Peasant Farmers Research Articles

КЛАСТЕРНЫЙ ПОДХОД В РАЗВИТИИ СУБЪЕКТОВ МАЛОГО АГРОБИЗНЕСА

The number of small agricultural business entities includes agricultural enterprises of various organizational and legal forms (with the exception of state and municipal enterprises, dependent and subsidiaries and partnerships), as well as agricultural consumer cooperatives, peasant (farmer) households, and household households. At present, the small agricultural business of the Republic of Tatarstan is represented by over 470 thousand personal, about 3 thousand farms and more than 300 agricultural consumer cooperatives. Personal subsidiary farms use 
 1 499.3 thousand hectares of agricultural land, and private farms own more than 312 thousand hectares of arable land, or 9% of the area of the entire arable land of the republic. If we consider the share of small agribusiness entities in the structure of the region's economy, then almost half of the gross agricultural output falls on them. To improve the efficiency of small agribusiness, the further development of small enterprises is associated with their clustering. This article examines the advantages of the cluster approach in the activities of small agricultural businesses. The clustering of small agribusiness entities opens up more opportunities for expanded production. Small enterprises that are members of the agro-industrial cluster increase their competitiveness and position in the commodity market. Functioning within clusters can contribute to the production of goods, endowing them with other properties and, accordingly, conquering new market niches. The stable development of regions, economic growth in production in many areas of the agro-industrial complex in recent years create real prerequisites for the creation of local clusters. Compared to Russia, in developed countries, clusters have been created for decades and, importantly, they show real profitability, as well as the inclusion of organizations in such clusters contribute to the exchange of experience in doing business. For the further development of small businesses, it is necessary to use a cluster approach, the advantages of which are the expansion of sales markets for products, the full cycle of production of finished products, savings with large volumes of purchases.

Селекция и семеноводство картофеля: научное обеспечение и бизнес-проекты

Цель работы – обосновать необходимость инновационного реформирования селекции и семеноводства картофеля для решения проблемы самообеспечения семенным материалом отечественных сортов. Состояние отрасли картофелеводства в РФ характеризуется стабилизацией площади выращивания картофеля на уровне 1–1,2 млн га и валового сбора урожая – 18–20 млн т. Прогнозируется дальнейшее сокращение доли мелких хозяйств населения в общем объеме производства картофеля и снижение их влияния на рынке товарного картофеля. Увеличение валового производства картофеля в крупнотоварных с. – х. организациях и крестьянских (фермерских) хозяйствах возможно как за счет расширения площадей, так и за счет роста урожайности. Отмечается недостаточно высокий уровень конкурентоспособности отечественных сортов, занимающих около 10% в объеме семенного материала, используемого на посадку. Среди основных причин указывается отсутствие заинтересованности товаропроизводителей в новых отечественных сортах, пока еще слабо конкурирующих с зарубежными аналогами из-за отсутствия должного объема качественного семенного материала у оригинаторов. Темпы продвижения новых сортов в производство затягиваются на многие годы. В рамках выполнения Подпрограммы ФНТП «Развитие селекции и семеноводства картофеля в РФ на 2017–2030 годы» необходимо активизировать партнерство между селекционно-семеноводческими центрами государственных научных учреждений и агропредприятий для повышения конкурентоспособности отечественных селекционных достижений. В целях повышения эффективности научного обеспечения, успешной реализации бизнес-проектов и создания конкурентоспособного семенного фонда отечественных сортовых ресурсов в рамках реализации Подпрограммы «Развитие селекции и семеноводства картофеля» необходимо обеспечить: создание современной материально-технической базы селекционно-семеноводческих центров государственных научных учреждений и агропредприятий по производству оригинального и элитного семенного картофеля; наращивание объемов производства элиты до 60 тыс. т и увеличение доли отечественных сортов в общем балансе сортовых ресурсов; строгое соблюдение регламентов производства оригинального и элитного семенного картофеля; запрещение несанкционированного ввоза и использования на посадках семенного материала сортов картофеля, не включенных в Госреестр РФ. The purpose of the work is to substantiate the need for innovative reform of potato breeding and seed production to solve the problem of self-sufficiency with seed material of domestic varieties. The state of the potato growing industry in the Russian Federation is characterized by the stabilization of the potato growing area at the level of 1–1.2 million ha and gross harvest of 18–20 million tons. A further reduction in the share of small farms in the total potato production and a decrease in their influence on the market of marketable potatoes is predicted. An increase in gross potato production in large-scale agricultural organizations and peasant (farmer) farms is possible both due to the expansion of areas and due to the increase in yields. There is an insufficiently high level of competitiveness of domestic varieties, which occupy about 10% of the volume of seed material used for planting. Among the main reasons, the lack of interest of commodity producers in new domestic varieties, which are still weakly competing with foreign analogues due to the lack of a proper volume of high-quality seed material from originators, is indicated. The pace of promotion of new varieties in production is delayed for many years. As part of the implementation of the FNTP Subprogram “Development of potato breeding and seed production in the Russian Federation for 2017–2030”, it is necessary to intensify the partnership between the seed breeding centers of state scientific institutions and agricultural enterprises to increase the competitiveness of domestic breeding achievements. In order to increase the efficiency of scientific support, the successful implementation of business projects and the creation of a competitive seed fund of domestic varietal resources within the framework of the Subprogram “Development of potato breeding and seed production”, it is necessary to ensure: the creation of a modern material and technical base of breeding and seed centers of state scientific institutions and agricultural enterprises for the production of original and elite seed potatoes; increasing production volumes elites up to 60 thousand tons and an increase in the share of domestic varieties in the total balance of varietal resources; strict compliance with the regulations for the production of original and elite seed potatoes; prohibition of unauthorized import and use of potato varieties not included in the State Register of the Russian Federation for planting seed material.

ТЕНДЕНЦИИ РАЗВИТИЯ МОЛОЧНОГО СКОТОВОДСТВА В ЯРОСЛАВСКОЙ ОБЛАСТИ В УСЛОВИЯХ РЫНОЧНОЙ ЭКОНОМИКИ

Результатом перехода к рыночной экономике в Ярославской области стало сокращение хозяйств, занимавшихся молочным скотоводством: в 2021 году из 362 осталось лишь 92, и тенденция их сокращения пока продолжается. Выход из кризиса найден в интенсификации животноводства, внедрении современных эффективных технологий, с механизацией основных трудоёмких процессов, строительстве крупных комплексов вокруг городов, районных и промышленных центров, привлечении инвестиций, поддержке предпринимательства и новых форм хозяйствования, использовании лучшего мирового генофонда для совершенствования отечественного молочного скота. Мелкие, нерентабельные хозяйства объединялись с крупными, экономически устойчивыми, создавались холдинги, предприятия по переработке молока. В настоящее время поголовье коров стабилизировалось на уровне 40 тысяч голов, средняя продуктивность их составила в 2021 году 7583 кг молока, содержание жира – 4,13%, белка – 3,15%, валовое производство молока – 296837,9 т. Основные производители молока – сельхозпредприятия, их доля в общем объёме – 90%, личных подсобных хозяйств – 7%, крестьянских (фермерских) хозяйств – 3%. На 16 крупных комплексах, в основном с беспривязным содержанием животных, размещено 61,5% коров, а их валовой надой составил 72,8% от общего областного. Среднегодовой удой этих коров – 8845 кг, против 5265 кг в остальных 76 хозяйствах. Наибольший объём молока производят в хозяйствах Ярославского, Борисоглебского, Ростовского, Любимского, Гаврилов-Ямского районов, со стадами племенных животных. В селекционно-племенной работе с молочным скотом новизной является создание улучшенного типа ярославской породы «Михайловский» с повышенными удоями коров и хорошей пригодностью их к машинному доению – путём межпородного скрещивания с быками голштинской породы. Задачи оптимизации породного состава молочного скота региона и сохранения генофонда ценной отечественной породы ярославской являются главными на будущее для науки и практики. The result of the transition to a market economy in the Yaroslavl region was a reduction in farms engaged in dairy cattle breeding: in 2021, out of 362, only 92 remained, and the trend of their reduction is still continuing. The way out of the crisis was found in the intensification of animal husbandry, the introduction of modern effective technologies, with the mechanization of the main labor-intensive processes, the construction of large complexes around cities, regional and industrial centers, attracting investments, supporting entrepreneurship and new forms of management, using the best world gene pool to improve domestic dairy cattle. Small, unprofitable farms were combined with large, economically stable ones, holdings and milk processing enterprises were created. Currently, the number of cows has stabilized at the level of 40 thousand heads, their average productivity in 2021 was 7583 kg of milk, fat content – 4.13%, protein – 3.15%, gross milk production – 296837.9 tons. The main milk producers are agricultural enterprises, their share in the total volume – 90%, personal subsidiary farms – 7%, peasant (farm) farms – 3%. 61.5% of cows are housed in 16 large complexes, mainly with yard housing and their gross yield amounted to 72.8% of the total regional one. The average annual yield of these cows is 8845 kg, against 5265 kg in the remaining 76 farms. The largest volume of milk is produced in the farms of Yaroslavl, Borisoglebskiy, Rostov, Lyubimskiy, Gavrilov-Yamskiy districts with herds of breeding animals. In selective and breeding work with dairy cattle, the novelty is the creation of an improved type of Yaroslavl breed "Mikhailovskiy" with increased yield of cows and good suitability for machine milking – by interbreeding with bulls of the Holstein breed. The tasks of optimizing the breed composition of dairy cattle in the region and preserving the gene pool of the valuable domestic Yaroslavskaya breed are the main ones for the future for science and practice.

PREFERENCES IN THE IMPLEMENTATION OF AGRICULTURAL TAX IN THE URALS IN THE EARLY 1930S

The research is devoted to an important topic for historical, economic, and legal science, the implementation of the agrarian policy of the Soviet state in the countryside with the help of an agricultural tax in the initial period of mass collectivization. In scientific works on this problem, it can be noted that there is insufficient study of certain aspects of taxation, especially at the regional level. Therefore, the study of the main provisions of the legislation on agricultural tax and its application in the largest Ural region at that time will make it possible to fill in the existing gaps in science, to determine the place and role of taxation in collectivization. The purpose of the article is to reveal the peculiarities of agricultural taxation in the Urals in the early 1930s, to identify benefits for individual agricultural producers. The object of the study was individual peasant farms, personal subsidiary farms of collective farmers and collective farms, and the subject was the actual application of agricultural tax. The article uses both general scientific methods and historical-genetic, comparative and other methods of historical research. Taxation indicators in the Urals were compared with data for the country in order to identify the peculiarities of the region. The analysis of documentary materials showed how the authorities prioritized the taxation of the village, what a negative impact this tax had on the situation of individual farms, primarily the well-to-do. Dispossession, the decline in the production of agricultural products, the ruin of peasant farmsteads, the forced entry of peasants into collective farms that had preferences in taxation, were the result of socialist transformations in agriculture.

Trends and Problems of the Development of the Russian Farming Sector According to the Agricultural Micro-Census of 2021

The priority task of modern agrarian policy is to stimulate small business in agriculture, and above all its central link – peasant (farm) farms. This requires a comprehensive analysis of the patterns and problems of their development. The article, based on the results of the Agricultural Micro-Census of 2021 published in December 2022, in comparison with the results of the AllRussian Agricultural Census of 2016, characterizes the farming sector, identifies trends and problems of its development for 2016-2021. The main conclusion is that despite the reduction in the number of farms and farmers’ access to budget subsidies, the areas of agricultural land used by them, acreage of high margin crops and cattle are increasing. There are significant differences in the development of farms in the subjects of the Russian Federation. Based on the analysis, the following measures are proposed to stimulate farms: ensuring wider access of farmers to budgetary and credit resources; strengthening the role of the federal center in state support and regulation of farms in order to equalize regional differences and form a single economic space in the agro-industrial complex; more careful consideration of farmers’ interests in conducting land policy; formation of an effective system marketing of farm products.

Gastrointestinal parasitosis of sheep on farms of the Poltava region

Sheep breeding is one of the most promising branches of agriculture and the most important branch of animal husbandry worldwide. For the successful development of the industry mentioned above, it is necessary to increase the number of sheep and the production of livestock products. One of the aspects of this task is the effective implementation of measures to control parasitic diseases in sheep, particularly those localized in the gastrointestinal tract. The work aimed to investigate the spread of gastrointestinal parasitoses among sheep of single-person peasant farms in the Poltava region. The studies established that the average infestation of sheep by causative agents of gastrointestinal parasitoses is 39.74 %. In the studied sheep, strongylidoses of the digestive organs (extensiveness of invasion – 20.19 %), trichuriasis (18.59 %), eimeriosis (18.27 %), monieziosis (6.73 %), strongyloidosis (6.73 %) and dicrocoeliosis (1.92 %). In 32.26 % of the studied animals, the invasions occurred in monoinvasions, and in 67.74 % – in the form of mixinvasions. Among the monoinvasions, dicrocoeliosic (10 % of monoinvasions), monieziosic (22.5 %), strongyloidosic (40 %), and eimeriosic (27.5 %) were recorded. A total of 10 types of mixinvasions were detected in sheep, where two-component associations of gastrointestinal parasites were most often registered (78.57 % of mixinvasions), and three-component associations of parasites were less frequently diagnosed (21.43 %). Among the two-component mixinvasions, strongyloidosic- eimeriosic and trichuriasic- strongyloidosic were most often diagnosed, where the indicators of the extensiveness of invasions were 5.77 and 5.13 %, respectively. Three-component mixinvasions were represented by an association of trichurises, strongylides of digestive organs and eimeries (3.21 %), trichurises, strongyloideses and eimeries (1.60 %) and moniezies, trichurises, and strongylides of digestive organs (0.96 %). The research results on the spread of gastrointestinal parasitoses in sheep will allow for taking into account the peculiarities of the course of mixinvasions and the composition of their co-members when carrying out treatment and preventive measures in single-person peasant farms of the studied region.

Intersectional Identities and Land Dispossession

Land grabbing has long been present in Southeast Asia, but with the spike in commodity prices in 2008, land grabbing intensified. The procedure is highly problematic as it often occurs at the expense of peasant farmers, land stewardship, food sovereignty, and human rights. So far, the literature has paid insufficient attention to the vulnerability of indigenous women and their intersectional vulnerability of gender and ethnicity when facing land dispossession. Such neglect poses far-reaching analytical limitations and questionable political implications. It is essential to bridge the gap between land-grabbing studies and the gendered implications of land dispossession on indigenous women to generate more nuanced analyses of the issue. Through a qualitative in-depth comparative analysis of the general implications of land dispossession on indigenous women in Southeast Asia and two case studies of the Cordillera Administrative Region in the Philippines and Kalimantan in Indonesia, the paper tries to answer how does the gendered politics of land dispossession affect indigenous women? It finds that indigenous women have higher physical and economic vulnerabilities due to land dispossession than non-indigenous women. These vulnerabilities are further heightened due to the lack of representation in decision-making. However, how these vulnerabilities play out highly depends on national and local factors.

Living through crises due to successive commodity booms and busts: Investigating the changing peasants farming style in rural Indonesia

This study aims to explain how a peasant community makes decisions in response to recurring crises in order to maintain their farms, and the extent to which vulnerability contexts and (external) institutions influence peasants’ decision-making regarding their livelihoods. In doing so, we present a case study of the Village of Ranga, in the South Sulawesi Province, Indonesia, where data collected through semi-structured interviews, observation, and Focus Group Discussion (FGD). Data regarding farmers' livelihood strategies in responding to the crises, in the form of commodity booms and busts, is analyzed by employing a sustainable rural livelihoods framework, while a Chayanovian “balance” approach is used to understand peasants’ decision making and the extent to which they retain operations as ‘peasant farms’. We found that the most critical vulnerability that directly contributes to changes in the peasants' livelihood trajectories is successive shocks in the form of physical disturbances to plants and land. In making decisions regarding changes in livelihood strategies when facing crises, farmers seem to be pushed to abandon various balances they previously upheld, except to some extent the labor-consumption balance. This change potentially deepens the vulnerability of the Ranga Village peasants by adding more exposure to volatile markets and environmental pressure (such climate-induced hazards, pests, disease, and water crisis). This research can help us to understand the nature of the peasant responses in times of crises, and therefore help to inform the scanning of potential strategic measures for rural agricultural development in order to increase agricultural resilience.

Assessment of trends in the development of peasant (farm) enterprises of the Republic of Belarus in the regional aspect

The article provides a detailed analysis of the indicators characterizing the activities of peasant (farmer) enterprises in the Republic of Belarus, assesses the effectiveness of their functioning. The dynamics of their number and availability of land resources that have developed over the 2017–2021 years has been revealed. The list number of employees and the load of agricultural land on each of them has been analyzed. The volume of agricultural production, net profit and the number of unprofitable peasant (farmer) enterprises have been estimated. Together, all this made it possible to identify areas for the development of proposals for their further development.

Analysis of Scientific and Technological Perspectives on the Development of New Food Products from Family Farming

This study aimed to identify the development of new food products related to family farming from scientific and technological perspectives. Data were collected from the scientific literature and patent documents in the Scopus and National Institute of Industrial Property databases, using a combination of terms, such as “family farm* OR small-hold farm* OR agricultur* farm* labor OR farm* size OR peasant farm* OR agriculture* food* product* AND food* product*”. The asterisk (*) denotes a truncation character used in articles and patent databases to perform a search using multiple terms with the same root but different suffixes. A total of 716 articles and 532 patents were identified. The data from the scientific articles provide an overview of family farming participation in the development of food products and how products that are developed by family farmers resonate with society. The patent documents found showed the development of innovative production technologies, such as machines and production methods to improve the quality of the products sold by family farmers. Therefore, there is great potential for family farming foods to advance in this technological area, with the prospect of increasing publications and new patent applications related to this subject.

PHYTOSANITARY MONITORING OF COTTON PESTS

The article describes the work on the route calculation of pests that occur in the cotton field sown in different periods in the practice of peasant farms of Turkestan region. In a directional study, it was found that the cotton moth settled in cotton fields on an average of 1 m2 – 0.5-2 pieces. In the conditions of the Turkestan region, 18-20 pieces per 100 plants were found in the cotton crop, when exceeding the threshold of economic harmfulness against pests Dimilin 48% s.k., (0.1 L/ha), Tagrel e.k., (1.5 l/ha); Lyatrin e. k., (0.5 l/ha); Petra 5% e.k., (0.5 l/ha); Karate, 050 e.k., (0.5 l/ha) ha) spraying was carried out. The prevalence of cotton root rot was 1.5% -11%, the development was 1.0 - 12%, and the prevalence and development of cotton gommosis was 1-3%.

CLUSTER AS THE BASIS FOR THE SUSTAINABLE FUNCTIONING OF ENTERPRISES IN THE AGRO-INDUSTRIAL COMPLEX

Objective. This article is devoted to the analysis of the concept of an agro-industrial cluster and the development of recommendations for improving competitiveness in the agro-industrial complex.
 Materials and methods. The research methodology is based on the collection and analysis of initial data and information. The article uses a systematic approach to the study of socio-economic processes and phenomena. The study is based on modern theories of competition, innovation, as well as the modern paradigm of the cluster development of the economy.
 Results. The conducted research makes a certain contribution to the development of theoretical science. A model of the structure of a regional industrial agricultural cluster is proposed. Practical recommendations can be used by economic and state authorities, heads of agricultural organizations, peasant (farm) enterprises, LPH.
 Conclusion. It is concluded that the characteristic features of the cluster and the effects arising in it increase the competitiveness of both individual members of the cluster and the cluster as a whole, and the competitiveness of the region in which the cluster is located, which, in turn, leads to an increase in the competitiveness of the national economy.

The possibility of using frozen table grapes in the production of functional food products

The article is devoted to the research in the field of the use of frozen grapes in the production of functional products. The main tasks are to substantiate the technological significance of frozen table grapes for the development of recipes for functional products and to investigate the influence of negative temperatures on the change in the quality indicators of raw materials. The objects of the research are 5 table varieties of grapes grown on plantations of the peasant farm of the Dinskoy district of Krasnodar. At the Department of Technology of Storage and Processing of Crop Products of the Kuban State Agrarian University named after I.T. Trubilin, experimental studies of the qualitative characteristics of fresh grapes have been carried out in order to study and confirm the prospects for using frozen grapes for the production of functional products. To perform the research, standard physicochemical and organoleptic methods of analysis, generally accepted in the food industry, have been used. The grape berry is a source of nutrients that the body needs to maintain a full and active lifestyle when consumed fresh: anthocyanins, pectins, vitamins and minerals.The disadvantage of replenishing these nutrients is the short period of consumption of fresh grapes. To study the technological qualities of grapes, varieties with different ripening periods have been studied.Freezing as a preservation method allows these products to be consumed throughout the year. The methods of physical and chemical analysis have been used to determine the indicators of the biochemical composition of fresh and defrost grapes, confirming their biological and nutritional value. It has been established that shock freezing of grapes with subsequent defrosting allows preserving biologically valuable components of the chemical composition of the objects under study, which makes it possible to develop healthy food products from frozen table grapes.

The legal status of a peasant (farm) household as a family enterprise

The article examines the peasant (farm) household as a family enterprise in agriculture. Three types of peasant (farm) household are identified: an individual household, a non-legal entity, a commercial corporation, the procedure for their creation and the peculiarities of their legal status are highlighted as well. It is concluded that the peasant (farm) household, created in the form of a commercial corporation, is a special form in which elements of a full and limited partnership are combined. The property relations in the peasant (farm) household were analyzed in relation to each form. It is concluded that it is necessary to unify the liability of the household members for its obligations.

IN TEA PICKING MACHINES, THE PROSPECT OF USING A NEW CUTTING MACHINE

Tea represents the economy's main field in agriculture and plays a crucial role in growing and cultivation, proper performance and operation of machine technologies. In the areas where small peasant farms and cooperatives have been formed, and operation of heavy-duty machines is inappropriate, the labor costs should be decreased. Therefore, analysis of machines, which allow high tea leaf plucking quality without destroying the inefficient and unnecessary shoots should be refined and become technically perfect. In this scientific research presents interaction of bearing-less cutting machines with a rubber finger with the stem as a working cutting device, this gives opportunities of a lossless and high tea leaf harvesting quality in the small contoured sloped areas by using machines, based on light-duty engines

“They Covet Fields and Houses … and Seize Them”: Interpreting Micah 2:2 in Light of Economic Deprivation for Holding on to Power in Nigeria

Micah 2:2 condemns the injustice of land grabbing in eighth-century Israel. Contrary to the traditional perception that each clan’s land belonged to it as a permanent inheritance, by the eighth century BCE land had become a commodity that could be bought and sold, or even seized. The article examines Micah 2:2 in the context of public elections in Nigeria where, having been pauperised by the ruling class, the electorate yield themselves to politicians who exploit them to keep themselves in power. Employing the historical-critical and descriptive methods, the article concludes that the Micah passage speaks to the Nigerian context in the sense that just as the economic exploitation of the peasant farmers violated the theocratic order, in Nigeria this attitude is inimical to democratic rule and the good of the people.

Influence of a complex feed additive on increasing the productivity of broiler chickens

The purpose of the research was to study the eff ect of the complex feed additive “Zaslon 2+” as part of the basic diet on the growth rates of broiler chickens of the cross Ross 308, livability, productive traits and economic indicators. The scientifi c novelty of the research was to substantiate the possibility of increasing the productivity and livability of broiler chickens when using the complex feed additive “Zaslon 2+” in the diet. Comprehensive studies have been conducted to increase meat productivity through the use of a sorption feed additive with phyto- and probiotic properties “Zaslon 2+” with the basic diet. The research was carried out on broiler chickens of the cross Ross 308 under the conditions of the peasant farm “Krasnoe Podvorye” in the Shebekinsky area in the Belgorod region. During the experiment, the basic diet was used in the control group of broiler chickens. For the poultry of the experimental group during the 38-day study period the complex feed additive “Zaslon 2+” (0,5 kg/t of compound feed) was used to the basic diet. The infl uence of the studied feed additive in the diet of broiler chickens on the indicators of meat productivity, livability, and economic effi ciency of production was substantiated. The dynamics of live weight of poultry, growth intensity, uniformity, livability, morphological and biochemical parameters of chicken blood were studied. A comparative analysis of the meat traits of broilers was carried out, the chemical composition of the muscles and liver of poultry was determined, the eff ectiveness of the use of the complex feed additive “Zaslon 2+” in the diets of broiler chickens of the cross Ross 308 was determined. It was recommended, in order to increase productivity, uniformity, livability, activation of metabolic processes, improvement of the meat qualities of broiler chickens of the cross Ross 308, to reduce expenditures of feed per 1 kg of products, to introduce into the diet the complex feed additive “Zaslon 2+” in the amount of 0,5 kg/t of compound feed during the entire growing period.

Agricultural reforms in Russia at the turn of an era (1990-1993)

In the second half of the 1980s, Soviet agricultural policy was subjected to revisionism. The problems in the agro-industrial complex had been accumulating for many years and were the result of many factors associated with the socialist system in the USSR. Whereas in the 1930s agriculture was subject to forced collectivisation, the new conditions proposed the revival of independent peasant farms and the adoption of Western experience associated with the development of farming. Private property and the future of collective farms were at the centre of the debate. This article attempts to find the following questions: why were the agrarian reforms necessary; what was their purpose; did the country's leadership have an agenda for reforms; how did the economic, legal and social aspects interact in the reform process; did the reforms succeed in achieving their objectives. The article uses documents from the Congress of People's Deputies, the Supreme Soviet and the Russian Government. Significant static material and data from sociological surveys should be noted. Legislative acts constitute a separate group of sources.

Assessment of early ripeness and productive capacity of a collection of F<sub>1</sub> hybrids of cucumber grown in a polycarbonate greenhouse in the south of the Amur region

Relevance. In the vegetable market, cucumber is in stable demand. It also occupies one of the leading places in the structure of sown areas after root crops, cabbage, and tomato. In addition to high yields, modern varieties (hybrids) of cucumber, are characterized by good marketability of green cukes and transportability. The stable demand for green cukes among the population, as well as their high economically valuable characteristics, ensure constant interest in this crop both at large and small farms, which supply a significant part of the market with the fresh produce in spring and summer. Local peasant farms grow cabbages, root vegetables, onions, and watermelons, but very few of those cultivate cucumbers. Those are mainly grown in spring greenhouses. This imbalance is explained by the lack of cucumber varieties and hybrids adapted to local conditions.The purpose of this study is the assessment of a collection of parthenocarpic F1 cucumber hybrids and identification of highly productive varieties suitable for growing in polycarbonate greenhouses suitable in the spring-summer rotation in the south of the Amur Region. The object of the study were 11 F1 cucumber hybrids of domestic and foreign selection.Results. According to the results of studying the collection of parthenocarpic hybrids of cucumber grown in spring/summer polycarbonate greenhouses in the south of the Amur Region, marketable green cukes are formed on day 44-54 after germination. The hybrids Amur F1, Artist F1, Director F1, Componist RZ F1, Bjorn F1, Gunnar F1, and Cedric F1 are characterized by high productive facility. They have formed 9.0–13.0 kg/m2 of marketable green cukes. According to the test panel score, the hybrids Bettina F1, Pasalimo F1, and Gunnar F1, have the best gustatory quality (4,8-5,0 points).

Osteoartropathies associated with hypoteriosis in endemic goiter in sheep in the Republic of Khakasia

The article discusses the issues of changes in the state of the musculoskeletal system, in particular the skeletal system, in ewes and lambs with thyroid pathologies with iodine deficiency, kept in the conditions of peasant farms in the Beisky district of the Republic of Khakassia. The results are obtained from 20 ewes and their lambs with severe thyroid hyperplasia, for the period from 2020 to 2021. In the study of sheep using clinical, biochemical and radiological methods of research, they turned to the clinical status of animals with details on the musculoskeletal system: the state of muscles, joints, bones. As a result of the research, it was found that system-wide deviations in the body of sheep with endemic goiter and hypothyroidism are caused by the complex effect of iodine deficiency, against the background of an increased content of fluorine, cobalt, calcium in animal feed and water, which is due to being in an ecologically unfavorable zone. Endemic goiter and hypothyroidism occurs in adult sheep in a latent form and is clinically expressed in their offspring. Clinical signs of hypothyroidism in lambs are expressed by the development of myxedema, the development of myopathies and osteoarthropathy, caused by disturbances in oxidative processes and thermogenesis in the body. X-ray signs of thyroid osteoarthropathies are expressed by a slowdown in osteogenesis, especially epiphyseal growth zones of the type of punctate dysplasia, more pronounced on the pelvic limbs, the presence of moderate osteoporosis with an elevated level of calcium in the blood. The established biochemical abnormalities in blood parameters are characterized by an increase in the level of liver enzymes: ALT, AST, alkaline phosphatase and are directly proportional to the severity of clinical signs and the degree of thyroid hyperplasia.