Crosswalk Research Articles

Deceleration parameters as implicit communication signals for pedestrians’ crossing decisions and estimations of automated vehicle behaviour

Society greatly expects the widespread deployment of automated vehicles (AVs). However, the absence of a driver role results in unresolved communication issues between pedestrians and AVs. Research has shown the crucial role of implicit communication signals in this context. Nonetheless, it remains unclear how pedestrians subjectively estimate vehicle behaviour and whether they incorporate these estimations as part of their crossing decisions. For the first time, this study explores the impact of implicit communication signals on pedestrians’ subjective estimations of approaching vehicle behaviour across a wide range of experimental traffic scenarios and on their crossing decisions in the same scenarios through a comprehensive analysis. Two simulator tasks, namely a natural road crossing task and a vehicle behaviour estimation task, were designed with controlled time to collision, vehicle speed, and deceleration behaviour. A novel finding is that the correlation between crossing decisions and vehicle behaviour estimations depends on the traffic scenario. Pedestrians’ recognition of different deceleration behaviour aligned with their crossing decisions, supporting the notion that they actively estimate vehicle behaviour as part of their decision-making process. However, if the traffic gap was long enough, the effects of vehicle speed were the opposite between crossing decisions and estimations, suggesting that vehicle behaviour estimation may not directly impact crossing decisions when the time gap to the vehicle is large. We also found that pedestrians crossed the street earlier and estimated yielding behaviour more accurately in early-onset braking scenarios than in late-onset braking scenarios. Interestingly, vehicle speed significantly affected pedestrians’ estimations, with pedestrians tending to perceive low vehicle speed as yielding behaviour regardless of whether the vehicle yielded. Finally, we demonstrated that visual cue τ̇ is a practical indicator for controlling the vehicle deceleration evidence in the experiment. In conclusion, these findings reveal in detail the role of deceleration parameters as implicit communication signals between pedestrians and AVs, with implications for road crossing safety and the development of AVs.

Modeling pedestrian behavior at urban signalised intersections using statistical-ANN hybrid approach – Case study of New Delhi

Traffic crashes at intersections are major hazard all over the world. The victims of road crashes are mostly pedestrians. A large share of accidents can be related to unsafe crossing behavior by pedestrians. The accidents are mostly fatal for pedestrians especially if the unsafe act is signal violation. This study primarily focused on cognizing factors which are significantly affecting the signal violation behavior of pedestrians’ at urban signalised intersections. Data is collected at 11 signalised intersections in New Delhi, India using video recording technique. Significant variables are identified using conventional statistics. The variables are then used as input neuron for the Artificial Neural Network (ANN) for modeling signal violation behavior. Sensitivity analysis is performed to identify the relative importance of factors related to the pedestrian signal violation. Host of different factors such as pedestrian demographic, behavioral attributes, crossing state and mobile usage are notably influencing signal violations. Pedestrian crossing speed, crossing path and waiting time are the top three predictors of violation behavior. The accuracy of ANN to predict signal violation behaviour is found to be about 85% and is considerably higher than conventional binary logistic regression (BLR) model. The area under the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve (AUC) is found to be 0.753, suggesting good model performance. The results suggest that ANN is a robust alternative to conventional regression, for studying and modeling pedestrian behavior. The findings from this study would assist engineers and policy makers to take proactive measures for designing pedestrian friendly facilities to reduce signal violations. This would ultimately improve pedestrian safety at urban signalised intersections.

Sentiment Analysis of Citayam Fashion Week Phenomenon Using Support Vector Machine


 
 
 
 Citayam Fashion Week is a phenomenon that displays a model doing a fashion show using distinctive and unique clothing when crossing a zebra cross as a catwalk. This phenomenon has received extraordinary attention and discussion from various circles and led to numerous pros and cons among the public and observers of society in Indonesia. Therefore, it is great importance to conduct the study on sentiment analysis of this phenomenon to determine society's sentiment tendency to provide government references and help decision-makers improve their policies. Sentiment analysis was performed using the Support Vector Machine based on the polynomial kernel. The results shows that the accuracy, recall, precision and F1-Score value of 95.61%, 95.66%, 96% and 95.55%, respectively. This study proved that the Support Vector Machine classifier with the polynomial kernel provides higher algorithm performance on text classification. Therefore, the government can use the result of this study to evaluate the existence of the citayam fashion week which may be followed by other phenomena.
 
 
 

Pedestrian Crossings as a Means of Reducing Conflicts between Cyclists and Pedestrians in Shared Spaces

One significant and simultaneously interesting problem in urban mobility has to do with the study of shared spaces where various categories of users coexist and act together. This paper aims to examine the behavior and preferences of pedestrians and cyclists, who both coexist in a shared space infrastructure along the seafront (which has a length of around 4.0 km) of the city of Thessaloniki, Greece. Furthermore, the problems caused by the coexistence, such as at the locations where there are pedestrian crossings on the bicycle lane, are recorded and evaluated. Traffic calming measures aimed at improving the existing situation in terms of safety and comfort for both pedestrians and cyclists are also explored. Data were collected through a web-based questionnaire survey, which was distributed via email to students and employees of Aristotle University of Thessaloniki. A total of 1194 questionnaires were collected in the framework of the survey during the year 2021, including responses from both pedestrians and cyclists. The questionnaires were analyzed through the use of descriptive and inferential statistics; the latter method suggested several significant differences in how each group of users (pedestrians or cyclists) perceived their behavior compared with the other. Latent variable and path models were estimated to investigate the behavior and attitude of users towards the crossings, examined as a function of their perception towards the other group; perception about the benefits of the infrastructure; preference for additional interventions; and overall opinion about the quality of the shared space area. The results suggest that forms of aggressive behavior, preference towards using the crossings, and the perceived safety are affected by the aforementioned factors. The results of this study can inform decision takers and decision makers in the area of land use regarding policy recommendations for facilitating interactions between pedestrians and cyclists in shared spaces.

Readiness of Canggu Village Bali as digital nomad tourism

The health crisis due to the Covid-19 virus has an impact on decreasing tourist visits, resulting in a decline in tourism sector income. Tourism trends have changed in light of the prohibition ban. One alternative tourism that can follow current trends is digital nomadic tourism. The tour is intended to attract digital nomads to work while traveling. Based on this review, this study aims to analyze the readiness of Canggu Village in Bali as digital nomad tourism. This study is a qualitative descriptive research model that uses data collection techniques consisting of a literature review. The findings conclude that the readiness of Canggu Village as digital nomadic tourism is from the components of attractions and facilities that can support the needs of digital nomad tourists. Meanwhile, in the additional service and accessibility components, there are still shortcomings such as the absence of sidewalk facilities and safe crossings for pedestrians, narrow road conditions and heavy traffic.

“It is just annoying and time-wasting”: Understanding jaywalkers' disdain for footbridge use in urban Ghana

Background and objectivesUnsafe road crossing behaviours result in severe but avoidable 68% of pedestrian fatalities in Ghana. Strategies to promote pedestrian crossing facility usage, especially footbridges, have chalked limited success. This study examines pedestrian crossing behaviours, profiles jaywalkers, and unravels the reasons for jaywalking using the Health Belief Model as an explanatory framework. MethodsPrimary data were generated at two pedestrian crossings, including a pedestrian footbridge and an informal crossing in the Adentan Municipality of Accra, Ghana. This involved an eclectic mix of techniques, such as observations (of 674 pedestrians), questionnaire surveys (involving 395 jaywalkers), and short qualitative interviews (involving 15 jaywalkers). The rest include a transect walk using the My Tracks app and desktop reviews of media reports. Survey data were analysed using descriptive statistics. Thematic narrative analyses were performed on the qualitative interviews obtained directly from the field research and the media desk reviews. We analysed the transect walk data in Microsoft Excel and annotated it on Google Maps. ResultsObservations show that more pedestrians use the informal crossing (59%) than the nearby footbridge (41%). The largest category of jaywalkers are the young and educated female pedestrians who typically undertake work-related trips. Jaywalkers perceive the expected benefits of jaywalking, including proximal siting, timeliness, safety, convenience, and better informal crossing illumination, to be over the anticipated costs of safe behaviour, such as using a footbridge. ConclusionsThe study concludes with policy strategies to address unsafe road crossing among pedestrians. These include designing people-oriented road systems that meet the psychological needs of road users and well-tailoring road safety campaigns to target female and young adult pedestrians. In addition, adequate law enforcement and the erection of physical barriers to restrain informal crossing use are highly recommended. Study limitations and potential avenues for future studies are also presented.

A comprehensive study of child pedestrian crash outcomes in Ghana

Pedestrians are considered as one of the vulnerable road user groups. Among pedestrians of all ages, children are the most at risk. Previous studies have shown that children have inadequate knowledge of road safety and are unable to identify risks on road. Despite these limitations associated with children, society places the burden on them to protect themselves. However, to be able to adequately address child pedestrian safety issues there is the need to understand the factors that influence their crash involvement and severity of injury they sustain. To address this gap, this study performed a comprehensive analysis of historical crash data in Ghana to find holistic countermeasures for these crashes. The study used five years of child pedestrian (below 10 years) crash records obtained from the Building and Road Research Institute (BRRI) in Ghana. A temporal analysis of the data revealed that the highest number of the crashes coincide with when school-going children go to and close from school. A random parameter multinomial logit model was developed to identify crash variables that are significantly associated with child pedestrian crash outcomes. The estimation results revealed that children are likely to be killed in crashes when the driver is speeding and inattentive. Also, it was found that children walking along the road, crossing the road, and those in urban areas are more susceptible to incapacitating injury crashes. Male drivers accounted for 95.8% of child pedestrian crashes, and crashes involving male drivers are 7.8% more likely to be fatal.The findings from this study provide a deeper, data-driven understanding of child pedestrian crashes and how temporal characteristics, vehicle type, location of pedestrian, traffic operation, and environmental and human factors affect crash outcomes. These findings will help in developing countermeasures like providing conspicuous pedestrian crossings, footbridges on multi-lane high-speed roadways, and the use of school buses to convey students to help mitigate the number and severity of child pedestrian crashes in Ghana, and by extension other countries in the sub-region.

Optimization-Based Intersection Control for Connected Automated Vehicles and Pedestrians

Traffic at larger or busier urban intersections is currently coordinated using traffic signals to prevent dangerous traffic situations and to regulate the flow of traffic. In future scenarios with 100% connected automated vehicles, conventional traffic signals could be replaced, and vehicles at intersections could be seamlessly coordinated via vehicle-to-vehicle and vehicle-to-infrastructure communication. In the past two decades, many such control strategies have been presented, commonly referred to as autonomous intersection management (AIM). In recent years, an evolution from simpler first come, first served to more sophisticated optimization-based AIM strategies can be observed. Optimization-based AIM can significantly improve capacity and reduce delays as compared to slot-based strategies and conventional traffic signal control (TSC). In addition, it allows for prioritizing road users. This paper is among the first to consider pedestrians in optimization-based AIM. The proposed approach consists of a signal-free vehicle control in combination with pedestrian signal phases that are fully integrated into the optimization problem. Since the communication range of the controller is limited in real-world applications, a rolling horizon scheme is presented and explained in detail. The presented strategy is implemented and evaluated using a microscopic traffic simulation framework. Results show that vehicle delays can be significantly reduced and vehicle capacity can be increased compared to fully actuated TSC, while pedestrian waiting times are comparable. In addition, focus is put on how vehicle and pedestrian delays can be balanced in the presented setup. Three different control parameters can be adjusted, which need to be tuned based on the considered demand scenario.

Do Traffic Countermeasures Improve the Safety of Vulnerable Road Users at Signalized Intersections? A Combination of Case-Control and Cross-Sectional Studies Using Video-Based Traffic Conflicts

Driven by the vision of eliminating road fatalities, Vision Zero initiatives have been widely adopted by many cities around the world, with significant investment of resources in various safety countermeasures. However, there is still a lack of reliable quantitative evidence on the effectiveness of those countermeasures on the traffic conflict frequency at intersections. This research attempts to address this challenge with a combination of case-control and cross-sectional studies, aiming at quantifying the safety effects of three commonly applied Vision Zero countermeasures, namely, leading pedestrian interval, no right turn on red, and installation of a dedicated bicycle lane. A case study was conducted using video trajectory data from 10 signalized intersections in the City of Toronto, Canada. The traffic interactions between vehicles and vulnerable road users were extracted using a video data processing platform, and two surrogate measures of safety, including post-encroachment time and conflict speed, were obtained, and then used to classify the conflict severity into different levels. A comparative analysis using mixed-effects negative binomial regression was conducted to quantify the impacts of different treatments on the frequency of traffic conflicts under specific road weather and traffic conditions. The results show that these three types of traffic countermeasures can effectively reduce the frequency of high-risk and moderate-risk traffic conflicts, moderated by various traffic exposure and weather and environmental conditions and accessible pedestrian signals. These findings could help road safety engineers and decision makers make better informed decisions on their road safety initiatives and projects.

THE IMPLEMENTATION OF SEMI-AUTOMATED ROAD SURFACE MARKINGS EXTRACTION SCHEMES UTILIZING MOBILE LASER SCANNED POINT CLOUDS FOR HD MAPS PRODUCTION

Abstract. As research on autonomous driving deepens, High-definition Maps (HD Maps) have gradually become an auxiliary information for the new generation of autonomous driving technology. Compared to traditional electronic navigation maps, HD Maps have higher accuracy requirements and more information. Multi-road environment information and road elements are included. In the production of HD Maps, the on-board Mobile Laser Scanning (MLS) system has the ability to quickly collect environmental information, with high precision, thus making the system a widely used data collection method today. However, subsequent map building, digitization, and other mapping work still rely on manual operation, which is time-consuming and laborious. Therefore, this research is dedicated to developing a semi-automatic algorithm to generate HD Maps from the acquired point cloud data. This research focuses on the extraction of road surface markings, using the Cloth Simulation Filter (CSF) to obtain the road surface point cloud to improve the extraction efficiency. The road markings are extracted using the characteristic of high intensity values, and the commonly used Otsu threshold filter in image processing is used to extract point clouds with high reflectance intensity, eliminating the need for manual setting of point clouds. And based on geometric conditions, the objects are classified, such as arrow lines, pedestrian crossings, stop lines, and lane lines, which are convenient for further mapping HD Maps.

Development of a Smart Signalization for Emergency Vehicles

As the population increases, the number of motorized vehicles on the roads also increases. As the number of vehicles increases, traffic congestion occurs. Traffic lights are used at road junctions, intersections, pedestrian crossings, and other places where traffic needs to be controlled to avoid traffic chaos. Due to traffic lights installed in the city, queues of vehicles are formed on the streets for most of the day, and many problems arise because of this. One of the most important problems is that emergency vehicles, such as ambulances, fire engines, police cars, etc., cannot arrive on time despite traffic priorities. Emergency vehicles such as hospitals and police departments need to reach the scene in a very short time. Time loss is a problem that needs to be addressed, especially for emergency vehicles traveling in traffic. In this study, ambulances, fire brigades, police, etc., respond to emergencies. A solution and a related application have been developed so privileged vehicles can reach their target destination as soon as possible. In this study, a route is determined between the current location of an emergency vehicle and its target location in an emergency. Communication between traffic lights is provided with a mobile application developed specifically for the vehicle driver. In this process, the person controlling the lights can turn on the traffic lights during the passage of vehicles. After the vehicles with priority to pass passed, traffic signaling was normalized via the mobile application. This process was repeated until the vehicle reached its destination.

Eight Traffic Calming “Easy Pieces” to Shape the Everyday Pedestrian Realm

The need for safe pedestrian movement implies subtracting and modifying space dedicated to vehicles, especially in urban areas. Traffic control measures aim to reduce or modify the width of the carriageway and force the correct use of the space by pedestrians through two approaches: the former is hard and includes physical barriers and the latter is soft and induces psychological fashion effects on the drivers. This paper presents vertical and horizontal devices integrated by landscaping, planting, or other similar works to slow motor vehicle speed, narrow traffic lanes, and/or create smaller distances for pedestrian crossings. Mobility and boundary issues are considered to discuss their warrants and potential impacts. Indeed, the effects of speed or volume treatments should be investigated through a comprehensive multicriteria analysis without overlooking pedestrian level of service, access and connectivity to residents and emergency vehicles, drainage and snow issues, loss of on-street parking lots, and environmental goals in terms of noise and emissions to air reduction.

Zebra crossings at T-intersections: Likelihood of unintended negative consequences for safety and walkability

Local governments in Melbourne are installing zebra crossings at prioritised T-intersections within activity centres and neighbourhoods. These treatments are well-intentioned and meant to increase certainty for road users, to create a more equitable and safer mobility environment for pedestrians, and to work as one small part of an integrated approach to encourage walking for transport. However, there is complexity in, and poor knowledge of the road rules with which the treatment interacts: Drivers turning into such an intersection are already required to give way to pedestrians, while, somewhat counterintuitively for many road users, drivers turning out are not. As a result, there is a risk that the treatment may have systems level unintended negative consequences for walkability. This study used a community survey and a series of expert interviews to test this hypothesis. The results show that while zebra crossings at the terminating road of a T-intersection can eliminate the uncertainties implicated by the current version of the road rules at the sites in which they are installed, there is also a very real risk that their use at some but not all T-intersections could undermine walkability in the neighbourhoods in which they are used. A recommendation, supported by a recent UK precedent, to change the Victorian road rules to require car drivers to give way to pedestrians who are crossing the terminating road of T-intersections, is made. The change would standardise the rules for T-intersections to create a generalised and unambiguous duty for drivers to give way on turning. It would play a small part in facilitating walking for transport and in doing so would contribute to enhancing opportunities for incidental exercise and social interaction, both of which benefit health and are important aspects of liveability.

Solar Based Running Zebra Crossing System

An automatic road crossing system is crucial because in many developing and poor nations, the regulations and customs around crossing the street are not very strict. Additionally, the level of risk that is assumed around us on a daily basis only strengthens the case for an automatic zebra crossing system. This paper offers a straightforward, low-cost solution to this issue based on an Arduino-UNO-based system. Urban regions with high traffic volumes render pedestrian crossings dangerous. This essay seeks to prevent accidents from occurring when pedestrians are crossing at traffic lights. Because drivers disregard the signals, there are more collisions with pedestrians. The automatic barriers for the zebra crossing proposed in the study prevent these accidents. These barriers automatically rise when people are crossing and lower when cars are moving. The device can accurately measure the parameters required of an Automated Zebra Crossing system and is completely autonomous

The relationship between social class and unethical and prosocial (traffic) behavior: two naturalistic replication studies

ABSTRACT Whereas some previous studies have shown that upper-class individuals are more unethical and less prosocial than lower-class individuals, other studies reported contradictory results. The present research provides two replication attempts by examining whether upper-class drivers would be more likely to cut off a pedestrian at a marked crosswalk (Study 1) and less likely to let a pedestrian cross an unmarked pedestrian crossing (Study 2) than lower-class drivers. In both studies, the vehicle status as an index of the social class of the driver was not significantly related to whether the driver let the pedestrian cross the street. Overall, it appears that the associations between social class and unethical behavior and prosocial behavior are less robust and generalizable than initially thought.

Development of Autonomous Moving Robot Using Appropriate Technology for Tsukuba Challenge

We have been participating in the Tsukuba Challenge, an open experiment involving autonomous robots, since 2014. The technology of our robot has stabilized, and our robot has continued to win the Tsukuba Mayor Prize from 2018 to 2021 without changing the basic configuration of the body and navigation software. Here, we report the robot’s structure as the project’s current completed form. Our robot is designed with the policy of selecting the most rational technology (appropriate technology) to achieve the purpose, even if it is not the latest. For example, we used image-like two-dimensional data instead of a three-dimensional point cloud in map matching for robot positioning. For pedestrian signal recognition, which was required to perform an optional task, we did not use deep learning but rather conventional color image processing. These techniques are advantageous for balancing the execution time and accuracy required in the challenge.

Evaluation of three pedestrian phasing with audible pedestrian signals configurations in Quebec City (Canada): an exploratory study of blind or visually impaired persons’ sense of safety, preferences, and expectations

Purpose This exploratory study aimed to evaluate the preferences, expectations, and sense of safety of blind or visually impaired persons regarding three types of pedestrian phasing with audible pedestrian signals configurations that exist in Quebec City (Canada). These include: 1) exclusive phasing with non-directional audible pedestrian signals; 2) exclusive phasing with directional audible pedestrian signals; and 3) concurrent phasing with directional audible pedestrian signals. Methods Thirty-two blind or visually impaired persons were asked to complete a survey. Their preferences and expectations regarding audible pedestrian signals were documented through a series of simulations. Their sense of safety regarding the three existing configurations were also documented. Subsequently, semi-directed, individual interviews with 11 of the individuals who had completed the survey were conducted to build off the collected information. Results No formal consensus regarding many of the issues discussed were established as participants’ responses varied too significantly. However, findings suggest that the exclusive phasing with directional audible pedestrian signals configuration is perceived to be the safest option by the participants. Conclusion This study may have practical implications on the design of intersections (e.g., selection of a type of pedestrian phasing with audible pedestrian signal) and the training of blind or visually impaired pedestrians. IMPLICATIONS FOR REHABILITATION The addition of audible pedestrian signals to pedestrian signals heightens the sense of safety of blind or visually impaired persons. This study may have practical implications on the design of intersections with audible pedestrian signals and the selection of a type of audible pedestrian signals based on intersection characteristics. Since many participants reported a lower sense of safety when faced with concurrent phasing, it is recommended that more intensive orientation and mobility interventions be provided to blind or visually impaired pedestrians who use this type of traffic signals. Educating road users about blind or visually impaired pedestrians appears also essential.

Automatic Detection of Pedestrian Crosswalk with Faster R-CNN and YOLOv7

Autonomous vehicles have gained popularity in recent years, but they are still not compatible with other vulnerable components of the traffic system, including pedestrians, bicyclists, motorcyclists, and occupants of smaller vehicles such as passenger cars. This incompatibility leads to reduced system performance and undermines traffic safety and comfort. To address this issue, the authors considered pedestrian crosswalks where vehicles, pedestrians, and micro-mobility vehicles collide at right angles in an urban road network. These road sections are areas where vulnerable people encounter vehicles perpendicularly. In order to prevent accidents in these areas, it is planned to introduce a warning system for vehicles and pedestrians. This procedure consists of multi-stage activities by sending warnings to drivers, disabled individuals, and pedestrians with phone addiction simultaneously. This collective autonomy is expected to reduce the number of accidents drastically. The aim of this paper is the automatic detection of a pedestrian crosswalk in an urban road network, designed from both pedestrian and vehicle perspectives. Faster R-CNN (R101-FPN and X101-FPN) and YOLOv7 network models were used in the analytical process of a dataset collected by the authors. Based on the detection performance comparison between both models, YOLOv7 accuracy was 98.6%, while the accuracy for Faster R-CNN was 98.29%. For the detection of different types of pedestrian crossings, YOLOv7 gave better prediction results than Faster R-CNN, although quite similar results were obtained.

MODELİNG OF TRAFFİC LİGHT CONTROL SYSTEMS

Traffic light control systems are commonly utilized to monitor and manage the flow of autos across multiple road intersections. Since traffic jams are ubiquitous in daily life, A crucial aim is to optimize the functioning of traffic signals for optimal traffic flow. Traffic light control systems aim to make sure automobiles flow smoothly along transit routes. However, considering the numerous parameters involved, synchronizing several traffic signal systems at neighboring junctions is a difficult challenge. Conventional systems are incapable of dealing with varied flows nearing intersections. Furthermore, the present traffic system does not account for reciprocal interference between nearby traffic signal systems, the asymmetry of automobile flow with time, accidents, the passage of emergency vehicles, and pedestrian crossings. This causes traffic congestion and jams. The goal is to provide an artificial intelligence-based method that enables adaptive management of traffic lights at an intersection to reduce traffic congestion in transportation. A simulation is also created to help visualize the problem and its solution. In this venture, an algorithm that enables adaptive control of congested crossings is presented to reduce traffic congestion in transportation networks. The algorithm modifies the optimal light timings to employ in the following cycle based on the number of cars in the junction and the rise in this number. To improve reliability, employing a doppler radar sensor to collect data from traffic is suggested. The transmitter pulses waves with the assistance of a doppler radar sensor, and the receiver listens for waves flowing back to the antenna as they strike objects in the atmosphere between each pulse. The distance between the antenna and the item (in this application, vehicles) may be measured simply by calculating the time it took for the wave to return to the antenna. The Doppler shift is used to illustrate the speed differential in traffic. The change in frequency or wavelength of a wave perceived by an observer moving relative to the wave's source is known as the Doppler shift. This is a common occurrence with sound and light waves. When the source of a wave approaches an observer, the frequency of the wave increases, resulting in a "blue shift." The frequency of the wave drops as the source moves away from the observer, resulting in a "redshift." As a result, the flexibility of each junction to select its signal lengths saves waiting times and guarantees that the intersection functions at peak performance. Keywords: Traffic control systems, intelligent traffic lights, modeling of traffic lights, traffic jam problems, reinforcement learning, doppler sensors.

THE PRACTICAL ASPECTS OF REDUCING THE LEVEL OF ACCIDENTS ON CITY ROADS BY FORMING A SAFETY PROFILE

Introduction. Recent decades have been characterized by high rates of motorization. At the same time, Ukraine has one of the highest rates of deaths and injuries as a result of road accidents among European countries, and the level of road safety organization remains extremely low. An analysis of international practice has shown that the infrastructure of streets and highways in Ukrainian cities does not fully meet modern requirements. During their construction and reconstruction, ground and underground pedestrian crossings and special bicycle lanes are not always arranged, which could significantly reduce the level of road traffic injuries and deaths. Therefore, analyzing the main reasons for the insufficient level of road safety is one of the steps towards making effective decisions to reduce the risk of road accidents. Purpose. The main purpose of this article is to study the experience of implementing low-risk road infrastructure in the cities of the European Union and compare it with the conditions of traffic management in Ukrainian cities. Results. The analysis of the factors influencing the level of mortality and injuries due to road accidents contributed to the formation of a road safety profile, which is a triad of interaction between three systems in the environment. The study made it possible to assess the level of safety in the organization of traffic on identical sections of urban infrastructure in Rzeszow (Poland) and Kyiv (Ukraine). The paper presents the comparison criteria and parametric indicators of the sections of the road transport network of the cities. Conclusions. Based on the calculations, the most critical points are identified and the conditions for safe traffic management are outlined. Taking into account the directions of strategic and territorial development of Kyiv, the main measures for the development of the city's street and road network are determined, taking into account the experience of the European analog.