suitable then tangerine and lastly orange basing on the methoxyl content. It is recommended that for better yields, pectin should be extracted on a dry basis instead of a wet basis.

Effects of elevated CO2 on pigment metabolism of postharvest mandarin fruit for degreening

Degreening is widely used in citrus fruit to extend the market season for economic gains and increase the consumer acceptance. Elevated CO2 was exogenously applied to Satsuma mandarins (Citrus unshiu Marc.) for degreening and its effect on pigment metabolism was investigated. The results revealed 15% CO2 treatment accelerated the citrus fruit peel color change along with the chlorophyll degradation, β-cryptoxanthin and flavonoids accumulation. The expression of CitSGR, CitNYC, CitChlase, CitPPH, CitPAO and CitRCCR genes involved in chlorophyll metabolism and a set of genes involved in producing β, β-xanthophylls were up-regulated by elevated CO2. For flavonoid metabolism, the up-regulated expressions of CitPAL, CitCHS and CitCHI partly explained the increased total flavonoids content. These results showed that 15% CO2 treatment improved the visual appearance of citrus fruits due to its impact on pigment metabolism and also maintained their nutritional value, thus could be employed as a potential commercial technique for citrus degreening.

Anti-tumorigenic Efficacy of Tangeretin in Liver Cancer - An In Silico Approach.

Liver cancer is otherwise known as Hepatic cancer which originated from the liver. Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is the common primary Liver cancer and is one of the emerging problems worldwide. Very few treatments are available to treat HCC because the molecular mechanism and other HCC mechanisms are still unclear. Cyclooxygenase 2 (COX-2), one of the most promising targets for Hepatocellular Carcinoma, is one of the dimeric enzymes which convert Arachidonic acid into Prostaglandin H2 in the step of Prostaglandin biosynthesis. Several natural bioactive compounds are involved in the treatment of various types of cancers. Tangeretin, a natural polymethoxyflavone present in the peel of citrus fruits, acts as an anti-oxidant modulator and anticancerous. The main objective of this study is to find a suitable inhibitor for Hepatocellular Carcinoma. Computational approaches like molecular docking and molecular dynamics were performed to identify the potential inhibitor for Hepatocellular Carcinoma. In this study, COX-2 was considered as a potential target for Hepatocellular Carcinoma which was examined with Tangeretin. Tangeretin was screened against C0X-2 which includes Molecular Docking, DFT analysis, ADMET prediction, and Molecular Dynamics simulation. Tangeretin had good docking scores, fulfilled the pharmacological properties through ADMET prediction, and the Protein-Ligand complex had good stability in Molecular Dynamics simulation.

Metabolomics Analysis of the Peels of Different Colored Citrus Fruits (Citrus reticulata cv. 'Shatangju') During the Maturation Period Based on UHPLC-QQQ-MS.

Citrus is a globally consumed fruit with great popularity. Mandarin (Citrus reticulata cv. ‘Shatangju’) is a local variety, and its planting area and yield are the greatest regarding fruit tree planting in Guangdong Province, China. However, its resistance to Huanglongbing (HLB) is weak. After infection by HLB, the fruits cannot develop normally. In this study, four kinds of fruits were classified as HBG, XQG, ZQG, and DHG, according to the color of their peels. The metabolomes of the three abnormally colored groups (HBG, XQG, and ZQG) and the normally colored group (DHG) were compared using a UPLC-QQQ-MS-based metabolomics approach. In total, 913 metabolites were identified and classified into 23 different categories, including phenylpropanoids and flavonoids; among them, 215 (HBG, 177; XQG, 124; and ZQG, 62) metabolites showed differential accumulation in the three comparison groups (HBG/XQG/ZQG versus DHG). A total of 2 unique metabolites, O-caffeoyl maltotriose and myricetin were detected only in DHG samples. When comparing HBG with DHG, there were 109 decreased and 68 increased metabolites; comparing XQG with DHG, there were 88 decreased and 36 increased metabolites; comparing ZQG with DHG, 41 metabolites were decreased, and 21 metabolites were increased. Metabolic pathway enrichment analysis of these differential metabolites showed significant enrichment of the “phenylpropanoid biosynthesis” pathway in all comparison groups. The hierarchical cluster analysis of the differential metabolites of the four groups showed a clear grouping patterns. The relative contents of three phenylpropanoids, four flavonoids, two alkaloids, one anthocyanin, and two other metabolites were significantly different between each comparison group. This study might provide fundamental insight for the isolation and identification of functional compounds from the peels of citrus fruit infected with HLB and for in-depth research on the effect of HLB on the formation of fruits pigment and the development of HLB-resistant citrus varieties.

Antibacterial Finishing of Cotton Textiles with Extract of Citrus Fruit Peels

Fashion Technology & Textile Engineering introduces pioneering technologies, and improved understanding of textile materials, processes, chemistry and systems. It will encourage interdisciplinary research which will share newly developed technology, theory and techniques in the fashion and textile

Comparative Study of Antibacterial Activity of Juice and Peel Extract of Citrus Fruits

Objectives: This study was aimed to compare the antibacterial activity of peel and juice extracts of citrus fruits.&#x0D; Methods: The antibacterial activity of juice and peel extract of five selected citrus fruits [C1- Citrus reticulata (mandarin orange), C2- Citrus limetta (sweet lime), C3- Citrus aurantifolia (lime), C4- Citrus limon (lemon) and C5- Citrus maxima (pommelo)] on three Gram positive and five Gram negative bacterial strains were examined. The juice and peel extract of citrus fruits was obtained by using absolute ethanol. The obtained extracts were dissolved in 1ml 10% v/v DMSO which was taken to carry out the antibacterial susceptibility assay using agar well diffusion method.&#x0D; Results: The peel extracts of C1 and C2 were found to be more effective against the given Gram-positive bacteria than the juice extracts with maximum zone of inhibition (20.33±1.527) and (15.33±0.577) against Bacillus spp respectively. While the juice extracts of C3 and C4 were more effective against both Gram positive and negative bacteria than their peel extracts with maximum zone of inhibition (26.66±1.15) against S. aureus ATCC 25923 and (20±1) against E. coli ATCC 25922 respectively. The juice extract of C5 was found to be more effective against both Gram positive and negative bacteria than its peel extract with maximum zone of inhibition (18.66±1.154) against E. coli ATCC 25922 except for Bacillus spp in which peel extract showed maximum zone of inhibition i.e. (15±1)&#x0D; Conclusion: This study suggests that these juice and peel extracts may have beneficial antibacterial roles that can be exploited in controlling unwanted bacterial growth.