Peatland Research Articles

Organic carbon storage and accumulation characteristics of peatlands in the Changbai Mountains, China

AbstractPeatlands are important carbon pools and stable carbon sinks in terrestrial ecosystems. Studying carbon storage and accumulation characteristics can provide a scientific basis for the conservation and restoration of peatlands. Based on the 2014–2015 survey of the Jilin Provincial Forestry Department on the carbon storage of peatlands in the Changbai Mountains, the surveyed 865 peatlands have a total area of 22,900 hm2 and carbon storage of 18,753,300 tons. There are 275 medium‐sized organic carbon (OC) stocks of peatlands (10000–100,000 tons) in this area, and their carbon storage accounts for 41.3% of the total reserves. The peatland carbon in this area is mainly distributed in the Yanbian Korean Autonomous Prefecture, valleys and the lava platform are the most important geomorphological basis for peatland deposits. The Mudanjiang River Basin has the largest carbon storage and it is dominated by a nutrient‐rich peatland. Peatlands in the Changbai Mountains formed and developed since the Holocene, and the carbon accumulation intensity is different in each stage. The average carbon density of peatlands in this area was 69.74 kg/m3 with an average value of 81.77 kg/m2 for OC accumulation per unit area. The average value of the carbon cumulative intensity of peatlands was 164.43 ton/km2 and the carbon accumulation rate of peatlands was 38.96 g/(a m2).

Meta‐analysis reveals that enhanced practices accelerate vegetation recovery during peatland restoration

The provision of critical ecosystem services like carbon sequestration by peatlands has been degraded around the globe. Peatland restoration represents an opportunity to tackle the twin global emergencies of climate breakdown and biodiversity decline. Nonetheless, restoration success relies on a sound understanding of recovery trajectories associated with different restoration techniques. Focusing on temperate/boreal Sphagnum‐dominated peatlands, we used a quantitative meta‐analysis of 28 studies representing 275 sites in 11 countries to test for effects of peatland status (intact, restored, and degraded), varying restoration interventions and time since restoration on vegetation as a key indicator of peatland condition and functioning. Enhanced restoration (such as active revegetation) resulted in recovery to predisturbance levels within 30–35 years for Sphagnum mosses, and 20–25 years for many other peatland specialist species, and was the only restoration approach where positive outcomes were seen across all vegetation response variables. The use of standard restoration techniques, such as rewetting, was projected to result in cover of Sphagnum mosses and peatland specialist plants reaching that of intact sites within 45–55 years post‐restoration. Passive restoration (cessation of the degrading activity with no active restoration) generally elicited limited recovery of keystone peatland vegetation (Sphagnum spp.) even after multiple decades. A lack of standardization in monitoring severely constrains the analysis of peatland restoration outcomes. Increased funding for monitoring and reporting outcomes, and improved monitoring consistency, could greatly enhance our understanding of peatland restoration ecology and improve practice.

Feed quality of modern varieties of Festuca arundinacea and Phleum pratense as an alternative to Lolium perenne in intensively managed grassland with different defoliation schemes

AbstractGrassland production based on cutting-only and an increasing frequency of prolonged periods of drought due to climate change could lead to decreased productivity in Lolium perenne. In field experiments, we tested whether Festuca arundinacea and Phleum pratense could be suitable alternatives to L. perenne on intensively managed grassland on clay, peat and sandy soil. The three grasses were sown in mixture with Poa pratensis and Trifolium repens and subjected to different frequencies of defoliation representing a cutting-only system, simulated grazing system and a mixed system. We found that in systems with at least six defoliations, F. arundinacea represented an acceptable compromise between feed quality (6.4 MJ net energy/kg dry matter (DM), 19.3% crude protein, CP), persistence (mass proportion >90%), and DM yield (12.7 Mg/ha). However, for dairy production based on intensive cutting-only systems, the quality of F. arundinacea was insufficient (5.9 MJ net energy/kg DM, 15.6% CP). Mixtures with P. pratense as the main sown species did not differ significantly in production of net energy and CP from L. perenne in cutting-only systems on sandy soil. On peat land, all sown mixtures were invaded by Holcus lanatus. We found that under frequent defoliation conditions, H. lanatus-rich swards had comparatively good DM yields (9.2 Mg/ha) and a feed quality that would be sufficient for dairy cow nutrition (net energy, 6.2–6.4 MJ/kg DM; 18.8–20.4% CP). We conclude that there is potential to adapt the choice of grasses and mixtures in different production systems to meet the challenges of climate change.

DEVELOPMENT OF A REFERENCE TRANSECT BASED ON GPR DATA FOR WETLANDS IN THE SOUTHEASTERN PART OF THE ONEGA LOWLAND<a href="#FN2"><sup>2</sup></a>

The post-glacial development of the Lake Onega coast, together with modern processes, creates conditions for the formation of complex coastal ecosystems that may be vulnerable to possible climate change and anthropogenic impacts. Such systems include wetlands extending along the eastern and southern coasts of Lake Onega. The area of a special interest is near the mouth of the Andoma River, as it combines the influence of the riverbed processes of a large river, the dynamics of the coast of Lake Onega, and peat lands development. The aim of the research was a detailed study of the structure of the Holocene deposits in the lake-river interval on the northern bank of the Andoma River, which reflects the stages of formation and variability of the natural conditions of the lakeside lowland. A reference transects including 4,800 m long GPR profile, supplemented with boreholes was created. The complex study of GPR cross-section and peat cores revealed the internal structure of the peat bog. A plateau-like uplift of the mineral base of the bog, framed by rupture zones with accompanying watercourses, was found. This area is considered as a deformation formed because of glacial dislocations or because of neotectonic deformations. Besides the main structural elements, local erosion incisions accompanied by sandy deposits, which could be confined to the buried paleochannels of the Andoma River, were found at the top of the limno-alluvial sediments. Analysis of the complex transect together with a vegetation description showed a difference in biological and environmental conditions zones, which contribute to biological diversity of the study site. In the future, the reference transects development provides a basis for the initial identification of vulnerabilities and long-term monitoring of the ecological transformation of ecosystems.

Reduction of Carbon Emissions from Tropical Peat Land Fire Disasters Using Weather Modification Technology

Reduction of Carbon Emissions from Tropical Peat Land Fire Disasters Using Weather Modification Technology

PERTUMBUHAN DAN HASIL PAKCOY (Brassica rapa L.) TERHADAP PEMBERIAN BIOCHAR TEMPURUNG KELAPA PADA TANAH GAMBUT PEDALAMAN

The purpose of this experiment was to study the growth and yield of pakcoy (Brassica rapa L.) the giving of coconut shell biochar on peat land. This research was conducted from June to August 2022. This research was conducted in a plastic house located on Jl. Haka, Panarung Village, Pahandut District, Central Kalimantan. This study used Randomized Compete Design (RCD) of single factor that was coconut shell biochar consisting of 5 levels of treatment namely B0 (0 ton ha-1), B1 (4 ton ha-1), B2 (6 ton ha-1), B3 (8 ton ha-1), and B4 (10 ton ha-1). The results showed that the application of coconut shell biochar had a significant effect on the growth and yield of pakcoy plants on peat land. Application coconut shell biochar dose of B4 = 10 ton ha-1 (113.6 g. polybag-1) was the best treatment for the growth and yield of pakcoy plants on peat land with an average plant fresh weight of 91.92 g-1.

Mitigasi Bencana Dengan Pembuatan Plang Dan Piezometer Di Desa Pasiran Kabupaten Bengkalis

Pasiran Village is a peat land area covering an area of 750.00 Ha. With the many negative impacts that will be caused by peatland fires, it is necessary to make preparedness efforts by making several evacuation route signs, fire-prone signs, and also making piezometers as a benchmark for awareness of peat water levels in the area. The method used is descriptive qualitative because it raises from the problems that occur in Pasiran Village, namely related to peatland problems and mitigation efforts. The gathering point area in Sandan Village is in Samikun Hamlet where the area is a fairly large field and is in the middle of residential areas. Burn-prone signs are installed around peatlands located adjacent to the plantations of Pasiran villagers. The piezometer made is a simple piezometer made from paralon and bamboo pipes. This effort is expected to provide benefits to the entire community of Pasiran Village.

Peatland restoration increases water storage and attenuates downstream stormflow but does not guarantee an immediate reversal of long-term ecohydrological degradation

Peatland restoration is experiencing a global upsurge as a tool to protect and provide various ecosystem services. As the range of peatland types being restored diversifies, do previous findings present overly optimistic restoration expectations? In an eroding and restored upland peatland we assessed short-term (0–4 year) effects of restoration on ecohydrological functions. Restoration significantly reduced discharge from the site, transforming peat pans into pools. These retained surface water over half the time and were deeper during wet periods than before. In the surrounding haggs water tables stabilised, as drawdown during dry conditions reduced, increasing the saturated peat thickness. Despite these changes, there were no effects on photosynthesis, ecosystem respiration or dissolved organic carbon loads leaving the site. Soil respiration did not decrease as water tables rose, but methane emissions were higher from rewet pools. Restoration has had a dramatic effect on hydrology, however, consequent changes in other ecosystem functions were not measured in the 4 years after restoration. Whilst restoration is crucial in halting the expansion of degraded peatland areas, it is vital that practitioners and policymakers advocating for restoration are realistic about the expected outcomes and timescales over which these outcomes may manifest.

Response of testate amoeba assemblages to peatland drain blocking

Peatlands represent globally important habitats and carbon stores. However, human impacts and climate change leave peatlands with a substantial management challenge. Degradation of peatland habitats and their hydrological integrity is increasingly counteracted through the rehabilitation of peatlands including re-wetting and drain blocking. Research into how such management interventions affect peatland microbial assemblages is limited. Here, we investigate the response of testate amoebae (established unicellular amoeboid protist indicators of hydrological conditions in peatlands) to drain blocking on three small lowland raised bogs in Northern Ireland, UK. We sampled Sphagnum adjacent to areas of focused flow near sites of damming in addition to control sites away from dam blocking. These restoration measures show complex but meaningful results after restoration. We observe several key developments following dam blocking: (i) species diversity increases; (ii) unambiguous wet indicator taxa appear in increasing abundance at dammed sites; (iii) and transfer-function reconstructed water-table depths show wetter conditions in the dammed sites. These findings imply wetter conditions after restoration, where routine monitoring presented no clear trend in water-table depths. We found no statistically significant assemblage-level response to experimental or environmental variables, which may be related to antecedent conditions and significant periods of drought during the study period. Thus, caution is advised when utilising testate amoebae for bioindication until their assemblage-level response to restoration is better understood. Nevertheless, this study emphasises the potential of an indicator-taxa based approach to applying testate amoebae as contemporary bioindicators of peatland restoration—particularly on short-term timescales immediately following restoration.

Differences In Nutrient Content In Peat Land And Permanent Production Forest Area In Sei Paham Village, Sei Kepayang District, Asahan District

Peat soils are classified as marginal soils and are prone to disturbance, so efforts to increase land productivity must be followed by efforts to prevent ecosystem damage. This study aims to analyze differences in nutrient content in peat land and permanent production forest areas in Sei Paham Village, Sei Kepayang District, Asahan District . Taking 5 soil sample points was carried out using a proposive random sampling method . The soil sample is then placed in a sterile plastic bag and immediately taken to the laboratory for analysis. The parameters of the soil analysis carried out included pH , C-total, N, P, K, Ca, Na, Mg, CEC and C/N. The results showed that in permanent production forest, the nutrient content was higher than peatland in all parameters of soil chemical analysis.

Peatland gully restoration with stone and timber dams (Kinder Plateau, UK)

Blanket peat erosion is widespread in the British Isles. Eroded gullies have formed largely from the action of running water, with anthropogenic influences thought to have initiated and accelerated erosion. Currently, many blanket peatlands are undergoing restoration using aerial applications of lime, seed, fertiliser, and hand spreading of heather mulch (LSFM) on bare peat flats and blocking gullies with dams. Dams help stabilise areas of bare peat, trap sediment, reduce runoff velocities, raise water tables, and promote the re-vegetation of peat-forming plant species. Few studies have examined how gully blocks change over time and what this means for the functions they provide. We randomly sampled 500 of >2500 small stone and timber dams 8–9 years after installation in an eroding blanket peatland. We measured: vegetation cover and abundance, sediment accumulation behind dams, and available water storage capacity in dam pools as determined by gully morphology. On average, 92% and 93% of gully floors and 85% and 95% of gully walls were fully vegetated, while mean sediment depths were 22 and 20 cm, representing 42% and 44% infill for stone and timber dams, respectively. 2% of dams had failed, suggesting that failure is rare within the first decade. Most retained upstream pools, filling 18% (stone) and 44% (timber) of remaining storage. Sediment accumulation depths (and, conversely, available storage) did not differ significantly between stone and timber dams (95% CI) nor with distance down the gully. Results showed broadly consistent storage depth behind blocks independent of gully properties or dam design. These results suggest that sedimentation depths behind dams quickly reach equilibrium with subsequent sediment inputs balanced by the flux over the dam. Runoff attenuation functions from gully blocking were maintained for almost a decade. Therefore, re-vegetated gully blocked systems likely represent a stable equilibrium condition for the restored peatland so that the restored functions are a long-term benefit of peatland restoration.

Peatland plants growth performance of valorized oil palm microfibers infiltrated in chitosan/NPK and chitosan/PMAA/NPK composite

Oil palm biomass and chitosan are abundantly wasted in Indonesia without being valorized optimally for specific purposes. The biomass can be used as a precursor for acquiring microfibers and composite films useful for plants' growth media. In this study, four different types of oil palm microfibers, comprising activated carbon (AC), non-activated carbon (nAC), lignocellulose (LC), and crystalline cellulose (CC), were utilized as a filler for chitosan and chitosan/PMAA membranes of plants growth media Different composite and nanocomposite films showed different results in the tested parameters of paddy and jelutong plants. Nanochitosan/NPK/PMAA/AC 1 % and chitosan/NPK/AC 5 % gave the highest score for paddy germination percentage (100 % and 95 % at 5 days, respectively) and seedling survival (80 % and 90 %, respectively), whereas chitosan/NPK/CC and chitosan/NPK/PMAA/LC composites at all concentrations had the highest germination percentage at 21 days (97,92 %) but only chitosan/NPK/CC at all concentrations had the highest seedling survival rate (100 %). Highest attack of fungi was only found in paddy grown in chitosan composites reinforced with cellulose (0–50 %) and lignocellulose (5–35 %). Jelutung had the highest maximum growth potential in chitosan/NPK/PMMA/LC (97.92 %) and chitosan/NPK/LC (97.92 %) whereas paddy had that highest value in chitosan/NPK/nAC (100 %) and nanochitosan/NPK/PMAA/AC (100 %). Paddy germination time ranged from 1.1 to 1.5 days for all chitosan or nano chitosan-based media whereas jelutong germination time was between 9.62 and 13.13 days for all samples. The study also confirmed that there were varied total numbers of secondary roots for paddy (4.67–6.25) and jelutong (10.80–14.00). Both chitosan composite and chitosan nanocomposite filled with microfibres could be utilized as growth media and slow-release nutrient agents for growing paddy and jelutong in peatland, subsequently beneficial for the peatland restoration in Indonesia.

Multi-level actor-network: Case of Peatland programs in a Riau Village, Indonesia (1974–2020)

This paper studies the survivability of peatland-related programs in Indonesia. Despite an increase in the global and national programs for peatland restoration, many of these programs fail to survive in the long-term. To understand this low survivability, this paper examines how peatland-related programs re-arrange the relationship between the local community and peatland across time and how the new actor-network contributes to the survivability of peatland programs. We develop a multi-level actor-network framework that combines the multi-level perspective from transition studies to capture the stability of actors’ relationships and power from actor-network theory to investigate how activities mobilise human and non-human actors to comply with a specific program. Our research shows that non-human actors such as peat, paddy, Acacia, and fire shape peatland-related programs by resisting non-suitable crops, by re-shaping the program, by mobilizing human actors, and by creating pressure to the existing regime. We highlight that the survivability of peatland restoration programs is strongly influenced by how they are adjusted to the materiality of these non-human actors. Given the importance of peatland restoration programs, our study provides an approach in which human and non-human come together to generate plural voices to ensure the survival of peatland restoration programs.

Carbon dioxide emissions in relation to water table in a restored fen

AbstractMany peatlands have been drained for anthropogenic purposes, and there is high interest in restoring them for their carbon storage ability and critical habitat. Peatlands hold a disproportionate amount of global soil carbon, making peatland restoration a promising approach for mitigating carbon emissions. In this study, site factors were investigated that affect peat carbon dioxide flux at Cold Spring fen in Minnesota, which is undergoing restoration. Peat carbon dioxide flux and water table depth were monitored throughout the growing season at two locations previously disturbed to different degrees by row‐crop agriculture. Flux ranged from 0.55 to 12.71 µmol m−2 s−1 and was highest during peak growing season. Lower flux corresponded to elevated water table conditions. The more disturbed location often had lower flux, indicating success in hydrological restoration. The water table is an important factor in peatland restoration, and water table management should be considered to maximize carbon sequestration.

Plant species composition and vegetation structure ofSphagnumcultivation sites

AbstractAimsThe cultivation ofSphagnummosses in paludiculture has high potential for the use of formerly drained peatlands under wet conditions. The aim of this study was to evaluate the plant species composition and vegetation structure ofSphagnumcultivation sites in comparison with near‐natural donor sites and rewetted sites withoutSphagnumintroduction.LocationCentral Europe, northwest Germany close to the Dutch–German border.MethodsThe treatments (rewetting with and withoutSphagnumintroduction) and a near‐natural donor as a reference were each studied at three different sites. At each site, bryophyte and vascular plant species composition as well as parameters of vegetation structure were sampled in 40 randomly positioned plots of 25 cm × 25 cm.ResultsIn addition to the highly frequentSphagnum, several further plant species typical of bogs were introduced. At two cultivation sites, the species composition showed a high degree of similarity to the near‐natural donor sites, whereas the third site was more similar to the rewetted sites without the introduction ofSphagnumbiomass. Rewetted sites were species‐poor in comparison with all other sites. Apart from a high cover ofSphagnum, the vegetation structure at the cultivation sites differed significantly from the near‐natural donor sites.ConclusionsSphagnumcultivation sites can be used to grow donor material for peatland restoration and contribute to species conservation by providing substitute habitat for bog‐typical and threatened plant species.

Water-table-driven greenhouse gas emission estimates guide peatland restoration at national scale

Abstract. The substantial climate change mitigation potential of restoring peatlands through rewetting and intensifying agriculture to reduce greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions is largely recognized. The green deal in Denmark aims at restoring 100 000 ha of peatlands by 2030. This area corresponds to more than half of the Danish peatland, with an expected reduction in GHG emissions of almost half of the entire land use, land use change and forestry (LULUFC) emissions. Recent advances established the functional relationship between hydrological regimes, i.e., water table depth (WTD), and CO2 and CH4 emissions. This builds the basis for science-based tools to evaluate and prioritize peatland restoration projects. With this article, we lay the foundation of such a development by developing a high-resolution WTD map for Danish peatlands. Further, we define WTD response functions (CO2 and CH4) fitted to Danish flux data to derive a national GHG emission estimate for peat soils. We estimate the annual GHG emissions to be 2.6 Mt CO2-eq, which is around 15 % lower than previous estimates. Lastly, we investigate alternative restoration scenarios and identify substantial differences in the GHG reduction potential depending on the prioritization of fields in the rewetting strategy. If wet fields are prioritized, which is not unlikely in a context of a voluntary bottom-up approach, the GHG reduction potential is just 30 % for the first 10 000 ha with respect to a scenario that prioritizes drained fields. This underpins the importance of the proposed framework linking WTD and GHG emissions to guide a spatially differentiated peatland restoration. The choice of model type used to fit the CO2 WTD response function, the applied global warming potentials and uncertainties related to the WTD map are investigated by means of a scenario analysis, which suggests that the estimated GHG emissions and the reduction potential are associated with coefficients of variation of 13 % and 22 %, respectively.

A Chronicle of Indonesia’s Forest Management: A Long Step towards Environmental Sustainability and Community Welfare

Indonesia is the largest archipelagic country in the world, with 17,000 islands of varying sizes and elevations, from lowlands to very high mountains, stretching more than 5000 km eastward from Sabang in Aceh to Merauke in Papua. Although occupying only 1.3% of the world’s land area, Indonesia possesses the third-largest rainforest and the second-highest level of biodiversity, with very high species diversity and endemism. However, during the last two decades, Indonesia has been known as a country with a high level of deforestation, a producer of smoke from burning forests and land, and a producer of carbon emissions. The aim of this paper is to review the environmental history and the long process of Indonesian forest management towards achieving environmental sustainability and community welfare. To do this, we analyze the milestones of Indonesian forest management history, present and future challenges, and provide strategic recommendations toward a viable Sustainable Forest Management (SFM) system. Our review showed that the history of forestry management in Indonesia has evolved through a long process, especially related to contestation over the control of natural resources and supporting policies and regulations. During the process, many efforts have been applied to reduce the deforestation rate, such as a moratorium on permitting primary natural forest and peat land, land rehabilitation and soil conservation, environmental protection, and other significant regulations. Therefore, these efforts should be maintained and improved continuously in the future due to their significant positive impacts on a variety of forest areas toward the achievement of viable SFM. Finally, we conclude that the Indonesian government has struggled to formulate sustainable forest management policies that balance economic, ecological, and social needs, among others, through developing and implementing social forestry instruments, developing and implementing human resource capacity, increasing community literacy, strengthening forest governance by eliminating ambiguity and overlapping regulations, simplification of bureaucracy, revitalization of traditional wisdom, and fair law enforcement.

Automated CO2 and CH4 monitoring system for continuous estimation of degassing related to hydropower

Reliable measurement of greenhouse gas emissions from reservoirs is essential for estimating the carbon footprint of the hydropower industry. Among the different emission pathways, degassing downstream of the turbines and spillway is poorly documented mainly because of the safety stakes related to sampling up and downstream the power plants. The alternative being to sample the water from the turbine inside the station, this study aimed to assemble a custom automated CO2 and CH4 monitoring system (SAGES), especially designed for long-term surveys in hydropower facilities, with a special focus on low maintenance requirements. The SAGES combines infrared and laser technologies with a modular programming approach and run with a specifically designed plexiglass equilibration system (PES) that maintain a permanent headspace and avoid clogging by suspended solids. Although the SAGES is based on commercially available devices, it is the first time they are combined and used with the gas equilibrator. To ensure the reliability of the mounting and to control the quality of the readings, the system was tested in laboratory prior to its installation in generating stations. SAGES and PES performances were compared with those of generic devices available on the market although less adapted to the specific deployments targeted. The SAGES gas partial pressure measurements were accurate and linear in the entire range tested: 0 to 5,000 ppm for pCO2 and 0 to 600 and 10,000 ppm for pCH4. Gas PP measurements were comparable to the reference CO2/CH4 sensor and there was no drift during long term deployment. The SAGES/PES installed in 2021 in cascading generating stations of the Romaine complex collected more than 28,000 data points over a 10-month period and required only two maintenances. Results show that the SAGES is a reliable tool that provide long-term CO2 and CH4 dataset in generating stations while requiring minimal energy, care and maintenance. The data collected in turbine water and the recent use of the SAGES in peat land by a collaborative team demonstrate how the SAGES systems can efficiently contribute to the understanding of reservoir carbon cycles.

A process-based model for quantifying the effects of canal blocking on water table and CO2emissions in tropical peatlands

Abstract. Drainage in tropical peatlands increases CO2 emissions, the rate of subsidence, and the risk of forest fires. To a certain extent, these effects can be mitigated by raising the water table depth (WTD) using canal or ditch blocks. The performance of canal blocks in raising WTD is, however, poorly understood because the WTD monitoring data are limited and spatially concentrated around canals and canal blocks. This raises the following question: how effective are canal blocks in raising the WTD over large areas? In this work, we composed a process-based hydrological model to assess the peatland restoration performance of 168 canal blocks in a 22 000 ha peatland area in Sumatra, Indonesia. We simulated daily WTD over 1 year using an existing canal block setup and compared it to the situation without blocks. The study was performed across two contrasting weather scenarios representing dry (1997) and wet (2013) years. Our simulations revealed that, while canal blocks had a net positive impact on WTD rise, they lowered WTD in some areas, and the extent of their effect over 1 year was limited to a distance of about 600 m around the canals. We also show that canal blocks are most effective in peatlands with high hydraulic conductivity. Averaging over all modeled scenarios, blocks raised the annual mean WTD by only 1.5 cm. This value was similar in the dry (1.44 cm) and wet (1.57 cm) years, and there was a 2.13 fold difference between the scenarios with large and small hydraulic conductivities (2.05 cm versus 0.96 cm). Using a linear relationship between WTD and CO2 emissions, we estimated that, averaging over peat hydraulic properties, canal blocks prevented the emission of 1.07 Mg ha−1 CO2 in the dry year and 1.17 Mg ha−1 CO2 in the wet year. We believe that the modeling tools developed in this work could be adopted by local stakeholders aiming at a more effective and evidence-based approach to canal-block-based peatland restoration.

THE DISTRIBUTION OF CASH EXPENSES FOR THE CREATION OF BIOENERGY WILLOW PLANTATIONS IN UKRAINE

The economic cost analysis of creating energy willow plantations in Ukraine is provided in the present paper. The experience of creating bioenergy willow plantations at scientific and industrial institutions in Ukraine has been used in the paper. The purpose of this scientific work is to conduct an analysis of the structure of cash expenses for the creation of bioenergy willow plantations based on the experience of various institutions of Ukraine. The analysis is based on a technological map created during the study on drained peat lands at Panfyly Research Station. Analyzing the cost structure by category, the data obtained during the creation of bioenergy willow plantations of Salix Energy LLC and the Institute of Bioenergy Crops and Sugar Beet were also taken into account. After analyzing all the technology stages of growing bioenergy willow, it was revealed that the most expensive is the second stage associated with the preparation for planting and planting willow cuttings in the context of the pricing policy in Ukraine. In general, more than 60% of all expenses fall upon the first year of cultivation. According to the experience of Ukrainian institutions, the cost structure will have a significant shift towards planting material - 55-60%. The remaining costs are distributed during the use of equipment in the field, which constitute 26-30% and transportation costs respectively are 12-19%.