Peculiarities Of Growth Research Articles

Особенности роста сосны обыкновенной в условиях Красноярской лесостепи

The growth peculiarities of Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) have been studied by the example of an even-aged pine stand of high density. A long-term research has been conducted on a permanent sample plot. The data has been collected from the stand aged from 37 to 55 years. The characteristics of individual trees and the entire stand during the growth period in the absence of external influences (cutting, windfalls, pest damage, etc.) and after improvement cuttings have been analyzed. The influence of the amount of resource available to a tree on the formation of crowns, root systems and stem wood has been investigated. The size of the available resource has been the square of the dominance area. The root system of the pine trees of the studied stands is compact in size and, despite the high stand density, due to the high content of nutrients in the soil and the absence of moisture deficiency, it sufficiently ensures intensive tree growth corresponding to the conditions of the I quality class. It has been found that under these conditions, the average area of the root system is proportional to the average square of the dominance area. It has been shown that the stem diameter at a height of 1.3 m in the absence of external influences significantly depends on the square of the dominance area. The correlation coefficient of these indicators for the studied stand at the age of 37 is 0.89. The influence of cuttings on annual radial increment has been studied using dendrochronology methods. It has been revealed that in the year following the cutting, it has increased by 1.3–2.0 times, depending on the increase in the square of the dominance area. A method has been proposed for calculating the competition coefficient as a share of the resource required for the free growth of a tree, which is redistributed between its closest neighbours. Long-term observations have shown that with competition coefficients exceeding 0.6–0.7, the stem diameter increment rate decreases significantly, and the trees develop a sparse crown extending less than 40 % of the tree height. This, in turn, leads to growth retardation and a transition to a depressed state. This, in turn, leads to growth retardation and a transition to a depressed state.

Peculiarities of growth and development of sunflower hybrids when using LCS in the conditions of forest-steppe of Russia

Individual features of growth, development and dry matter accumulation by sunflower hybrids of one maturity group on typical, medium-humus, medium-loamy chernozem were studied. The research was carried out in a link of grain-plowing crop rotation on the lands of farm S.E. Nekipelov Pristensky district of Kursk region in different hydrothermal conditions in 2020–2022. The object of the study were sunflower hybrids (Sumico-Syngenta, P63LE10-Pioneer and Elion-Galaktika), sown to a depth of 4–5 cm when the soil was heated to 10 °C in the amount of 60 thousand pcs/ha of germinating seeds. The work was carried out in the technology of yield planning 40 c/ha, with the introduction of liquid complex fertilizers (HCS NР 11:37) before sowing in the amount of 50, 100 and 150 l/ha per depth 5, 10 and 15 cm. In the experiment, the traditional technology of preparing the soil for salting with the regulation of the number of the weed component by Express Sun technology was used. Due to the increased growth energy of the hybrids under consideration, the height of plants varies according to the phases of development and maturation in the studied variants reached 177–191 cm, which is 4.7–6.5% higher than the control values. The mass of plants in the sunflower agrocenosis increased in the Sumiko hybrid by 13.2%, P63LE10 by 11.1%, Elion by 12.5%. The plants of the hybrid Elion accumulate more dry matter in the aboveground mass. The use of HCS at a maximum dose of 150 l/ha when applied to a depth of 15 cm contributed to an increase in the accumulation of dry matter by the maturation phase in the plant biomass of the Sumiko hybrid by 304.3 g/m², the P63LE10 hybrid by 177.7 g/m², the Elion hybrid by 354.0 g/m², or, respectively, by 34.7%, 17.2% and 33.7% relative to the control.

Features of growth and meat productivity of Hereford and Kalmyk bull calves

Abstract The purpose of the research is to study the peculiarities of growth and meat productivity of Hereford and Kalmyk bull calves bred in the conditions of the foothill zone of the Central Caucasus. The object of the research were Hereford (group I) and Kalmyk (group II) bull calves. A more complete realization of the genetic growth potential of Hereford cattle took place by the end of the research – at the age of 18 months, when the superiority of animals of this breed over the Kalmyk breed representatives was 22.6 kg (P>0.99). Heavier hot carcasses of Herefords with a difference of 18.8 kg (P>0.99) testified to their greater fullness. As a result of the differences in the mass of the hot carcass and internal fat, the highest slaughter weight and its yield were obtained from representatives of the Hereford breed, who surpassed their peers of the Kalmyk breed in these indicators by an average of 21.4 kg (P>0.99) and 2.8 abs.% (P>0.99), respectively.

СОВРЕМЕННЫЕ КЛИМАТИЧЕСКИЕ ОСОБЕННОСТИ АРЕАЛОВ ПРОИЗРАСТАНИЯ ПОТЕНЦИАЛЬНО ЛЕКАРСТВЕННЫХ РАСТЕНИЙ

The article considers climatic features of habitats of potentially medicinal plants are according to the data from 33 meteorological stations for the period from 1991 to 2023. Statistical analysis and visualization of the data using boxplot diagrams were carried out. Seasonal and annual trends in air temperature and precipitation amounts in the habitats of medicinal plants were analyzed. In all areas, in all seasons of the year, there is an increase in air temperature. Only in the areas of Southern Kazakhstan and Piedmont zone of Ile-Alatau there is a slight decrease in temperature in autumn. In general, there is a widespread increase in temperature by 0.29-0.62 °C/10 years per year, with significant trends for spring and summer. The analysis of the time course of monthly precipitation sums showed that there is a diverse change in precipitation, all trends are insignificant, with the exception of autumn for the Central Kazakhstan area. The study of seasonal and annual variations in the main meteorological variables in the habitats of potentially medicinal plants is an important aspect both for understanding the peculiarities of plant growth and for optimizing the processes of their cultivation, collection and use for medicinal purposes. Meteorological conditions, such as air temperature and precipitation, are playing a key role in shaping the biological characteristics of medicinal plants, their active constituents and therapeutic properties.

Peculiarities of growth of Simmental bull calves using different raising technologies

Peculiarities of growth of Simmental bull calves using different raising technologies

Yield plasticity of new varieties of soft winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) in different soil and climatic conditions of Ukraine

Purpose. To determine the level of productivity of new varieties of soft winter wheat, their stability and plasticity when grown in different soil and climatic conditions of Ukraine. Methods. The field trial was carried out in 2022–2023 under the conditions of the research stations of the Ukrainian Institute for Plant Variety Examination (UIPVE) in the Steppe, Forest Steppe and Polissia soilclimatic zones. The peculiarities of plant growth and development, the yield formation of 34 new varieties of soft winter wheat were studied. Plasticity and stability of yield formation were calculated and analyzed according to the Ebergard – Russell method, general homeostaticity and selection value according to Khangildin V.V. and Lytvynenko N.A. In the course of the research, computational and statistical methods were used. Analysis and synthesis were used to draw conclusions. Results. The yield varied from 5.4 to 8.4 t/ha, depending on the soil and climate zone and the location of the trial. The variety ‘LG Optimist’ had the highest average yield (8.1 t/ha) and ‘YUSON’ the lo west (6.0 t/ha). The most favorable conditions for the study of growth and development of genotypes in 2022 were in the Forest-Steppe (Ij = 0.9) and Polissia (Ij = 0.6) zones, in 2023 – Polissia (Ij = 0.2); the worst in 2022 – in the Steppe (Ij = –0.7), in 2023 – in the Steppe (Ij = –0.7) and ForestSteppe (Ij = –0.5) zones. In 2023, the best climatic conditions were in the Polissia zone (Ij = 0.2), the worst were in the points located in the Steppe (Ij = –0.7) and Forest Steppe (Ij = –0.5) zones. The theoretical yield values of the varieties at the research points did not differ from the actual values and averaged 7.1 t/ha, ranging from 6.0 to 8.1 t/ha. High homeostaticity and low level of variation (V ≤ 10.0%) were found in the varieties ‘Yevraziia’ (Hom = 15.6), ‘Dekaster’ (Hom = 15.2), ‘FORSAIT’ (Hom = 13.9) and ‘LG Optimist’ (Hom = 12.1). In addition, ‘LG Optimist’ (Sc = 6.9) and ‘Dekaster’ (Sc = 6.6) had the highest breeding value. The variety ‘FORSAIT’ (bi = 0.2; S2 di = 0.24), with an average yield of 7.4 t/ha, has a high plasticity, so it is recommended to grow it on extensive backgrounds and in unfavorable conditions. Varieties ‘Yevraziia’, ‘Nosivochka’, ‘SOLIFLOR CS’, ‘Mizynka’, ‘Troiana’, ‘LG Optimist’, ‘Biskvit’, ‘MIP Dovira’, ‘Etual’, ‘Tvorchist Odeska’, ‘Attribut’, ‘Epihraf’, ‘Dekaster’, ‘Epitet’, ‘Jannis’, ‘Pamiati Horlacha’, ‘Trembita Bilotserkivska’ and ‘Slava Unavy’ with a combined manifestation of high ecological plasticity bi = 1 and stability S2 di = 0 in average grain yield 7.2 t/ha, according to the genotype respond well to the improvement of growing conditions and are stable, are considered the most practically valuable. Conclusions. New varieties of soft winter wheat, when grown in different soil and climatic conditions, fully develop their genetic potential under significant changes in environmental conditions and produce the highest yield that can be obtained under ideal conditions.

Влияние рекреации на радиальный прирост сосны обыкновенной

The article deals with the stages of recreational digression of different biogeocenoses in the Shirokovsky district forestry of the National Park “Buzuluksky Bor” and the peculiarities of radial growth of the common pine as a dominant stand. The aim of the work was to analyze the comparative response of the common pine trees in the zone of active recreation and in undisturbed areas. The presence or absence of undergrowth, understorey, projective cover and dominance of indicator plants were noted. Sub-tree enumeration with averaged data was carried out on temporary sample plots. Using a Flir i7 thermal imager, the presence or absence and localization of stem and root rots of pine from sponges were determined. A decrease in the total projective cover of the living ground cover and the number of forest species was observed, with an increase in the number of cereal species as recreational digression increased. As recreation intensifies, undergrowth and understorey disappears. It was noted that with increasing stages of digression the monotony of undergrowth species composition appears, the density and height of forest litter decreases, the number of trees infected with rots and infested with stem pests (black pine moustache, pine bark beetles, six-toothed bark beetle, apex bark beetle) increases. Changes in all components of biogeocenosis lead to loss of stability of forest phytocenosis as a whole. Even a simple stay of a large number of people in the forest leads to degradation of plant communities.

Nafion: A Flexible Template for Selective Structuring.

The peculiarities of crystal growth on a Nafion polymeric substrate from supersaturated aqueous solutions of initial substances were studied. The solutions were prepared based on deionized natural water and deuterium-depleted water. As was found earlier, in natural water (deuterium content 157 ± 1 ppm) polymer fibers are capable of unwinding towards the bulk of the liquid, while in deuterium-depleted water (deuterium content ≤ 3 ppm) there is no such effect. Since the distance between the unwound fibers falls in a nanometer range (which is close to the size of the unit cell of the crystal lattice), and these fibers are directed normally to the polymeric substrate, the unwinding can affect crystal growth on the polymer substrate. As was obtained in experiments with X-ray diffractometry, the unwound polymer fibers predetermine syngony of crystals, for which the unit cell is either a rectangular parallelepiped (monoclinic system) or an oblique parallelepiped (triclinic system). A quantitative theoretical model that describes the local interaction of the polymer substrate with the crystalline complexes is presented. Within this model, the polymer substrate can be considered as a flexible matrix for growing crystals.

BIOLOGICALLY ACTIVE SUBSTANCES IN THE ORGANS OF IRIS SETOSA (IRIDACEAE)

The content of the main groups of biologically active substances in the flowers, leaves, rhizomes of Iris setosa cultivated under the conditions of the forest-steppe zone of the Novosibirsk Region has been determined. The content of tannins, pectins, protopectins, catechins, flavonoids, carotenoids during the seasonal development of plants was determined. It is found that tannin content in the leaves in all phenophases of I. setosa plant development is 6.3-8.5 times higher than in rhizomes. During the flowering period, flavonoid content in the leaves is 29.7 times higher than in rhizomes, during the stage of blossom fading it is 18.1 times higher, and at the stage of fruiting it is 25.1 times higher. The same accumulation of catechins (0.23-0.24 wt%) was found in underground and aboveground organs during the period of blossom fading. Pectin content in leaves during fruiting was detected to be 2.4-2.7 times higher than during flowering and blossom fading. Pectin content in rhizomes is 2.2-2.4 times higher during blossom fading and fruiting than during flowering. The content of carotenoids in flowers during flowering is 2 times higher than in rhizomes, but 2.6 times lower than in leaves. It is noted that the quantitative content of biologically active substances in the organs of I. setosa is determined by the peculiarities of growth and development during the seasonal period.

PECULIARITIES OF POST-TRAUMATIC GROWTH OF COMBATANTS WITH DIFFERENT ATTITUDES TOWARDS THE FUTURE

The article presents the results of a theoretical and empirical study of the psychological peculiarities of post-traumatic growth of combatants with different attitudes towards the future. 
 As a result of the theoretical analysis, it was found that the post-traumatic period of personal life creation can be and should be a period of personal growth and increasing of psychological well-being of the combatants even in wartime. 
 The data of the empirical study showed that according to indicators of post-traumatic growth in general, a half of the studied subjects after a traumatic experience began to be characterized with bigger openness in communication with others, with a positive attitude to life and empathy. Almost a third of servicemen became easier to adapt to changes. At the same time, a certain part of the interviewed combatants no longer felt confident in their ability to solve their life problems. 
 Most of the interviewed servicemen are sufficiently motivated to set life tasks in various fields, are able to structure their own lives, are optimistic about the future, assess their capabilities objectively, are quite active in everyday activities, as well as stable in life tasks setting. At the same time, the rate of low-motivated servicemen who are unable to structure their own life time, do not seek to make serious plans and are unable to set life tasks taking into account the integrity of life, is quite high. 
 A comparison of the peculiarities of post-traumatic growth of combatants with different attitudes towards the future proved that the higher the level of positive attitude towards the future of servicemen is, the more confident they feel in their own abilities to solve their life problems. In addition, the more close, pleasant, trusting relationships the combatants have with others, the more positive vision they have of the future. It was possible to conclude that a high level of positive attitude towards the future correlates with high indicators of post-traumatic growth of combatants, that is, the attitude towards the future is a factor in the post-traumatic recovery of servicemen – combatants.

The peculiarities of cell elongation growth of cereal coleoptiles under normal and flooding conditions

The review examines modern knowledge on the mechanisms of the early stages of plant cell elongation growth. Coleoptiles are used as a model object representing juvenile organs of cereal seedlings. Elongation growth is considered to be a protective morphophysiological stage of seedling development during hypogeal germination. The molecular mechanisms of elongation growth include: changes in the properties of the cell wall, activation of proton pumps, as well as aquaporins of plasma membrane and tonoplast. Particular attention is paid to the hormonal system of regulation, including auxin and ethylene. Coleoptiles of rice, a semi-aquatic plant tolerant to oxygen deficiency, demonstrate that the mechanisms of elongation growth are changing intensively under submergence, but they completely ensure cell growth. There is also a redistribution of importance and abundance between phytohormones. The data presented in the review indicate the necessity to continue investigations on the mechanisms of elongation growth under normal and stress conditions.

Peculiarities of Nucleation and Growth of InGaN Nanowires on SiC/Si Substrates by HVPE

Peculiarities of Nucleation and Growth of InGaN Nanowires on SiC/Si Substrates by HVPE

Peculiarities of growth and development of sugar sorghum depending on seeding rates and sowing methods

Peculiarities of growth and development of sugar sorghum depending on seeding rates and sowing methods

Innovative and technological development of the regions during the period of economic instability

Currently, the world economy has entered a period of unsteady development, characterized by the aggravation of problems that cannot be solved within the framework of existing equipment, technologies, management methods, etc. These problems are caused by the completion of the 5th technological order and the birth of the 6th, as well as the beginning of the 4th Industrial Revolution. The existing world experience convincingly proves that during periods of economic transformations caused by changes in technological structures, innovative development in the direction of innovative advance is a priority. The countries that have embarked on the path of advanced innovative development are the leaders of economic growth, ensuring the economic well-being and high quality of life of their peoples. For the enterprises of the domestic industry, which retains a significant innovative potential, the strategy of advanced innovation is virtually no alternative. The article examines the state of innovation and technological development of Russian regions during the period of economic instability. Attention is paid to the peculiarities of innovative growth of regions. Based on statistical data, the analysis of the main indicators reflecting the innovative activity of enterprises in the country’s industry is carried out. The main regional problems hindering innovative development are identified and a number of priority measures necessary for decision-making in the field of innovation promotion are proposed.

Посттравматичне зростання в контексті організації волонтерської діяльності як екологічна особистісна потреба

The article is devoted to the study of the relationship between post-traumatic growth and the vitality of the individual in the context of the organization of volunteer activities according to the current ecological situation. The purpose of the article is the justification of post-traumatic growth in the context of the organization of volunteer activities as an environmental problem of personality formation in modern conditions. During the research, the following psychodiagnostic methods were used: the ‘Alexithymia Level Diagnosis (Toronto Aleximism Scale (TAS))’ method, ‘The Changes in Outlook Questionnaire’ (CiOQ) and ‘The Posttraumatic Growth Inventory’ (PTGI, Questionnaire of post-traumatic growth), which is applied in the context of the author's ideas about post-traumatic growth.The theoretical approaches to the peculiarities of the post-traumatic growth of volunteers in the context of the formation of their positive experience and preservation of health in the conditions of war are substantiated. It has been established that the preservation of psychosomatic health depends on personal, psychological, physiological and social indicators of vitality. Post-traumatic positive experience in the context of the formation of the volunteer's environmentalism testifies to the quality of interpersonal relations, the growth of sensitivity and closeness to the personal environment. Post-traumatic stress disorders in volunteers affect the personal sphere of relationships and cause destructive disorders in the sphere of communicative relations. There are differences between volunteer students of various specializations and psychology students in the field of sustainability indicators, but they are not significant enough in the organization of volunteer activities.

MODERN ECONOMIC GROWTH - CONDITIONS AND FACTORS OF DEVELOPMENT

The focus of this paper is on economic growth and the conditions that influence its importance for the regional economy. We define its framework, philosophy and possibilities to influence the development processes of individual territories. Also important are the conditions and growth factors, which are discussed separately. Endogenous and exogenous factors of territorial and spatial development are given a special place in the exposition. The concepts and features of spatial and territorial development are discussed in terms of the functioning of the national economy and the measurement of growth. Special attention is paid to the factors and conditions that, in theoretical order, form the model of regional economic growth. Comparative analysis of processes and phenomena that bring out the specifics and peculiarities of regional economic growth and its significance for regional development is made. In conclusion, relevant conclusions and recommendations are made regarding the importance of regional economic growth for the development of regions and national spaces.

INFLUENCE OF PREDECESSORS ON THE FORMATION OF INDIVIDUAL PRODUCTIVITY OF SPRING TRITICALE VARIETIES

Ukraine's agricultural production is dominated by winter crops, with winter wheat accounting for the largest area. At the same time, due to dynamic climate change and unstable weather conditions in the autumn-winter and early spring periods, there is a need to reseed significant areas of winter crops every year. Spring triticale is one of the insurance crops. Due to its high productivity and unpretentiousness to growth and development conditions, its cultivation on large areas can contribute to a significant increase in food grain production. In the current conditions of reforming the agricultural sector of Ukraine's economy, as well as climate warming, there is an urgent need to develop agrotechnological methods that would ensure the efficient use of crop rotations in general. One of the methods to increase the efficient use of arable land in modern business conditions is to grow crops that produce less costly and competitive products. Triticale meets these requirements best of all. Modern varieties, in particular those of Ukrainian breeding, are characterized by high physical properties, and in terms of grain quality and technological properties of flour are not inferior, and in some respects even superior to bakery wheat. Thanks to this, spring triticale can be grown as a major food crop. To date, many technological methods have been developed that ensure sufficiently high grain yields of this crop both in irrigated and non-irrigated farming. However, the technology of triticale cultivation in the context of climate change remained insufficiently developed and studied. In particular, such important elements of the technology as triticale varieties, precursors and doses of mineral fertilizers have not been determined. Therefore, the study of the peculiarities of growth and development of high-yielding varieties of spring triticale and the introduction of basic methods of growing the crop, establishing the effect and interaction of the variety and mineral fertilizers, which significantly affect the yield and quality of grain, sowing and yielding qualities of seeds in the conditions of the Right-Bank Forest-Steppe are relevant, which determined the choice of the topic of the master's thesis. On average, over two years of research, the influence of different precursors was also significant in the cultivation of spring triticale. Thus, the most mineral fertilizers significantly influenced the formation of grain yield of spring triticale varieties, namely increased it, but a significant increase in yield - 1.58 t/ha was obtained only when N30P60K60.+ N30 was applied in the earing phase. Thus, the highest grain yield of the studied spring triticale varieties was obtained in the most favorable year of 2019 - 6.48 t/ha, in 2020 it was 5.99 t/ha, which is 0.49 t/ha less. The yield of the spring triticale variety Boriviter in 2019 was the highest and amounted to 6.48 t/ha, respectively, in 2020 it was 5.47 t/ha and on average for two years of research did not exceed 5.97 t/ha.

Peculiarities of Growth of InAs Quantum Dot Arrays with Low Surface Density by Molecular Beam Epitaxy

Peculiarities of Growth of InAs Quantum Dot Arrays with Low Surface Density by Molecular Beam Epitaxy

POSITIVE EXPERIENCE OF POST-TRAUMA GROWTH IN THE ORGANIZATION OF VOLUNTEER ACTIVITIES

The article discloses post-traumatic events that destroy the usual stereotypes of behavior and dramatically cause a restructuring of the volunteers’ personality structure. The purpose of the article is post-traumatic growth in the context of the formation of a positive experience of volunteers in the conditions of war, whose role should be more supportive than mentor-authoritarian in providing assistance to the victims. During the study, the method «Diagnostics of the level of alexithymia (Toronto Alexithymia Scale (TAS))» and the questionnaires «The Changes in Outlook Questionnaire» (CiOQ) and «The Posttraumatic Growth Inventory» (PTGI) were used. which are applied in the context of the author’s ideas about post-traumatic growth. The general sample of people was made up of students, whose potential features revealed the peculiarities of post-traumatic growth as a factor of sustainable human life support in wartime conditions.The post-traumatic period is characterized by such signs as increased nervousness and sensitivity to suprathreshold stimuli. Victims’ actions are not always controlled, moreover, they are often tense in anticipation of negative events. PTSD situations are accompanied by apathy, panic and aggression. There is a need to provide self-help in the context of the volunteer’s post-traumatic growth.According to the results of psychocorrection, the volunteers of both groups experience qualitative changes in overcoming critical events that arise in the situation of overcoming extremely difficult challenges. Post-traumatic positive experience indicates the quality of interpersonal relationships, increased sensitivity and closeness to the personal environment. The post-traumatic growth of volunteers is based on a wise philosophy of life, in the realization of the values «We will manage. We are together».

Peculiarities of plant growth, development, and chemical composition of the Paulownia biomass

Purpose. To establish the peculiarities of plant growth, development, and chemical composition of the paulownia biomass of two species in the Right Bank Forest Steppe of Ukraine. Methods. Field, laboratory, measuring and weighing, mathematical and statistical. Results. The biological properties of two Paulownia species, namely Clone in vitro-112 and Paulownia tomentosa, were studied. The maximum number of leaves per plant at the end of the vegetation season was 24–26 in Clone in vitro-112 and 22–24 in Paulownia tomentosa. Leaf area per plant was 5.0–5.5 m2 and 4.0–4.5 m2, respectively. The main period of wood accumulation falls during the first three years of vegetation, and during this period, biomass productivity indicators are the highest. Five-year wood yield per tree was about 0.35 m3 in Clone in vitro-112 and 0.24 m3 in Paulownia tomentosa. The research determined the optimal content of nutrients, the lack or excess of which negatively affects biomass quality. Nitrogen is mostly concentrated in leaves (2.3–2.6%) and petioles (0.67–1.1%). The content of phosphorus was quite low: 0.33–0.36% in leaves and 0.22–0.23% in petioles. Plants contain a significant amount of potassium in the leaves: 1.25% in Clone in vitro-112 and 0.75% in Paulownia tomentosa. Conclusions. Clone in vitro-112 can be recommended for cultivation in the Right Bank Forest Steppe Zone of Ukraine. One hectare can produce 200–250 m3 of industrial wood and the same amount of branch biomass for 5–6 years. Branches are suitable for the production of fuel pellets and chips with low ash content (0.8–1.5%). At the same time, leaves and petioles of paulownia have an increased ash content (3.9–7.1%) due to the higher content of nutrients, in particular nitrogen. Therefore, it is not advisable to use them as feedstock for the production of solid biofuel, but they are suitable for the production of biogas.