Peculiarities Of Measurements Research Articles

Variations of geomagnetic response functions in Japan

Peculiarities of measurements have been described for response functions (RF), historical review of RF application in Japan has been given together with general condition of earthquake forecast (EQ). Detailed analysis of vast material of processing obtained under conditions of strong disturbances has been fulfilled. Anomalies of response functions have been distinguished, which occurred during several years before catastrophic EQ Tohoku, which might be most probably recognized as medium-term precursors of that EQ. Anomaly of electric conductivity has been revealed under the central part of Boso peninsula (Tokyo suburb) in the area of complicated joint of three lithosphere plates.

Modelling of deformation behavior of polymeric woven fabric prepreg-based composite materials in flexure and short beam interlaminar shear testing

The mechanisms of deformation behavior of woven fabric prepreg-based carbon-fiber composites with different reinforcement lay-up schemes are studied. The FEM stress-strain analysis is carried out for specimens in flexure and short beam interlaminar shear testing environments. Both methods are based on a three-point bend model. Theoretical grounds underlying the mechanisms governing the deformation of laminates in bending tests are studied. Tests were performed on specimens having different thickness and with different ratios of the distance between supports to the specimen thickness. The effects of the monolayer properties specified in the model, such as the modulus of elasticity in the z-direction and the interlaminar shear modulus, on the effective characteristics of the material are investigated. The problems of correct experimental determination of the interlaminar shear modulus related to the large thickness of specimens, the difficulty of manufacturing and the peculiarities of measurement and identification of the obtained values of deformation in shear are considered. Flexural modules versus actual monolayer thickness and unsupported lengths versus specimen thickness and width are plotted. The necessity of registration of shear deformation in three-point bend testing for proper design of experiments and execution of calculations is shown. The accuracy and adequacy of the structural and bending characteristics are verified against the testing modes. The results confirm the relevance and validity of any given factor in modeling the stress-strain state of tested specimens.

Peculiarities of measurements in scanning electrical-conductivity microscopy

Functional capabilities of the scanning electrical-conductivity microscopy (SECM) in determining the electrical conductivity of nano-sized elements, studying the nanostructure of conductive coating materials, and evaluating the conductivity of nano-objects are described. The applicability of the SECM to finding imperfections in the multilevel metallization of integrated circuits with a nano-sized topology is demonstrated.

The role of determination and assignment in measurement

What characterizes measurement with respect to generic evaluation? The representational model to measurement theory appears to underestimate this problem, which is of primary importance to justify the claimed objectivity of measurement. Indeed measurement has the two-fold nature of an empirical and a symbolic operation, so that both these components must be taken into account in its formalization, which should emphasize the central role played by measuring systems in qualifying the operative character of measurement. From this perspective the paper suggests that the peculiarities of measurement as a specific form of evaluation can be meaningfully interpreted in terms of the distinction between determination and assignment. After an analysis of the basic characteristics of these concepts and their relations, the paper describes a functional model of a measuring system and proposes a formalization for the concept of measurement that is based on such a model and specifies the representational point of view. Hence, measurement assumes the connotation of a homomorphic evaluation realized by means of a measuring system.

How to measure absolute stopping cross sections by backscattering and by transmission methods: Part I. backscattering

The stopping cross section of solids for swift ions may be deduced either from the energy loss in a transmission experiment or from the width of a Rutherford backscattering (RBS) spectrum. The two parts of this article discuss the advantages and the limitations of these complementary measuring methods. This first part deals with RBS measurements using various target elements and protons or deuterons in the energy range around the stopping cross section maximum (30 keV ≦ E ≦ 600 keV). The peculiarities of measurements using light elements (like carbon) and heavy elements (like gold) are discussed. Realistic estimates are given for the accuracy, which may be achieved in this kind of stopping cross section measurements (2–3% for a series of measurements using one well characterized target).

Relaxationserscheinungen in Elektronenstrahlen

In electron beams with high charge density there are observed anomalous shiftings and broadenings as well as symmetrizations of the energy distribution (Boersch 1954). Continuing former work, where these phenomena were ascribed to a relaxation process changing the energy distribution to a new equilibrium distribution, quantitative expressions are derived for the energy spread and the shape of this new energy distribution. Furthermore a relaxation degree is defined which measures the progress of relaxation. Measurements are described with the highest relaxation degrees reached up to now. In addition to the verification of former results up to these new limits the shape of the measured energy-distributions can be fitted to the derived one with suitable choice of a single parameter. Peculiarities of measurements with superposed axial magnetic fields are discussed.