Peanut Pod Research Articles

Small RNA profiling reveal regulation of microRNAs in field peanut pod rot pathogen infection

In recent years, the prevalence of peanut pod rot in northern China has increased, thereby severely threatening peanut yield and quality. The purpose of this study is to identify and analysis miRNAs during the process of peanut responding to pod rot, providing theoretical basis for improving the disease resistance of peanut by genetic engineering. The DNA libraries were diluted and quantified for sequencing through the Small RNA sequencing technology using Illumina HiSeq 2000. The raw reads were clean after quality trimming. The expression profiles of miRNAs were constructed and its target genes were analysis by quantitative real time PCR. The validation of miR156 targets were conducted by the 5’ RACE PCR. The present study identified 334 peanut miRNAs, of which 97 were down regulated and 27 were up regulated. The expression of 15 miRNAs was performed by qRT-PCR. Target gene prediction shown 1,998 target genes and 2,646 target loci were predicted for 303 miRNAs. A total of 152 target genes were predicted for the 119 differentially expressed miRNAs. Correlation analysis of transcriptome sequencing results identified 14 genes, which are regulated by 10 miRNAs. Negative regulatory relationships were observed between four miRNAs and their respective putative target genes. Many different miRNAs were involved in the molecular regulation of peanut responding to pod rot by negatively regulating target genes. These miRNAs showed different expression trends, the same miRNA might target multiple genes and have multiple target sites.

Grain yield, and nitrogen uptake and translocation of peanut under different nitrogen management systems in a wheat–peanut rotation

AbstractBetter N fertilizer management is essential for improving crop productivity and reducing N losses to the environment. However, few studies have reported N absorption, use, and balance in a wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)–peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) relay intercropping system. This study aimed to determine the effects of different N application rates and ratios at different maturation stages on the yield and N use of peanut in this system. Nitrogen (300 kg ha−1) was applied the day before sowing and at jointing, booting, and anthesis in peanut at the following ratios: 50–50–0–0 (N1), 35–35–0–30% (N2), and 35–0–35–30 (N3) (control: 0 kg ha−1). Nitrogen isotope‐labeled urea was used under the same conditions in microplot. Peanut pod yield increased by 19.0 and 24.8% under the N2 and N3 treatments, respectively, compared with the N1 treatment. Applying N at three stages and withholding N until booting improved the N derived from fertilizer in peanut, promoted the distribution of 15N to pods, and increased pod yield. The 15N experiment revealed that N uptake at different growth stages of peanut was 20.7 to 30.4% higher under N3 than under N2, increasing N harvest index and apparent N recovery efficiency compared with N2. The N3 treatment also significantly increased the N recovery efficiency and the agronomic N use efficiency and reduced the apparent N loss. Therefore, applying N fertilizer as in the N3 treatment could be appropriate for wheat–peanut relay intercropping systems in China.

VALIDATION OF TECHNOLOGY COMPONENTS FOR PEANUT POD BORER (Etiella zinckenellaTriet.) CONTROL

Peanut pod borer caused by Etiella zinckenella is one of the important pests of peanut in Indonesia. The symptoms of E. zinckenella attack are blackened pods and rotten seeds, causing yield loss up to 90%. The research aim was to validate the efficacy of various control technology components of peanut pod borer pests. The research was conducted at the Natar (Lampung) experimental station from April to August 2014. The research was arranged using a complete randomized design (CRD) method, the treatment consisted of six control technology components, and treatment was repeated four times. The results showed that the more larvae found in the pods, the greater the damage of the pods are crushed by larvae. Application of lambda cyhalothrin insecticide (P6) starting at 35–70 days after planting (DAP) was not able to suppress larval populations of E. zinckenella so that damaged pods were also larger and not significantly different from without control (P0). Lamda sihalotrin insecticide application also harms the survival of natural enemies (predators and parasitoids). Lamda cyhalothrin insecticides can be combined with other control components such as soybean trap plants, thiametoxam and carbofuran and parasitoid of Trichogramma bactrae-bactrae to control of peanut pod borer. Application of Lecanicillium lecanii biopesticide was combined with chemical insecticides thiametoxam or carbofuran can suppress E. zinckenella larvae and yield loses, beside it can safety against the survival of predators the order Araneida and Coleoptera and parasitoid of Hymenoptera and Diptera. Biopesticides of L. lecanii were combined with tiametoxam or carbofuran insecticides can be recommended for control agents of peanut pod borer E. zinckenella.

Fungicides screening for management of Peanut pod rot caused by Pythium myriotylum

Fungicides screening for management of Peanut pod rot caused by Pythium myriotylum

Optimization and experiment of key components in pneumatic peanut pod conveyor

Research interest in pneumatic conveying technologies in processes such as peanut harvesting and shelling has grown rapidly in recent years. However, the use of pneumatic conveyors in this application suffers from high pod damage rates and duct obstruction. To address these issues, we analyzed the critical speed of pneumatic transport for conveying the peanut pods and measured the angle of friction and coefficient of restitution of peanut pods on a variety of material surfaces. Based on the results of these tests, optimizations and improvements were made to the separator bowl, air supply duct, and conveying duct. A pneumatic conveying experiment was then performed using peanut pods. In the factorial experiment, it was found that increases in fan speed increase the pod damage rate and transport efficiency, while increases in the thickness of the cushioning/anti-obstruction layer decrease the rate of pod damage and transport efficiency. Pod damage rates were significantly affected by fan speed, the thickness of the cushioning/obstruction prevention layer, and interaction between these factors, while transport efficiency was only significantly affected by fan speed. It is proved by the machine verification test, the optimal parameters for the pneumatic transport of Baisha peanut pods with a moisture content of 7.24% was a fan speed of 2700 r/min and a cushioning/anti-obstruction layer thickness of 6 mm. A pod damage rate of 5.19% and transport efficiency of 92.03% were achieved using these parameters, which are sufficient for meeting the requirements of industrial applications. Keywords: pneumatic transport, material properties, peanut pods, damage rate, transport efficiency DOI: 10.25165/j.ijabe.20201303.4609 Citation: Gao X M, Xie H X, Gu F W, Wei H, Liu M J, Yan J C, et al. Optimization and experiment of key components in pneumatic peanut pod conveyor. Int J Agric & Biol Eng, 2020; 13(3): 100–107.

Smartphone Application for Assessing Peanut Maturity

HighlightsOptimal harvest date is important to improve the yield and quality of peanut.Peanut mesocarp color is one of the most popular methods for determining the optimal harvest date.This article presents a smartphone-based system for determining optimal harvest date based on peanut mesocarp color.Abstract. Harvesting at the right time is crucial to ensuring the best quality peanuts and maximizing yield. This article presents an offline system to assist farmers in evaluating peanut maturity. The system uses an automated method to determine peanut pod maturity, and it is portable, so it can be used in the field. Peanut maturity evaluation in the proposed system is based on the color of the mesocarp, which is the middle layer of the peanut shell. The mesocarp changes color over time from white to yellow, then dark brown, and finally black as the peanut reaches maturity. In the developed system, peanut pods are placed on a specially designed peanut sorting board, and the mesocarp color of each peanut pod is quantified by measuring the red, green, and blue (RGB) values with a smartphone camera. A nearest-neighbor classification algorithm is then used to sort each peanut into one of 25 colors on a color bar, which represents the different peanut maturity levels. To estimate the overall crop maturity, the ratio of the number of peanuts in the combined brown-black class to the total sample size must be determined. Using the developed system, this ratio was identified with 88.99% accuracy. In addition, the experimental results show that the inter-rater reliability of the developed system is comparable with manual methods involving human graders. Therefore, the system presented in this article shows great promise as a tool for helping to evaluate the maturity of peanut crops. Keywords: Mesocarp color, Peanut maturity grading, Peanut sorting board, Smartphone application.

Performance Comparison of Three Density-Independent Calibration Functions for Microwave Moisture Sensing in Unshelled Peanuts during Drying

HighlightsReal-time, free-space transmission measurements of relative complex permittivity in unshelled peanuts during dryingDynamic application: temperature, density and moisture content changing during dryingThree density-independent calibration functions evaluated for accuracy in real-time moisture content determinationReal-time moisture content determination with standard error of performance (SEP) = 0.55% moisture content for all calibration functionsCalibration function most commonly used with microwave moisture sensor was determined to be most accurate; SEP = 0.448% moisture contentAbstract. A microwave moisture sensor, developed within USDA ARS, has been used to determine moisture content in unshelled peanuts during drying. Relative complex permittivities of the peanuts obtained from free-space transmission measurements at 5.8 GHz are used for the moisture determination. Due to variations in density caused by drying, it is advantageous to estimate moisture content independent of bulk density. Therefore, moisture content was estimated with three density-independent calibration functions to assess which one provided optimal accuracy. One of the functions is based on the measured attenuation and phase shift, and the other two are permittivity based (one of which is commonly used with the microwave moisture sensor). The sensor was calibrated for peanut pod moisture content determination over a temperature range of 10°C to 40°C and a moisture content range of 6.5% to 19% wet basis (w.b.). Statistical analysis showed high coefficients of determination (r2), = 0.97 for the calibration with each function. Peanut pod moisture content was determined with the sensor in real-time as peanuts dried, and estimated moisture content was compared to the reference oven drying method. While the standard error of performance (SEP) for the three functions was = 0.55% moisture content, the calibration function most commonly used with the microwave sensor was observed to be the most accurate (SEP = 0.448% moisture content). Microwave sensing is a viable solution for nondestructive, real-time determination of moisture content in peanuts in dynamic situations such as drying. Keywords: Complex permittivity, Dielectric properties, Free-space measurements, Microwave sensing, Moisture content, Peanut drying.

分层减量施肥对花生荚果生长的影响

分层减量施肥对花生荚果生长的影响

Integration between Antagonistic Fungi and Bacteria for Controlling of Peanut Pod Rot Incidence and Occurrence of Aflatoxigenic fungi

Integration between Antagonistic Fungi and Bacteria for Controlling of Peanut Pod Rot Incidence and Occurrence of Aflatoxigenic fungi

Major seed size QTL on chromosome A05 of peanut (Arachis hypogaea) is conserved in the US mini core germplasm collection

Pod and seed size are important characteristics for the peanut industry and have been under strong selection pressure since peanut domestication. In order to dissect the genetic control of peanut pod and seed size, a recombinant inbred mapping population from a cross of Florida-07 by GP-NC WS 16 was used to determine the genomic regions associated with traits including 100 pod weight, 100 seed weight, pod weight of double-seeded pods, seed weight of double-seeded pods, and area of double-seeded pods. Nine QTL on linkage groups (LGs) A05, A06, A09, B10, B04, A03, B05, and B08 were associated with pod and seed size. A majority of the QTL have small effects except the locus on LG A05 (93 to 102 Mbp) which explained up to 66% phenotypic variation for all measured pod and seed traits. A comparison of QTL previously reported for yield component traits showed a common QTL on LG A05 was detected in two genetic populations whose parentage is distinct from those used in this study. The markers tightly linked to this major QTL were informative in distinguishing large versus small-seeded germplasm lines in the mini core collection originating from thirty-one countries, suggesting selection for this seed size QTL in large-seeded ecotypes. However, the large seed size allele appeared to co-segregate with a late leaf spot disease susceptibility allele inherited from the Florida-07 parent. Therefore, peanut breeders need to weigh the pros and cons before integrating the large seed size QTL from Florida-07 in their breeding program.

PENGARUH DOSIS PUPUK KANDANG AYAM TERHADAP PERTUMBUHAN DAN PRODUKSI TANAMAN KACANG TANAH (Arachis hypogea L.) DI DESA REROROJA KECAMATAN MAGEPANDA KABUPATEN SIKKA

Peanut belongs to the Leguminosae family, which has the opportunity to develop agro-industry in supporting efficient and effective regional economic development. The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of giving chicken manure to the growth and production of peanut plants as well as the optimal dose of chicken manure for the growth and production of peanut plants. The study conducted from June 2018 to October 2018. The study used a randomized block design (RBD) with six treatments and four replications so that twenty-four (24) trial units were obtained. Factor A0: No fertilizer (control), A1: 1.5 kg, A2: 3 kg, A3: 4,5, A4: 6, A5: 7 Kg per bed. The results showed that the provision of chicken manure significantly affected the height of plants aged 15 and 30 HST. Significantly affect the number of leaves of plants aged 15 and 30 HST. Very significant effect on the number of pods aged 90 Hst and very significant effect on the weight or wet weight of peanut pods aged 90 Hst. The dose of chicken manure 25 tons/ha in this study is the best fertilizer dosage treatment to provide the highest growth and production of Hypoma one peanut.

PENGARUH DOSIS PUPUK KANDANG AYAM TERHADAP PERTUMBUHAN DAN PRODUKSI TANAMAN KACANG TANAH (Arachis hypogea L.) DI DESA REROROJA KECAMATAN MAGEPANDA KABUPATEN SIKKA

Peanut belongs to the Leguminosae family, which has the opportunity to develop agro- industry in supporting efficient and effective regional economic development. The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of giving chicken manure to the growth and production of peanut plants as well as the optimal dose of chicken manure for the growth and production of peanut plants. The study conducted from June 2018 to October 2018. The study used a randomized block design (RBD) with six treatments and four replications so that twenty-four (24) trial units were obtained. Factor A0: No fertilizer (control), A1: 1.5 kg, A2: 3 kg, A3: 4,5, A4: 6, A5: 7 Kg per bed. The results showed that the provision of chicken manure significantly affected the height of plants aged 15 and 30 HST. Significantly affect the number of leaves of plants aged 15 and 30 HST. Very significant effect on the number of pods aged 90 Hst and very significant effect on the weight or wet weight of peanut pods aged 90 Hst. The dose of chicken manure 25 tons/ha in this study is the best fertilizer dosage treatment to provide the highest growth and production of Hypoma one peanut.

PENGARUH DOSIS PUPUK KANDANG AYAM TERHADAP PERTUMBUHAN DAN PRODUKSI TANAMAN KACANG TANAH (Arachis hypogea L.) DI DESA REROROJA KECAMATAN MAGEPANDA KABUPATEN SIKKA

Peanut belongs to the Leguminosae family, which has the opportunity to develop agro- industry in supporting efficient and effective regional economic development. The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of giving chicken manure to the growth and production of peanut plants as well as the optimal dose of chicken manure for the growth and production of peanut plants. The study conducted from June 2018 to October 2018. The study used a randomized block design (RBD) with six treatments and four replications so that twenty-four (24) trial units were obtained. Factor A0: No fertilizer (control), A1: 1.5 kg, A2: 3 kg, A3: 4,5, A4: 6, A5: 7 Kg per bed. The results showed that the provision of chicken manure significantly affected the height of plants aged 15 and 30 HST. Significantly affect the number of leaves of plants aged 15 and 30 HST. Very significant effect on the number of pods aged 90 Hst and very significant effect on the weight or wet weight of peanut pods aged 90 Hst. The dose of chicken manure 25 tons/ha in this study is the best fertilizer dosage treatment to provide the highest growth and production of Hypoma one peanut.

Defining the function of SUMO system in pod development and abiotic stresses in Peanut

BackgroundPosttranslational modification of proteins by small ubiquitin like modifier (SUMO) proteins play an important role during the developmental process and in response to abiotic stresses in plants. However, little is known about SUMOylation in peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.), one of the world’s major food legume crops. In this study, we characterized the SUMOylation system from the diploid progenitor genomes of peanut, Arachis duranensis (AA) and Arachis ipaensis (BB).ResultsGenome-wide analysis revealed the presence of 40 SUMO system genes in A. duranensis and A. ipaensis. Our results showed that peanut also encodes a novel class II isotype of the SCE1, which was previously reported to be uniquely present in cereals. RNA-seq data showed that the core components of the SUMOylation cascade SUMO1/2 and SCE1 genes exhibited pod-specific expression patterns, implying coordinated regulation during pod development. Furthermore, both transcripts and conjugate profiles revealed that SUMOylation has significant roles during the pod development. Moreover, dynamic changes in the SUMO conjugates were observed in response to abiotic stresses.ConclusionsThe identification and organization of peanut SUMO system revealed SUMOylation has important roles during stress defense and pod development. The present study will serve as a resource for providing new strategies to enhance agronomic yield and reveal the mechanism of peanut pod development.

Peanut maturity classification using hyperspectral imagery

Seed maturity in peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) determines economic return to a producer because of its impact on seed weight (yield), and critically influences seed vigour and other quality characteristics. During seed development, the inner mesocarp layer of the pericarp (hull) transitions in colour from white to black as the seed matures. The maturity assessment process involves the removal of the exocarp of the hull and visually categorizing the mesocarp colours into varying colour classes from immature (white, yellow, orange) to mature (brown, and black). This visual colour classification is time consuming because the exocarp must be manually removed. In addition, the visual classification process involves human assessment of colours, which leads to large variability of colour classification from observer to observer. A more objective, digital imaging approach to peanut maturity is needed, optimally without the requirement of removal of the hull's exocarp. This study examined the use of a hyperspectral imaging (HSI) process to determine pod maturity with intact pericarps. The HSI method leveraged spectral differences between mature and immature pods within a classification algorithm to identify the mature and immature pods. Therefore, there is no need to remove the exocarp nor is there a need for subjective colour assessment in the proposed process. The results showed a consistent high classification accuracy using samples from different years and cultivars. In addition, the proposed method was capable of estimating a continuous-valued, pixel-level maturity value for individual peanut pods, allowing for a valuable tool that can be utilized in seed quality research. This new method solves issues of labour intensity and subjective error that all current methods of peanut maturity determination have.

Enhancing Water Use Efficiency in Sandy Soil Using some Organic and Mineral Additives under Deficit Irrigation during Vegetative Growth of Peanut

A field experiment has been carried out at the Ismailia Agricultural Research station, Agricultural Research Center (ARC), Egypt, during the summer seasons of 2017 and 2018. It aimed to study the effect of deficit irrigation during vegetative growth and addition of humic acid (Hu), gibberellic acid (GA3), silicon (Si), potassium (K) and calcium (Ca) on peanut yield and its components. The present work included three irrigation treatments, T1 irrigation with amount of 100% ETc, imposed from 10 days after sowing until harvest, T2 irrigation with amount water equal to 60%ETc imposed 10 days after sowing until 38 days after sowing after which with 100% ETc until harvest, T3 irrigation with amount of water equal to 80% ETc imposed from 10 days after sowing until 38 days after sowing follows with 100% ETc maintained until harvest. Foliar spray included 5000 ppm Hu, 150 ppm GA3 and 200 ppm Si. Potassium K was added as soil application before sowing at a rate of 100 kg ha-1 as K2SO4 and Ca was applied during soil preparation as CaSO4 at rate of 500 kg ha-1. The fully irrigated treatment T1 100% ETc yielded the highest pods and kernel yield but non-significant difference from T2 and T3. WUE and IWUE increased by deficit irrigation during vegetative growth. Application of Hu, GA3, Si, K and Ca significantly increased peanut pods and kernel yield and had significant effect on WUE and IWUE.

Changes of Chemical Composition and Aflatoxin Content of Peanut Products as Affected by Processing Methods

<div class="page" title="Page 1"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column"><p><span>Peanut production in Indonesia is predominantly used for food, thus information on nutritional aspects and aflatoxin contamination in peanuts is essential in terms of food security and safety. As changes may occur during </span></p></div><div class="column"><p><span>processing, the effects of processing methods on chemical composition and aflatoxin content in selected peanut products were studied. The dried peanut pods collected from a farmer in Ponorogo, East Java were stored for one month, and then the kernels were prepared into fried peanut (</span><span>kacang goreng</span><span>), peanut sauce (</span><span>sambel pecel</span><span>), peanut press cake (</span><span>bungkil kacang</span><span>), fried-pressed peanut (</span><span>bungkil kacang goreng</span><span>), fermented peanut press cake (</span><span>tempe bungkil kacang</span><span>), and fried peanut tempe (</span><span>tempe bungkil kacang goreng</span><span>). The trial was arranged in a randomized complete design with three replicates. ELISA method was applied for aflatoxin B</span><span>1 </span><span>analysis. The results showed that peanut kernels contained 26.3% protein (dw) and 50.4% fat (dw) with relatively low aflatoxin B</span><span>1 </span><span>content (9.1 ppb) due to low moisture level (5.6%), no </span><span>Aspergillus flavus </span><span>infection and high sound/intact kernels (73.1%). Peanuts processed into </span><span>tempe bungkil kacang </span><span>showed the highest increase in protein content, followed by </span><span>tempe bungkil kacang goreng</span><span>, </span><span>bungkil kacang</span><span>, and </span><span>bungkil kacang goreng</span><span>, while fat contents decreased in all products. Processing into </span><span>kacang goreng </span><span>and </span><span>bungkil kacang goreng </span><span>decreased aflatoxin B</span><span>1 </span><span>by 26.4% and 41.8%, respectively, while no significant differences were noted in </span><span>sambal pecel </span><span>and </span><span>bungkil kacang</span><span>. Aflatoxin B</span><span>1 </span><span>increased two-fold during the preparation of </span><span>tempe bungkil kacang</span><span>, however it significantly decreased by 38.9% after deep-fried. Excluding peanut tempe, all peanut products contained aflatoxin B</span><span>1 </span><span>below the permitted level (15 ppb), therefore they are safe for consumption.</span></p></div></div></div>

Genome-Wide Analysis of the Growth-Regulating Factor Family in Peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.).

Growth-regulating factors (GRFs) are plant-specific transcription factors that perform important functions in plant growth and development. Herein, we identified and characterised 24 AhGRF genes in peanut (Arachis hypogaea). AhGRF family genes were divided into six classes with OLQ and WRC domains. Transcriptome expression profile showed that more AhGRF genes, such as AhGRF5a gene, were at higher expression during pod development in Arachis monticola than cultivated species, especially at the pod rapid-expansion stage. AhGRF5a and AhGRF5b genes expressed at higher levels in pods than roots, leaves and stems tissues, existing in the difference between Arachis monticola and H8107. Exogenous GA3 application can activate AhGRF5a and AhGRF5b genes and H8107 line showed more positive response than Arachis monticola species. These results imply that these two AhGRF genes may be active during the peanut pod development.

Effect of Calcium Source and Irrigation on Soil and Plant Cation Concentrations in Peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.)

ABSTRACT Calcium improves seed formation and development of peanut kernels. Two primary sources of Ca fertilization in peanut are gypsum (CaSO4) and dolomitic lime (CaMg[CO3]2+CaCO3). Objectives of this research are to determine whether gypsum, lime, or application of both influences pH, extractable [Ca], [Mg], and [K] in the soil along with nutrient absorption, yield, and total sound mature kernels (TSMK) in peanut pods in irrigated compared to non-irrigated conditions. Experiments conducted in Tifton, GA in 2016 and 2017 evaluated Ca treatments with no supplemental Ca fertilizer, gypsum (330 kg Ca/ha) applied at first bloom, lime (897 kg Ca/ha) applied at planting, and lime (897 kg Ca/ha) applied at planting followed by gypsum (330 kg Ca/ha) applied at first bloom. Irrigating increased soil pH, [Ca] and [Mg] in pods, plus yield and TSMK of peanut. Irrigation also decreased [K] in pods, which was correlated with increased pod [Ca]. Soil pH and soil [Ca], [Mg], and [K] were influenced by fertilizer treatment, along with [Ca] and [Mg] in pods. Applications of lime increased pH and soil [Ca]. Lime also increased soil [Mg] when applied alone, but not when gypsum was also included. Application of gypsum reduced soil [Mg] when applied alone, but not when lime was included. The inclusion of both lime and gypsum reduced soil [K] compared to no application. These results display the competition of cations in soil. In peanut pods, using lime and gypsum increased [Ca] compared to no application, or only lime. However, when only gypsum was used, it reduced [Mg] in pods compared to a lime application or no fertilization. Although Ca fertilization did not affect yield, TSMK was greater when lime followed by gypsum were applied in sequence than where neither were applied in 2016. It is important to realize that applications of Ca can also influence concentrations of other cations important for growth. Peanut growers are encouraged to conduct soil tests to ensure soil [Mg] is not deficient or borderline before choosing to apply gypsum, and may require a supplemental Mg fertilizer if dolomitic lime was not applied.

First Report of Pythium myriotylum Associated with Peanut Pod Rot in China

First Report of <i>Pythium myriotylum</i> Associated with Peanut Pod Rot in China